Negritos of Zambales
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William Allan Reed >> Negritos of Zambales
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Article 6 states that--
It shall not be necessary for the Negritos to embrace the Catholic
faith, but the priests shall go among them to examine their
condition and learn their needs and teach them the advantages of
civil life and the importance of religion.
Article 7 provides for a report every three months from those officers
in charge of such districts.
This all sounds very well, and if carried out might have succeeded
in improving the condition of the unfortunate Negritos, but we can
not find that the provincial officials showed great zeal in complying
with the executive request.
On January 14, 1881, a decree very similar to this was issued. The
first part of this decree related to the newly converted or
"sometidos." But article 7 authorized the provincial authorities
to offer in the name of the State to Aetas and other pagans the
following advantages in exchange for voluntary submission: Life in
pueblos; unity of families; concession of good lands and direction
in cultivating them in the manner which they wished and which would
be most productive; maintenance and clothing during one year; respect
for their usages and customs so far as they did not oppose the natural
law; to leave to their own wishes whether or not they should become
Christians; to buy or facilitate the sale of their crops; exemption
from contributions and tributes for ten years and lastly, government
by local officials elected by themselves under the direct dependency
of the head of the province or district.
These provisions were certainly liberal enough, but they bore little
fruit so far as the Negritos were concerned. Being sent out as
circulars to the chiefs of all provinces, such decrees received scant
attention, each provincial head probably preferring to believe that
they were meant for someone else. Although it sounded well on paper,
the difficulties in the way of successful compliance with such an order
were many. But in one way and another the authorities sought to reach
the hill tribes, though it must be confessed they were actuated rather
by a desire to preserve peace in their provinces and to protect the
plainsmen from the plundering raids of the savages than by motives
of philanthropy in improving the condition of the latter.
The Negritos of Zambales were classed as conquistados and
non-conquistados, according to whether they lived in amicable relations
with the Filipinos or stole carabaos and killed the people whenever
they had the opportunity. The Guardia Civil made many raids into
the mountains for the purpose of punishing the predatory Negritos,
and many are the stories related by old members of that military
organization now living in the province concerning conflicts which
they had with the little black bow-and-arrow men, who always got the
worst of it. Gradually they came to see the futility of resistance. As
a matter of fact these raids were only for the purpose of securing food
and not because of enmity toward the Filipinos. When a group expressed
their desire to live peaceably in their hills they were dubbed
"conquistados" and left alone so long as they behaved. The number
of conquistados grew and the "unconquered" retreated farther into
the mountains. Carabao raids are very infrequent now, for the people
disposed to make them are too remote from the plains and would have
to pass through territory of the settled and peaceable Negritos, who
would inform the party sent in pursuit. But the Constabulary has had
two or three raids of this kind to deal with during the past two years.
Those Negritos still living in a wild state have very simple
government. They simply gather around the most powerful man, whom
they recognize as a sort of chief and whom they follow into raids
on the plains or neighboring tribes of Negritos. But when living
peaceably scattered through their mountains each head of a family
is a small autocrat and rules his family and those of his sons who
elect to remain with him. When he dies the oldest son becomes the
head of the family. Usually, however, a group of families living in
one locality recognizes one man as a capitan. He may be chosen by
the president of the nearest pueblo or by the Negritos themselves,
who are quick to recognize in this way superior ability or greater
wealth. The capitan settles disputes between families.
The next step in the civilizing process is the gathering together to
form villages. This was the end to which the Spaniards worked, but
the process was retarded by the Christianized natives who profited
by trade with the Negritos in forest products and who advised them
to avoid coming under Spanish rule where they would have to pay
tribute. If a community became sufficiently large and bade fair to
be permanent it was made a barrio of the nearest pueblo and given a
teniente and concejales like other barrios. This was the case with
Aglao and Santa Fe, in the jurisdiction of San Marcelino, but Ilokano
immigrants settled in these places and the Negritos gradually withdrew
to the hills and settled in other places, until now there are very few
Negritos actually living in these towns. One old man in Aglao, who once
went to Spain as a servant to an officer, speaks very good Spanish.
In spite of the reprisals made by the Guardia Civil and other
means employed by the Spaniards, Negrito raids went on without much
cessation until 1894. In that year the authorities induced a head
man named Layos to come down to the town of San Marcelino for an
interview. Layos came down about as nature had provided him and was
received with much ceremony by the town authorities. They dressed him
up from head to foot, made him presents, and feasted him for several
days. Then with the customary Spanish pomp, parade of soldiery, and
flare of trumpets, they presented him with a gaudy sash and named him
Capitan General del Monte. He was given charge of all the Negritos
in the district and charged to keep them under control. The sash was
a cheap print affair, but it answered the purpose. The effect of all
this on an untamed savage can be imagined. Layos was impressed. He
went back to the hills with his new treasures and an experience worth
relating. It is said that the robbing and killing of Christian natives
lessened materially after that.
When I was at Cabayan in that district I saw Layos. He was a heavy-set
man of about 38, harelipped, an old ragged shirt and breechcloth
his only apparel, and with nothing of his former grandeur but the
memory. The sash, his badge of office, he said had long since gone
in breechcloths.
In the same year (1894) all Negritos in the Botolan district who would
come down from the mountains were fed for five or six months in hope
that they would settle down and remain. But they were given nothing
to do and were not shown how to work, and when the feeding stopped
they all went back to the hills, the only place where they knew how to
secure sustenance. Although this experiment did not result as desired,
it probably had good effects, for the people of this region are the
farthest advanced to-day and are most inclined to live in villages. I
am informed that since my visit some of the Negritos have moved down to
the Filipino village of Pombato and there are several Negrito children
in the native school. The people of Tagiltil have even expressed a
desire for a school. The presence of several Zambal and halfbreeds
in this village and its nearness to the Filipinos probably account
for its being ahead of other villages in this as in other respects.
APPENDIX A
ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
The paucity of measurements has already been explained, but those that
were taken are given here for what they are worth. I do not attempt
to draw any conclusions from them or undertake any discussion other
than that already given in the chapter on physical features.
In the following tables it should be noted that where the age is
given the number indicates only an estimate, as no Negrito knows his
age. It has been thought better to give these approximate ages than
to leave them out entirely, in order to distinguish the very young
from the middle aged and old:
Measurements of Negritos
No.
| Sex
| | Age
| | | Standing height
| | | | Span of arms
| | | | | Length of nose
| | | | | | Breadth of nose
| | | | | | | Nasal index
| | | | | | | | Length of ear
| | | | | | | | |
1 Female 18 1,408 1,456 35 38 108 57
2 do 35 1,487 1,487 38 38 100 64
3 do 14 1,325 1,325 36 30 83 55
4 do 30 1,440 1,462 36 38 105 55
5 do 40 1,388 1,400 40 43 107 58
6 Male 27 1,520 1,580 41 43 104 60
7 do 20 1,491 1,503 39 47 130 57
8 do 1,440 1,464 40 43 107 57
9 do 1,500 1,538 43 40 93 60
10 do 15 1,357 1,347 34 40 117 54
11 do 1,426 1,483 40 47 117 57
12 Female 20 1,390 1,380 30 37 123
13 do 19 1,265 1,170 35 35 100
14 do 20 1,400 1,410 35 40 114
15 do 1,410 1,375 35 42 120
16 do 1,430 1,435 35 40 114
17 Male 22 1,465 1,485 37 46 124 60
18 do 1,472 1,470 44 40 90 60
19 do 24 1,363 1,404 38 36 94 57
20 do 18 1,473 1,493 40 43 107 57
21 do 19 1,390 1,412 40 42 105 56
22 do 25 1,490 1,490 37 43 116 57
23 do 14 1,282 1,315 35 35 100 52
24 do 1,404 1,438 42 38 90 65
25 Female 19 1,302 1,313 27 38 140 55
26 do 20 1,472 1,538 40 38 95 58
27 Male 1,434 1,497 37 42 113 56
28 do 50 1,421 1,519 40 40 100 60
29 Female 28 1,358 1,418 35 37 105 58
30 do 55 1,333 1,350 40 40 100 60
31 do 1,383 1,435 41 38 92 62
32 do 30 1,285 1,285 34 38 111 55
33 do 50 1,318 1,302 35 40 114 69
34 Male 40 1,342 1,448 38 46 121 62
35 do 20 1,458 1,582 40 42 105 58
36 do 18 1,480 1,536 44 44 100 60
37 do 15 1,500 1,547 41 45 109 60
38 do 28 1,365 1,390 41 49 119 58
39 do 30 1,535 1,570 43 47 109 63
40 Female 15 1,308 1,354 41 35 85 54
41 do 35 1,373 1,368 36 38 105 59
42 do 35 1,355 1,370 40 40 100 60
43 do 16 1,407 1,430 36 36 100 56
44 do 22 1,420 1,466 40 43 107 64
45 Male 1,535 1,581 43 39 90 57
46 do 1,448 1,532 41 40 97 55
47 do 1,476 1,540 40 40 100 59
48 Female 1,396 1,415 40 35 107 60
49 do 20 1,368 1,400 35 40 117 53
50 Male 1,570 1,625 46 43 93 58
51 do 22 1,480 1,545 42 49 116 60
52 do 30 1,600 1,634 49 42 85 62
53 do 35 1,521 1,566 42 47 111 60
54 Female 1,502 1,520 41 39 95 58
55 do 1,410 1,410 32 38 118 60
56 do 16 1,316 1,336 34 38 111 56
57 Male 18 1,425 1,445 42 42 100 56
58 do 23 1,380 1,430 36 45 125 62
No.
| Sex
| | Age
| | | Standing height
| | | | Height of shoulders
| | | | | Span of arms
| | | | | | Width of Shoulders
| | | | | | | Length of hand
| | | | | | | | Length of arm
| | | | | | | | | Height sitting
| | | | | | | | | | Length of foot
| | | | | | | | | | | Length of head
| | | | | | | | | | | | Breadth of head
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Cephalic index
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Length of nose
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Breadth of nose
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nasal index
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Length of ear
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
59 Male 28 1,480 1,227 1,530 375 163 600 1,200 215 189 150 79.3 38 39 102.6 58
60 do 16 1,470 1,227 1,510 370 165 623 1,180 230 175 144 82.2 35 35 100 55
61 do 40 1,520 1,295 1,530 356 170 640 1,224 225 176 145 82.3 39 37 94.8 61
62 do 17 1,490 1,247 1,500 425 145 600 1,203 230 190 153 80.5 33 40 121.2 51
63 do 25 1,510 1,245 1,545 386 175 635 1,215 226 190 150 78.9 40 42 165 54
64 do 18 1,445 1,218 1,500 350 160 600 1,235 220 175 150 85.7 35 37 105.7 50
65 do 28 1,444 1,210 1,540 350 170 605 223 176 141 80 47 40 85.1 64
66 do 30 1,524 1,275 1,620 390 180 675 245 171 158 92.3 40 49 122.5 54
67 do 35 1,550 1,324 1,410 384 180 655 1,255 240 182 145 79.7 40 41 102.5 60
68 do 40 1,500 1,248 1,465 364 180 640 1,290 245 174 145 83.5 46 46 100 66
69 do 35 1,480 1,227 1,550 383 175 650 1,272 225 180 152 84.4 37 37 100 53
70 do 60 1,586 1,370 1,635 373 177 625 246 191 83.2 43 44 102.3 54
71 do 25 1,395 1,169 1,469 342 149 586 207 180 142 78.8 43 36 83.7 58
72 Female 35 1,420 1,165 1,460 334 159 528 211 171 148 86.5 44 35 79.5 52
73 do 33 1,337 1,140 1,380 293 155 539 208 166 141 84.9 41 41 100 55
74 do 27 1,362 1,137 1,407 330 150 558 199 168 147 87.5 42 36 85.9 55
75 Male 30 1,526 1,281 1,524 370 163 616 230 174 140 80.4 42 38 90.4 52
76 do 17 1,435 1,197 1,447 350 160 586 210 170 135 79.3 42 35 83.3 56
77 do 45 1,450 1,270 1,480 322 162 571 213 175 148 84.5 39 38 97.4 64
APPENDIX B
VOCABULARIES
As has been pointed out already, the Negritos of Zambales seem to
have lost entirely their own language and to have adopted that of
the Christianized Zambal. A study of the vocabularies here given
will show that in various sections of the province Zambal is to-day
the language of the Negritos. Differences will be found, of course,
in the dialects of regions which do not come much into contact with
each other, and contact with other dialects creates different changes
in different localities.
The chief difference between the Bolinao dialect and that of the region
south is the substitution of the letter "r" in the former for "l"; as
"arong" for "along," nose; "dira" for "dila," tongue. Yet not a few
words are entirely different. These differences may arise from the use
of synonyms or from misinformation, as I was able to take the Bolinao
vocabulary from only two individuals. This dialect is spoken in the
towns of Bolinao, Anda, Bani, and Zaragoza, although I am informed that
there are even slight differences in the speech of the people of some
of these towns. The towns from Infanta to Iba have the second dialect.
When the Aeta element enters the differences become more apparent,
although the relationship between the differing words may often be
seen; for instance, "sabot," hair, becomes "habot;" "along," nose,
becomes "balongo." But the number of words which bear no relationship
is greater than in the case of the first two dialects. It is possible
that here we find traces of an original Negrito language, but I believe
that all these words can be traced to Malay roots. It will be noticed
also that the two following vocabularies taken from Negritos at Santa
Fe and Subig do not differ materially from the Zambal-Aeta--in fact,
they may be regarded as identical.
The writer can not vouch for the vocabularies from Bataan and Bulacan,
but gives them for the sake of comparison. The words collected by
Montano are mostly Tagalog and differ somewhat from Cooke's. The latter
states that he verified his seven times. The two sets are probably
from different parts of the province. The Dumagat vocabulary from
Bulacan Province, while offering greater differences, is plainly of
Malay origin like all the others.
English Man
Zambal of Bolinao la-la'-ki
Zambal of Iba la-la'-ki
Zambal--Aeta la-la'-ki
Aeta of Santa Fe la-la'-ki
Aeta of Subig ya'-ki
Aeta, Bataan Province la-la-ke'*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ta'-nun-gu'-bat
English Woman
Zambal of Bolinao ba-bay'-e
Zambal of Iba ba-bay'-e
Zambal--Aeta ba-bay'-e
Aeta of Santa Fe ba-bay'-e
Aeta of Subig ba-bay'-e
Aeta, Bataan Province ba-bay'-e*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province mow'-na
English Father
Zambal of Bolinao a'-ma
Zambal of Iba a'-ma
Zambal--Aeta a'-ma
Aeta of Santa Fe ba'-pa
Aeta of Subig ba'-pa
Aeta, Bataan Province ba'-pa, ama*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Mother
Zambal of Bolinao i'-na
Zambal of Iba i'-na
Zambal--Aeta na'-na
Aeta of Santa Fe in'-do
Aeta of Subig in'-do
Aeta, Bataan Province in'do, inang*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Brother
Zambal of Bolinao bu'-sat
Zambal of Iba ta-la-sa'-ka
Zambal--Aeta pa'-tel
Aeta of Santa Fe ka-pa-tel
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province ka'-ka, kapatid*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Sister
Zambal of Bolinao bu'-sat
Zambal of Iba ta-la-sa'-ka
Zambal--Aeta pa'-tel
Aeta of Santa Fe ka-pa-tel
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province o-pa-tel', kapatid*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Uncle
Zambal of Bolinao ba'-pa
Zambal of Iba ba'-pa
Zambal--Aeta ba'-pa
Aeta of Santa Fe da'-ra
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province ale'*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Aunt
Zambal of Bolinao da'-da
Zambal of Iba da'-ra
Zambal--Aeta in'-do
Aeta of Santa Fe da'-ra
Aeta of Subig
Aeta, Bataan Province mama*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Son
Zambal of Bolinao a'-nak
Zambal of Iba a'-nak
Zambal--Aeta a'-nak
Aeta of Santa Fe a'-nak
Aeta of Subig a'-nak
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-nak*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province anak
English Daughter
Zambal of Bolinao a'-nak
Zambal of Iba a'-nak
Zambal--Aeta a'-nak
Aeta of Santa Fe a'-nak
Aeta of Subig a'-nak
Aeta, Bataan Province a'-nak*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province anak na mowna
English Head
Zambal of Bolinao o'-ro
Zambal of Iba o'-lo
Zambal--Aeta o'-lo
Aeta of Santa Fe o'-lo
Aeta of Subig la'-bo
Aeta, Bataan Province o'-o, ulo*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province pun'-tuk
English Hair
Zambal of Bolinao sa-bot'
Zambal of Iba sa-bot'
Zambal--Aeta ha-bot'
Aeta of Santa Fe ha-bot'
Aeta of Subig ha-bot'
Aeta, Bataan Province la-buk', bohoc*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Mouth
Zambal of Bolinao bo-bo'-y
Zambal of Iba bo-bo'-y
Zambal--Aeta bo-bo'-y
Aeta of Santa Fe bo-bo'-y
Aeta of Subig bo-bo'-y
Aeta, Bataan Province ba-lu'-go, bebec*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province un'-suk
English Eye
Zambal of Bolinao ma'-ta
Zambal of Iba ma'-ta
Zambal--Aeta ma'-ta
Aeta of Santa Fe ma'-ta
Aeta of Subig ma'-ta
Aeta, Bataan Province ma'-ta*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Nose
Zambal of Bolinao a'-rong
Zambal of Iba a'-long
Zambal--Aeta ba-long'-o
Aeta of Santa Fe ba-long'-o
Aeta of Subig ba-long'-o
Aeta, Bataan Province ba-tong', ilong*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province an-gut
English Teeth
Zambal of Bolinao ni'-pen
Zambal of Iba ni'-pen
Zambal--Aeta ni'-pin
Aeta of Santa Fe n-i'-pen
Aeta of Subig ni'-pen
Aeta, Bataan Province nil-pul
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ni'-pon
English Tongue
Zambal of Bolinao di'-ra
Zambal of Iba di'-la
Zambal--Aeta di'-la
Aeta of Santa Fe di'-la
Aeta of Subig di'-la
Aeta, Bataan Province gi'-lo
Dumagat, Bulacan Province
English Ear
Zambal of Bolinao to-tor'-yan
Zambal of Iba to-tol'-yan
Zambal--Aeta tu'-li
Aeta of Santa Fe tu'-li
Aeta of Subig to'-ok
Aeta, Bataan Province tu'-uk, taenga*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province ta-ling'-a
English Arm
Zambal of Bolinao ta-ki-ay'
Zambal of Iba ta-ki-ay'
Zambal--Aeta ta-ki-ay'
Aeta of Santa Fe ta-ki-ay'
Aeta of Subig ta-ki-ay'
Aeta, Bataan Province tu-ki-ay', camay*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province co-mot'
English Leg
Zambal of Bolinao pa'-a
Zambal of Iba pa'-a
Zambal--Aeta pa'-a
Aeta of Santa Fe pa'-a
Aeta of Subig pa'-a
Aeta, Bataan Province pam'-pa, paa'
Dumagat, Bulacan Province pa'-a
English Chest
Zambal of Bolinao ke-rep'
Zambal of Iba ke-lep'
Zambal--Aeta nib'-nib
Aeta of Santa Fe nib'-nib
Aeta of Subig dub'-dub
Aeta, Bataan Province dub'-dub, debdeb*
Dumagat, Bulacan Province dib'-dib
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