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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

The Evolution Of Man Scientifically Disproved

W >> William A. Williams >> The Evolution Of Man Scientifically Disproved

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LIBERAL is another term stolen by infidels ashamed of their own
name. They are no more liberal in a good sense than others.

A RATIONALIST is not entitled to the term, because he is often
more innocent of reasoning than his opponents. Reason is not opposed
to revelation. We believe in an inspired revelation, because it is
reasonable to do so. Rationalism is another camouflage for
infidelity. We can have some respect for an honest professed skeptic,
but how can we respect a man who insists on adding hypocrisy to his
infidelity, that, by so doing, he may make greater havoc of the
church? Modernists give such a diluted interpretation to inspiration,
to the statements of Scripture, and the Apostles' Creed, and the
creeds of the churches, that all may mean little or nothing, and the
floodgates of infidelity and atheism are opened wide.

It has been truly said, "If the Bible is not really inspired, it is
the greatest fraud ever perpetrated on mankind; for, from lid to lid,
it claims to be the word of God." Likewise, if Moses was not inspired,
he was the greatest liar of history.

Every variety of infidel and species of atheist will rejoice, if
evolution be accepted,-whether modernists, liberals, rationalists, or
simple unbelievers on their way to the bottomless pit. If evolution
wins, Christianity loses and the church fails.

We hope that scientists will consign to innocuous desuetude their
camouflaged sesquipedalian vocabularies, and tell us what they mean in
short words, so we all may know what they say.



47. WHAT ARE WE TO BELIEVE?


Some would have us believe there is no God; or that matter is eternal;
or that matter was evolved out of nothing; or that all things came by
chance; or that there is nothing but matter,--no God, no spirit, no
mind, no soul.

Some would have us believe that God created nebulous matter, and then
ceased to control the universe; that life developed spontaneously;
that species developed by chance, or natural selection, or by a
powerless "law," from one primordial germ. Others say that all the
countless exhibitions of design by a matchless Intelligence, are to be
explained by a causo-mechanical theory, which means the theory of
blind unintelligent chance, without purpose or design or interference
of God. Some say that God may have created one germ or at most 4 or 5,
and that 3,000,000 species of plants and animals developed from this
microscopic beginning. We are asked to believe that some plants became
animals, or some animals became plants, or that all plants and animals
came from the one germ they allowed God to create. They say that all
species developed by growth, but do not explain why we still have the
one-celled amoeba, the microscopic bacilli of plant life, and the
microscopic species of animal life. Many geologic species are largest
at the beginning; many ancient animals were much larger than their
successors; and the reptilian age was noted for animals of enormous
size. Yet they want us to believe that growth is universal.

They ask us to believe, without proof, that some marine animals
evoluted into amphibians, some amphibians became reptiles, some
reptiles developed hair and became mammals, and some reptiles
developed feathers and wings and became birds; some mammals became
monkeys, and some monkeys became men. For evidence of this, there is
not a single connecting link to show the transformation. Geology
furnishes no fossils of the millions and billions of connecting links
that must have existed. For the scheme would require not only
millions of links between man and the monkey, but also millions
between each of the 8 great changes from matter to man. Yet we are
asked to accept these fantastic and impossible speculations as
"science," though it lead to infidelity and atheism and bolshevism and
anarchy and chaos, wreck religion, make havoc of the church, and send
countless souls to the lost world. What wonder that the soul recoils
with horror from such an atheistic theory.



48. WHAT CAN WE DO?


Evolution, leading to infidelity and atheism, is taught in many
universities, colleges and high schools, and even in the lower grades
of the public schools. It is taught also in some theological
seminaries. It is proclaimed in some pulpits. Some of its devotees,
who have slipped into places of power and influence, urge it with a
zeal worthy of a better cause. The public libraries are crammed with
books teaching it, with few, if any, opposed. Strange to say, it is
advocated by some religious newspapers, along with modernism and other
varieties of infidelity. Some secular newspapers seem eager to
publish, on the front page, attacks on orthodoxy, and articles
favoring the wildest claims of evolution. They call evolution science!
What are we going to do about it? Shall we supinely submit, or do all
in our power to oppose, check and suppress so pernicious a theory?
What can we do?

We can refuse to patronize or endow such institutions as teach this or
other forms of infidelity and atheism. We can aid those only that are
safe. Much money that was given by devout Christians to colleges and
seminaries, has been prostituted to teach what the donors hated, and
to do great harm. The faculty and trustees can do much to eliminate
false teaching, if they will. Use all possible pressure to bring this
about.

Evolution is taught in many high schools supported by the taxpayers'
money. This should not be tolerated. Text books declare that man is
descended from the brute, as if there were no doubt about it! Laws
should be enacted and courts appealed to, to protect the youth. The
recent decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the
Oregon case, gives strong hope that the teaching of evolution would
not be permitted, if a case were carried up to the highest court. It
should be done. If Christianity cannot be taught in the public
schools, must we submit to the teaching of infidelity and atheism in
the name of science? Intolerable outrage! In New York 15,000 people,
on a recent Sunday, shouted for atheistic bolshevism, and condemned
the United States government. A theory that encourages such a belief
should not be taught. When the people awake to see the baneful
effects, they will smite the fraud to the earth. Protests should be
made to Boards of Education, superintendents, and all in
authority. The power of public opinion should be brought to bear. Two
states already have forbidden such instruction, and others will, no
doubt, follow. The Associated Press, in this morning's papers, calls
the struggle a contest between religion and science, and thousands of
shallow thinkers will believe that evolution is really science!

We quote from Mauro's "Evolution at the Bar," p. 71: "A parent writing
to a religious periodical, tells of a text book brought home by his
seven-year-old boy, the title of which was, 'Home Geography for
Primary Grades.' Discussing the subject of birds, this text book for
primary grades says: 'Ever so long ago, their grandfathers were not
birds at all. Then they could not fly, for they had neither wings nor
feathers. These grandfathers of our birds had four legs, a long tail,
and jaws with teeth. After a time feathers grew on their bodies, and
their front legs were changed for flying. These were strange looking
creatures. There are none living like them now.'" Would any one who
would teach a little child, the extremely improbable story that
reptiles became birds, hesitate to teach that monkeys became men and
that the story of creation was false?

Much can be done by the church authorities in refusing to license or
ordain men who believe in any species of infidelity, or who have
attended heretical seminaries. They should give their consent for
candidates to attend only colleges, universities or seminaries that
can be trusted. Congregations should know, before they call a pastor,
that he is orthodox. Ministers are to preach the Gospel not
infidelity.

Taboo all heretical religious papers; support those that defend the
truth. Let infidels maintain infidel papers and build infidel
colleges. Not one dollar to propagate infidelity! Make your one short
consecrated life count for truth and righteousness. Many Christians
are guilty of the great sin of indifference. In this greatest of all
contests in which the Church was ever engaged, no one should be a
slacker.

Many public libraries have 20 to 50 books in favor of evolution, and
but one or two, if any, opposed. If dangerous books, like Wells'
"Outline of History", McCabe's "A. B. C. of Evolution", and the works
of Darwin, who doubted his own theory, and of Romanes, who renounced
evolution and embraced Christ, can not be eliminated, libraries, in
all fairness and in the interest of truth, should have an equal number
in reply. Insist that librarians get a copy of this book, and other
anti-evolution books, especially those mentioned herein; also other
good books.

The author and publisher of this book will give 50% commission for
selling it, and will mail two copies for $1.00 to all who will become
agents. If you can't be an agent, you will do great good by securing
another. A copy should be in the hands of every student, so he can
discuss evolution with his teacher; and in the hands of every teacher,
lawyer, doctor, minister, lawmaker or other professional man, of every
parent whose children are liable to be taught the dangerous
doctrine. It will be useful in removing error and in promoting the
truth. Agents should canvass every school, college, university,
seminary; every convention, conference; every religious and
educational gathering. A copy should be in every library.

Every dollar of profit from the sale of this book will be given to
Missions, to be loaned perpetually to help build churches, and to
preach the Gospel in the secular newspapers of the world, and to
distribute this book free. Every $1000 so loaned to churches at 5%
compound interest, in 300 years, will, together with the accrued
interest, aid in building 8,229,024 churches, by a loan of $1000 each
for 5 years, and the new principal at the end of 300 years will be
$2,273,528,000.

After four struggles, the writer was led to give the one-tenth, then
the unpaid or "stolen" tenth (Mai. 3:8), then to consecrate the
nine-tenths, and, lastly, to give all above an economical living. Many
another consecrated Christian, on fire for God and burning with fury
against all forms of infidelity, can do incalculable good by sending
this book free to as many libraries, students, teachers, ministers,
lawyers and doctors as possible. For this purpose, the publisher will
mail the book to large numbers, for 20c each; your $1 sends a $1 book
to 5. For $2000, for example, a copy will be mailed to the 10,000
ministers of the Presbyterian church, U.S.A.; for $4,000, to the
20,000 pastors of the Methodist Episcopal church; for $1000, a copy to
5000 public libraries in the United States and elsewhere; or to 5000
students, teachers, ministers, lawyers, doctors, lawmakers, etc.
Smaller sums in proportion. What great good a heroic giver, in every
land, could do with $1000 or $10,000 or $100,000! With 1,000,000
copies, we would wake the world!

A Canadian farmer gives $1000 to mail one to 5000 Canadian ministers
and libraries. Who will give $2,000 to send one to 10,000 lawmakers in
U.S.?

--Ministers, students, teachers, parents, yes, ALL are urged to be
agents, employ sub-agents, earn wages, and do good. To agents,
booksellers, libraries, churches, S.S.'s, organizations and societies
needing funds, 2 to 25 mailed to any land, for 50c each cash; 25 or
more, 40c--60% profit; 100 or more, 30c--70% profit! Books are the
best outfit,--try 25 (show p. 76). To periodicals (for sale or
premium), 30c. Special terms to general or national agents, speakers,
publishers, colleges, seminaries, etc. Editors are hereby given
permission FREE to use any selections. Add to each: From 'EVOLUTION
DISPROVED' (cloth $1) by per. the author and pub., Rev. W. A.
Williams, Camden, N.J. _Mail marked selections and reviews_.

The fight is on. Only about 2% of the members of evangelical churches,
it is said, are modernists and evolutionists. Let the rest assert
their rights and say: "Common honesty requires you to restore to
orthodoxy the institutions you have purloined. We demand them back.
Henceforth you shall not steal our colleges, seminaries and public
schools, and make our children infidels and atheists. You shall not,
with our consent, capture our pulpits, and strip the world's Redeemer
of his power and glory."



49. PROBLEMS FOR REVIEW


The following problems, when solved by the reader, will deepen the
conviction that evolution is impossible. The erroneous guesses by
evolutionists may be checked up and disproved by mathematical
problems. No stronger proof could well be devised. For pattern
solutions, refer to the preceding text. A reward will be given to the
first person who points out a material error. Test, verify or correct
the following solutions:--

1. If the first human pair lived 2,000,000 years ago, as the
evolutionists claim, and the population has doubled itself in every
1612.51 years (one-tenth the Jewish rate of net increase), what would
be the present population of the globe? Ans. 18,932,139,737,991
followed by 360 figures; or 18,932,139,737,991 decillion, decillion,
decillion, decillion, decillion, decillion, decillion, decillion,
decillion, decillion; or 18,932,139,737,991 vigintillion,
vigintillion, vigintillion, vigintillion, vigintillion, vigintillion.

2. If the first human pair lived 100,000 years ago (a period much less
than evolution required), what Would be the present population at the
same low rate of increase? Ans. 4,660,210,253,138,204,000; or
2,527,570,733 times as many as are living now.

3. At the above rate of increase, how many human beings would have
survived in the 5177 years since Noah? Ans. 9. How many Jews, in the
3850 years since Jacob's marriage? Ans. 5.

4. If the human race doubled its numbers every 168.3 years since Noah
became a father (5177 years) what would be the population of the
globe? Ans. 1,804,187,000,--just what it is.

5. If the Jews doubled their numbers every 161.251 years since Jacob's
marriage (3850 years ago), how many Jews would there have been in
1922? Ans. 15,393,815, just the number reported.

6. What guess of man's age can stand the test of mathematics? Ans. Not
a single guess ever made assigning a great age to man,--nothing
greater than the age indicated by the Scriptures; 2,000,000, or
1,000,000, or 100,000 years are clearly out of the question.

7. If life began 60,000,000 years ago, and the human race 2,000,000
years ago, how much sub-normal should have been the brain and mind of
man at that time? Ans. 1/30 or 3-1/3%; or 96-2/3% normal; or 1450
c.c., counting 1500 c.c. normal,--more nearly normal than many nations
now.

8. How much if life began 500,000,000 years ago? Ans. .4%; or 99.6%
normal; or 1494 c.c., far more c.c. than a large part of mankind can
claim.

9. If man had, in 58,000,000 years, developed only the same skull
capacity as the other members of the simian family (not over 600
c.c.), how much must he have gained in 2,000,000 years? Ans. 900 c.c.,
which is a development 43.5 times as rapid in 2,000,000 years as in
the 58,000,000 years preceding. How could that be?

10. If life began 500,000,000 years ago, how would the rapidity of
skull and brain development in 2,000,000 years compare with that of
the 498,000,000 years preceding? Ans. 373.5 times as great.

11. If the skull of the pithecanthropus was two-thirds normal, or 1000
c.c., how many years ago must it have lived, in case life began
60,000,000 years ago? Ans. 20,000,000; in case life began 500,000,000
years ago? Ans. 166,666,666.

12. If the Piltdown "man" had a normal skull capacity of 1070 c.c., as
claimed, how long ago did he live, if life began 60,000,000 years ago?
Ans. 17,200,000 years. If 500,000,000 years ago? Ans. 143,333,333
years.

13. If the Neanderthal man had a capacity of 1408 c.c. (assigned by
Dr. Osborn), how many years ago must he have lived if 60,000,000 years
have passed since life began? Ans. 3,680,000; if 500,000,000 years?
Ans. 30,666,666. If 1800 c.c. be taken as normal instead of 1500
c.c. as some insist, these great periods since these "ape-men" existed
must be enormously increased, in some cases 50%.

14. If, on the other hand, the pithecanthropus really lived 750,000
years ago, what, with normal development, should have been its skull
capacity, if life began 60,000,000 ago? Ans. 98.75%; or 1481 c.c. If
life began 500,000,000 years ago? Ans. 99.85%; or 1497.77 c.c. In
either case, practically normal.

15. If the Piltdown "man" lived 150,000 years ago, as claimed, what
should have been his brain capacity, if life has lasted 60,000,000
years? Ans. 99.75%; or 1496.25 c.c. If 500,000,000 years? Ans. 99.97%;
or 1499.55 c.c. Very nearly normal.

The above problems prove either that these alleged links could not
have lived in the periods assigned them, or else they must have had a
brain capacity almost normal, and far greater than assigned to them.

16. The habitable countries of the world-total 50,670,837 sq. mi. If
we estimate that the garden of Eden occupied 10,000 sq. mi. or
6,400,000 acres, there would be 5067 such areas in the world. What
chance would Moses have, not knowing, to guess the correct location?
Ans. 1 chance out of 5067,--virtually none at all.

17. If Moses, not knowing the order of creation, enumerates 11 great
events in their correct scientific order, what chance had he to guess
the correct order? Ans. I chance out of 39,916,800. If 15 great
events, as some biblical scholars point out? Ans. I chance out of
1,307,674,368,000. (Solve by Permutation.)

18. If there are now 1,500,000 species of animals, coming from a
single primordial germ or cell which existed 60,000,000 years ago, how
many species of animals should have arisen or matured in the last 6000
years? Ans. 3000; or one every two years. If life has existed
500,000,000 years, 360 new animal species were due in the last 6000
years. Evolutionists declare they do not know that a single new
species has arisen in the last 6000 years! Even Darwin said, "Not one
change of species into another is on record."

19. If the skeletons of 200,000 prehistoric horses were found in a
single locality, Lyons, France, how many skeletons of prehistoric man
should we expect? Ans. Many millions. How many are there? Not a
single or undisputed skeleton of an ape-man!

20. If each of the two eyes and ears as well as the nose and the mouth
occupy, on an average, one-thousandth part of the surface of the body,
what, if we exclude God's design, is the mathematical probability that
they would appear where they are? Ans. .OO1 x .OO1 x .001 x .001 x
.001 x .001; =.000,000,000,000,000,001; or 1 chance in a billion
billion! (Solved by Compound Probability.)

21. Evolutionists claim at least 8 great transmutations from matter to
man: matter, plant-life, invertebrates, vertebrates, fishes,
amphibians, reptiles, mammals and man. If we make the extremely
generous estimate of 60% to represent the probability of each
transmutation, what is the compound probability that all would take
place? Ans. 1 chance in 60, which means an extreme improbability.

22. If there is 1 chance in 10 that each transmutation has taken
place, which is far more than the evidence warrants, what fraction
represents the probability that all these great changes have occurred?
Ans. .1 raised to the eighth power, or .00000001; or 1 chance in
100,000,000.

23. If the probability of a change of one member of one species into
another species be expressed by .1 (an over-estimate), what fraction
marks the probability of a million members making the same change?
Ans. .1 raised to the millionth power; or 1 preceded by 999,999
decimal ciphers; or a common fraction with 1 as a numerator and a
million figures as a denominator; or 1 chance out of a number
expressed by 1,000,000 figures, which would fill 3 volumes like this
book. Such changes were absolutely impossible, but necessary for
evolution.

24. If the scattered remains of the pithecanthropus were found in the
sand only 40 ft. below the surface, and the rate of accumulation were
no greater than the slow accretions that buried the mountain city of
Jerusalem 20 feet deep in 1900 years, what would be the extreme age of
these remains? Ans. 3800 years, instead of 750,000 years.

25. If the Heidelberg jaw was found in sand 69 ft. deep, what would be
its maximum age, estimated in the same way? Ans. 6555 years instead of
375,000. Who believes that sand in a river valley would accumulate no
more rapidly than dust on the mountains? Or that it took 750,000 or
even 375,000 years to cover with sand these precious remains such a
shallow depth? A few centuries at most would account for such a depth.
Can there be any doubt that these were abnormal bones of historic man
and brute?

26. Did any other false theory that ever posed as science, have less
to support its claims than evolution?

27. Believing that a Christian should give to the Lord all above his
necessities, none of the profits on this book will be retained by the
publisher, but all will be donated to missions, to be perpetually
loaned to churches, and to preach the gospel through the secular
newspapers, of the world, and to aid in the free distribution of this
book as explained on pages 116 and 117. How many churches will every
$1000 together with the compound interest thereon, help to build in
300 years, if the average loan to each church is $1000 for 5 years at
5%? Ans. 8,229,024; and the new principal will then be $2,273,528,000.

28. How could $1000 be given to do more good than for these three
purposes?

29. "For what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole world
and lose his own soul?"

30. What shall it profit a man, if he wins great fame as a scientist,
persuades a great multitude to accept evolution, infidelity and
atheism, and leads a great company to the lost world, by destroying
their faith in God and in Jesus Christ?



50. THE SUPREMACY OF JESUS


From far-off Australia comes this sermon by Rev. R. Ditterich. What
more fitting climax in honor of Christ, whose worshipers belt the
globe? "Christ is All," a pean of praise, which has been sung both
sides the sea, and published in three Hymnals and over sixty song
books, will close this volume, dedicated to the glory of God.

_Text: "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living
God."--Matt. 16.16._

Jesus asked a great question, and Peter made a great reply. No
prophet, no priest, no king, no patriarch of Israel had ever been
greeted in such fashion. Of nobody else in the world are these words
spoken today. How pure must have been the life, how majestic the
personality, how wise the utterances, how divine the deeds, that
compelled this thrilling answer from the apostle's lips. Surely
something really wonderful beyond all previous Hebrew experience was
necessary before Jews could bring themselves to acknowledge any man,
however exalted, as divine. The miracle of winning such a confession
is testimony to the sovereign greatness of Jesus.

We, too, have to answer the same question, and there are facts which
lead us to the same great confession of faith.


FIVE TREMENDOUS FACTS

1. Jesus, a peasant, is hailed today as King by people speaking 750
languages and dialects, in all climes, and of all classes. People of
every color raise to Him the song of praise and crown Him "Lord of
all." There is nothing like this in all history. No other has ever
approached this degree of sovereignty. His kingdom pervades the
world. It is a fact that challenges thought. No world conqueror has
ever had such an empire. Beside this the royalty of men like
Alexander, Caesar, Charlemagne, Napoleon, and more modern aspirants is
shadowy and ghostlike. His is an abiding and a spiritual dominion.

2. Though an unlettered peasant, Jesus has become the world's greatest
teacher. For all our best knowledge of God, for the revelation of
divine Fatherly love, for our highest ideals of virtue, for man's most
glorious hope, people on all sides look to Him. Not only men of the
highest rank, but men of the richest culture sit at His feet. The
purest souls sit at His feet. His golden rule will never be
supplanted. His name has become the synonym for all that is true and
gracious. To be Christ-like must ever remain man's highest ideal.

3. He was a Jew, and yet He founded the brotherhood of man. In His day
Jews had no dealings with Samaritans. But Jesus had. Jews were fenced
off from all other nations in the most exclusive way. But His heart
was all-inclusive, and He broke down all walls that separated class
from class as well as nation from nation. His thought was
universal. His spirit was international. He founded a kingdom based,
as Napoleon said, not on force but on love, and love is universal. It
leaps over mountains, it spans oceans. It speaks in all tongues. The
true League of Nations and the real disarmament are part of His plan
for the world. He was son of Israel only incidentally. Essentially He
was Son of Man--the true brother of all mankind.

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