Negritos of Zambales

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English Thirteen
Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-ta'-ro
Zambal of Iba la'-bin-to'-lo
Zambal--Aeta la'-bin-tat'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fe la'-bin-tat'-lo
Aeta of Subig la-bin-tat'-lo
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Fourteen
Zambal of Bolinao la'-bin-a'-pat
Zambal of Iba la'-bin-a'-pat
Zambal--Aeta lal-bin-a'-pat
Aeta of Santa Fe la'-bin-a'-pat
Aeta of Subig la-bin-a'-pat
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Twenty
Zambal of Bolinao ru'-an-pu'-ro
Zambal of Iba lu'-am-po'-lo
Zambal--Aeta lu-am'-po
Aeta of Santa Fe lu-am'-po
Aeta of Subig lu-am'-pa
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province aduamapolo

English Twenty-one
Zambal of Bolinao rul-an-pu'-ro-sa'-ya
Zambal of Iba lu'-am-po'-lo-a'-sa
Zambal--Aeta lu-am-po-mi'-ha
Aeta of Santa Fe lu-am'-po-mi'-ha
Aeta of Subig lu-am'-po-mi'-ba
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Thirty
Zambal of Bolinao ta-ron-pu'-ro
Zambal of Iba to'-lom-po'-lo
Zambal--Aeta tat-lom-po'
Aeta of Santa Fe tat-lom'-po
Aeta of Subig tat-lom'-po
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Forty
Zambal of Bolinao a'-pat-a-pu'-ro
Zambal of Iba a'-pat-a-po'-lo
Zambal--Aeta a'-pat-a-po'
Aeta of Santa Fe a'-pat-a-po'
Aeta of Subig a'-pat-a-po'
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English One hundred
Zambal of Bolinao san-ya'-sot
Zambal of Iba say-a-tos'
Zambal--Aeta mi'-hun-ga'-to
Aeta of Santa Fe mi-hun-ga'-to
Aeta of Subig ma-ga'-to
Aeta, Bataan Province sandaan*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province isinadian

English I
Zambal of Bolinao si'-ko
Zambal of Iba si'-ko
Zambal--Aeta hi'-ko
Aeta of Santa Fe hi'-co
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-co*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English You
Zambal of Bolinao si'-ka
Zambal of Iba kay'-o
Zambal--Aeta kay'-o
Aeta of Santa Fe hi'-ca
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province icao
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English He
Zambal of Bolinao si-tao'
Zambal of Iba hi'-a
Zambal--Aeta
Aeta of Santa Fe
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English We
Zambal of Bolinao si-ka'-mi
Zambal of Iba hi-ta'-mo
Zambal--Aeta hi-ta'-mo
Aeta of Santa Fe
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English They
Zambal of Bolinao sa'-ra
Zambal of Iba hi'-la
Zambal--Aeta hi'-la
Aeta of Santa Fe
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Our
Zambal of Bolinao i'-ko-mi
Zambal of Iba i-kun'-ta-mo
Zambal--Aeta i-kun-ta'-mo
Aeta of Santa Fe
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English My
Zambal of Bolinao i-kon'-ko
Zambal of Iba i-kon'-ko
Zambal--Aeta i-kon'-ko
Aeta of Santa Fe
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Near
Zambal of Bolinao a'-dam
Zambal of Iba ma-ra'-mi
Zambal--Aeta ma-ra'-mi
Aeta of Santa Fe
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

English Far
Zambal of Bolinao a-day'-o
Zambal of Iba ma-day'-yo
Zambal--Aeta ma-ro'-yo
Aeta of Santa Fe
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province
Dumagat, Bulacan Province

The words marked (*) were taken from Montano's vocabulary in his
Mission aux Philippines. The others were collected by C. J. Cooke,
MS. of The Ethnological Survey, and E. J. Simons, MS. of The
Ethnological Survey.

NOTES

[1] Les Pygmees, 1887.

[2] However, when one attempts to fathom the mysteries surrounding
the origin and migrations of the Negrito race he becomes hopelessly
involved in a labyrinth of conjecture. Did the Negritos come from
somewhere in Asia, some island like New Guinea, or is their original
home now sunk beneath the sea? In the present state of our knowledge
we can not hope to know. We find them in certain places to-day; we
may believe that they once lived in certain other places, because the
people now living there have characteristics peculiar to the little
black men. But the Negrito has left behind no archaeological remains
to guide the investigator, and he who attempts seriously to consider
this question is laying up for himself a store of perplexing problems.

It may be of interest to present here the leading facts in connection
with the distribution of the Negrito race and to summarize the views
set forth by various leading anthropologists who have given the
subject most study.

The deduction of the French scientists De Quatrefages and Hamy
have been based almost entirely on craniological and osteological
observations, and these authors argue a much wider distribution of
the Negritos than other writers hold. In fact, according to these
writers, traces of Negritos are found practically everywhere from
India to Japan and New Guinea.

De Quatrefages in Les Pygmees, 1887, divides what he calls the "Eastern
pygmies," as opposed to the African pygmies, into two divisions--the
Negrito-Papuans and the Negritos proper. The former, he says, have New
Guinea as a center of population and extend as far as Gilolo and the
Moluccas. They are distinguished from the true Papuans who inhabit
New Guinea and who are not classed by that writer as belonging to
the Negrito race.

On the other hand, Wallace and Earl, supported by Meyer, all of whom
have made some investigations in the region occupied by the Papuans,
affirm that there is but a single race and that its identity with
the Negritos is unmistakable. Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, 1898,
p. 77) says that he and Von Maclay in 1873 saw a number of Papuans
in Tidore. He had just come from the Philippines and Von Maclay
had then come from Astrolabe Bay, in New Guinea. With these Papuans
before them they discussed the question of the unity of the races,
and Von Maclay could see no difference between these Papuans and those
of Astrolabe Bay, while Meyer declared that the similarities between
them and the Negritos of the Philippines was most striking. He says:
"That was my standpoint then regarding the question, neither can I
relinquish it at present."

Although they defended the unity of the Negritos and the Papuans they
recognized that the Papuans were diversified and presented a variety
of types, but Meyer regards this not as pointing to a crossing
of different elements but as revealing simply the variability of
the race. He continues (p. 80): "As the external _habitus_ of the
Negritos must be declared as almost identical with that of the Papuans,
differences in form of the skull, the size of the body, and such like
have the less weight in opposition to the great uniformity, as strong
contrasts do not even come into play here, and if the Negritos do not
show such great amount of variation in their physical characters as
the Papuans--which, however, is by no means sufficiently attested--it
is no wonder in the case Of a people which has been driven back and
deprived of the opportunity of developing itself freely."

Thus it remains for future investigations to establish beyond doubt
the identity of the Papuans.

De Quatrefages divides all other Eastern pygmies into two
divisions--insular and continental--and no authors find fault with this
classification. Only in fixing the distribution of the Negritos do
the authorities differ. The islands admitted by everybody to contain
Negritos to-day may be eliminated from the discussion. These are
the Philippines and the Andamans. In the latter the name "Mincopies"
has been given to the little blacks, though how this name originated
no one seems to know. It is certain that the people do not apply the
name to themselves. Extensive study of the Andamans has been made by
Flower and Man.

The Moluccas and lesser Sunda Islands just west of New Guinea were
stated by De Quatrefages in 1887 (Les Pygmees) to be inhabited by
Negritos, although three years previously, as recorded in Hommes
Fossiles, 1884, he had doubted their existence there. He gave no
authority, and assigned no reason in his later work for this change
of opinion. Meyer thinks this sufficient reason why one should not
take De Quatrefages too seriously, and states that proofs of the
existence of the Negritos in this locality are "so weak as not to
be worth discussing them in detail." From deductions based on the
examination of a single skull Hamy inferred that pure Negritos were
found on Timor, but the people of Timor were found by Meyer to be
mixed Papuans and Malays, resembling the latter on the coasts and
the former in the interior.

Likewise in Celebes, Borneo, and Java the French writers think
that traces of an ancient Negrito population may be found, while
Meyer holds that there is not sufficient evidence to warrant such an
assumption. In Sumatra he admits that there is an element not Malayan,
which on account of the nearness of Malacca may be _Negritic,_ but
that fact is so far by no means proved.

In regard to Formosa Meyer quotes Scheteleg (Trans. Ethn. Soc.,
n.s., 1869, vii): "I am convinced * * * that the Malay origin of
most of the inhabitants of Formosa is incontestable." But Hamy holds
that the two skulls which Scheteleg brought were Negrito skulls,
an assumption which Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, 1898, p. 52)
disposes of as follows: "To conclude the occurrence of a race in a
country from certain characters in two skulls, when this race has
not been registered from that country, is, in the present embryonic
state of craniology, an unwarrantable proceeding."

In like manner Hamy has found that a certain Japanese skull in the
Paris Museum resembles a Negrito skull, and he also finds traces of
Negritos in Japan in the small stature, crisp hair, and darker color
of the natives of the interior of the Island of Kiusiu. But Meyer
holds that the facts brought forward up to the present time are far
from being established, and objects to the acceptance of surmises
and explanations more or less subjective as conclusive.

There is no doubt of the occurrence of Negritos in the peninsula of
Malacca, where both pure and mixed people have been found. These
are reported under a variety of names, of which Semang and Sakai
are perhaps the best known. Meyer (Distribution of Negritos, p. 62,
footnote 2) says: "Stevens divides the Negritos of Malacca into two
principal tribes--the Belendas, who with the Tumiors branched off
from the Kenis tribe, and the Meniks, who consist of the Panggans
of Kelantan and Petani and the Semangs of the west coast. Only
the Panggans * * * and the Tumiors are pure Negritos. A name often
recurring for the Belendas is Sakeis (Malay: 'bondman,' 'servant'),
a designation given them in the first instance by the Malays but
which they often also apply to themselves when addressing strangers."

In their efforts to find Negrito traces in the Mao-tse, the aboriginal
peoples of the Chinese Empire, De Lacouperie and De Quatrefages
have, in the opinion of Meyer, even less to stand on than had Hamy
in the case of Japan. In like manner it remains to be proved whether
the Moii of Annam are related to Negritos, as the two French writers
have stated, but whose opinions have been vigorously opposed by Meyer
and others.

The question of the aboriginal inhabitants of India is one of even
greater importance and presents greater difficulties. If it can
be shown that this aboriginal population was Negrito, and if the
relations which researches, especially in philology, have indicated
between the peoples of India and those of Australia can be proved,
a range of possibilities of startling importance, affecting the race
question of Oceania in general and the origin and distribution of the
Negritos in particular, will be opened up. In regard to the Indian
question there is much diversity of opinion. De Quatrefages and Hamy,
as usual, regard the Negritos as established in India, but Topinard
and Virchow are opposed to this belief. Meyer holds that "this part
of the Negrito question is in no way ripe for decision, and how much
less the question as to a possible relationship of this hypothetical
primitive population with the Negroes of Africa." (Distribution of
Negritos, 1899, p. 70.)

In anthropology a statement may be regarded as proved for the time
being so long as no opposition to it exists. With the exception of
the Philippine and the Andaman Islands and the Malay Peninsula,
as we have seen, the presence of traces of Negritos is an open
question. The evidence at hand is incomplete and insufficient, and
we must therefore be content to let future investigators work out
these unsolved problems.

[3] English edition of Stanley, 1874, p. 106.

[4] Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 6, footnote.

[5] Zuniga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Reprint by Retana,
vol. I, p. 422.

[6] By this is meant Fr. San Antonio's Chronicas de la Apostolica,
Provincia de San Gregorio, etc., 1738-1744.

[7] Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 1604; 2d ed., 1890, p. 38.

[8] Meyer, Distribution of Negritos, 1899, p. 4.

[9] See sketch map, Pl. I.

[10] Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Ed. Retana, 1893, I, p. 421.

[11] Ca-ing-in is a Malayan word for cultivated clearing.

[12] The province has recently been divided by act of the Philippine
Commission, the northern part above Santa Cruz being joined to
Pangasinan.

[13] Francisco Canamaque, Boletin de la Sociedad Geografica de Madrid,
vol IX, 1880.

[14] Diccionario Geografico, etc., de las Islas Filipinas, vol. II,
1850.

[15] Canamaque.

[16] Zuniga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas, 1803.

[17] This was evidently the belief of some of the old
voyagers. Navarette, whose account of his travels in 1647 is published
in Churchill's Collection of Voyages, 1704, said that the people
called "Zambales" were great archers and had no other weapons than
the bow and arrow. Dr. John Frances Gemelli Careri, who made a voyage
around the world, 1693-1697, says in his report (Churchill's Voyages,
vol. IV): "This mixing [that is, of Negritos] with the Wild _Indians_
produced the Tribe of _Manghian_ who are Blacks dwelling in the Isles
of Mindoro and Mundos [probably Panay], and who peopled the Islands
_de los Negros,_ or of Blacks. Some of them have harsh frisled hair
like the _African_ and _Angola_ blacks. * * *

"The _Sambali,_ contrary to the others, tho' Wild have long Hair,
like the other Conquer'd _Indians._ The Wives, of these Savages
are deliver'd in the Woods, like She Goats, and immediately wash
themselves and the Infants in the Rivers, or other cold Water; which
would be immediate Death to _Europeans._ These Blacks when pursu'd
by the _Spaniards,_ with the sound of little Sticks, give notice to
the rest, that are dispers'd about the Woods, to save themselves by
Flight. Their Weapons are Bows and Arrows, a short Spear, and a short
Weapon, or Knife at their Girdle. They Poison their Arrows, which are
sometimes headed with Iron, or a sharp Stone, and they bore the Point,
that it may break in their Enemies Body, and so be unfit to be shot
back. For their defense, they use a Wooden Buckler, four Spans long,
and two in breadth, which always hangs at their Arm.

"Tho' I had much discourse about it, with the Fathers of the Society,
and other Missioners, who converse with these Blacks, _Manghians,
Mandi_ and _Sambali,_ I could never learn any thing of their Religion;
but on the contrary, all unanimously agree they have none, but live
like Beasts, and the most that has been seen among the Blacks on the
Mountains, has been a round Stone, to which they pay'd a Veneration,
or a Trunk of a Tree, or Beasts, or other things they find about,
and this only out of fear. True it is, that by means of the Heathen
_Chineses_ who deal with them in the Mountains, some deformed Statues
have been found in their Huts. The other three beforemention'd Nations,
seem'd inclin'd to observing of Auguries and _Mahometan_ Superstitions,
by reason of their Commerce, with the _Malayes_ and _Ternates._ The
most reciev'd Opinion is, that these Blacks were the first Inhabitants
of the Islands; and that being Cowards, the Sea Coasts were easily
taken from them by People resorting from _Sumatra, Borneo, Macassar_
and other Places; and therefore they retir'd to the Mountains. In
short, in all the Islands where these Blacks, and other Savage Men are,
the _Spaniards_ Possess not much beyond the Sea Coasts; and not that
in all Parts, especially from _Maribeles,_ to Cape _Bolinao_ in the
Island of _Manila,_ where for 50 Leagues along the Shoar, there is
no Landing, for fear of the Blacks, who are most inveterate Enemies
to the _Europeans._ Thus all the in-land Parts being possess'd by
these Brutes, against whom no Army could prevail in the thick Woods,
the King of _Spain_ has scarce one in ten of the Inhabitants of the
Island, that owns him, as the _Spaniards_ often told me."

[18] Journal Anth. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 15.

[19] Pygmies, p. 111.

[20] Montano, Mission aux Philippines, p. 316.

[21] MS. Coll. of The Ethnological Survey.

[22] Voyage aux Philippines, p. 71; Mission aux Philippines, p. 315.

[23] MS. Coll. of The Ethnological Survey.

[24] In the footnote on page 29 is given an extract from Careri's
Voyages, in which the following occurs: "True it is, that by means
of the heathen Chinese who deal with them in the mountains, some
deformed statues have been found in their huts."

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