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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

The Evolution Of Man Scientifically Disproved

W >> William A. Williams >> The Evolution Of Man Scientifically Disproved

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To give up the tested power of the gospel and to accept instead, the
worthless guesses of evolution, ruinous in life and powerless in
death, would be a sorry exchange indeed.



44. EV. AIDS INFIDELITY AND ATHEISM


Many evolutionists frankly declare that the purpose of evolution is to
destroy belief in God, or his active control of his creation. Prof.
H. F. Osborn, of N. Y., a leading evolutionist, says, "In truth, from
the period of the earlier stages of Greek thought, _man has been
eager to discover some natural cause of evolution, and to abandon the
idea of supernatural intervention in the order of nature_." Other
evolutionists openly announce their antagonism to the Bible and
Christianity. Clarence Darrow, in the Tenn. trial, called
Christianity a "fool religion."

Darwinism has been declared an attempt to eliminate God and all
evidence of design and to substitute the old heathen doctrine of
chance. With this announced purpose in view, we are not surprised to
learn from Prof. J. H. Leuba that one-half the professors teaching it
did not believe in God nor the immortality of the soul; and that there
is a rapid increase in the number of students who have discarded
Christianity as they progress in their course,--Freshmen, 15%;
Juniors, 30%; Seniors, 40 to 45%. Children of Christian homes, taught
to believe in God and Jesus Christ, are led into infidelity and
atheism rapidly, as they progress in their course. It makes one
shudder to think what the future will be, if atheism and infidelity
are taught in the guise of science. And the statistics show that
evolution is one of the most fruitful sources of unbelief. What the
students are taught today, the world will believe tomorrow. How great
the havoc caused by a comparatively few infidel or atheistic
professors!

Dr. C. W. Elliott, a Unitarian, announced with apparently great glee,
that already the young men and young women do not believe the story of
the creation of Adam and Eve. The leaders of Bolshevist Russia said to
Dr. Sherwood Eddy, with brutal frankness, "The Communist party, the
only party allowed in Russia, is 100% atheistic. If a man believes in
God, he can not be a member of the party." Russia is an example of a
country where atheism is taught in the public schools, and we are
moving all too fast in the same direction. The Red Army shot to death
500,000 men in Russia. The horrors of the French Revolution may be
outdone, if we do not awake to our danger. Russia is cursed with a
doctrine offensive alike to the Christian, the Jew, the Mohammedan and
even the deist. In America the same condition may be brought about,
more stealthily and more effectually in the name of science. Indeed,
the Russian atheists feel the necessity of adopting the American
method as more effective. An Associated Press dispatch of Dec. 24,
1924, states that Zinovieff, a Soviet leader, admitted that the
Communists had gone too far in their efforts to establish atheism by
_force_, but he adds, "_We shall pursue our attacks on Almighty
God in due time, and in an appropriate manner. We are confident we
shall subdue him in his empyrean. We shall fight him wherever he hides
himself_.... I have been informed that not only young Communists,
but Boy Scouts, are mocking people who are religious. I have also been
told that _groups of Boy Scouts have even imprisoned whole
congregations in church while they were worshipping_! Our campaign
against God and religion must be carried out in a pedagogic way, not
by violence or force." Do we want such a situation in America? We are
drifting that way.

Evolution has no quarrel with atheism, agnosticism, modernism, or any
other species of infidelity. _Its quarrel is with Christianity and
the Bible_. Why should we wish to harmonize Christianity with
evolution, when the theory can not possibly be true? Prof. Newman
says, "Readings in Evolution," p. 8, "Contrary to a widespread idea,
evolution (in what sense?) is by no means incompatible with religion
(Christianity?).... The majority of thoughtful theologians (whew!) of
all creeds are in accord with the evolution idea."

Dr. W. W. Keen says, "I believe in God and evolution." An infidel, a
deist, even a heathen can say that. To harmonize evolution with
Christianity is quite a different problem. Prof. Coulter, of Chicago
University, endeavors to show where "religion and evolution meet."
But the "religion" is the religion of the infidel, not of the
Christian. How can a theory which denies the creation of Adam and Eve
and any intervention and control by the Creator, be harmonized with
Christianity?

Rev. F.E. Clark, President of the World C.E., says, "The Darwinian
theory, whatever it may be called today, has doubtless unsettled many
minds. A hazy agnosticism has often taken the place of strenuous
belief." He is in a position to know.

A beloved friend, president of a prominent college, an evolutionist
and a modernist, in a letter to the writer, claimed that evolution is
nearest the truth, and those who believe it are nearest to "Him who is
the Way, the Truth and the Life." If this is true, how many
evolutionists are more spiritual, more earnest, and more successful on
that account, in winning souls to Christ?

No doubt many have been made infidels and atheists. How many souls
have been won to Christ by Osborn, Newman, Conklin, Darrow, Lull,
Shull, Scott, Coulter, Metcalf, Kellogg, Nutting, Thompson, Castle,
Chapin, and all other prominent evolutionists? If evolution is nearest
the truth, the number of their converts to Christ should be greatly
increased. We await the information, which we do not have at hand, to
see if the contention of our friend is correct.

Mrs. Aimee Semple McPherson preaches daily in the Angelus Temple, Los
Angeles, Cal., which seats 5300 people. Often standing room is at a
premium. Many souls are saved (over 14,000 in 1924), and thousands are
healed in answer to prayer. What a tremendous loss to humanity, if the
gospel of Christ had not saved her from the infidelity and atheism of
evolution! She writes as follows of her conversion: "The writer went
to one of the services being held in my home town, by the Irish
evangelist, Robert Semple, and entered the meeting _practically an
infidel, having studied Darwinism, atheistic theories until faith in
God's word was shaken_. Never will those moments be forgotten. One
could feel the power of God, the moment one entered the building. Such
singing, hands uplifted, faces radiant, such Amens and Hallelujahs,
such power and fervor back of every word that was spoken, such
exaltation of the deity of Christ, the necessity and power of the
atoning blood, the second Coming of Christ, the power of the Holy
Spirit to energize and get the believer ready for his coming, gripped
and stirred the heart.... Never, never, can the writer forget that
hallowed hour, when, kneeling by a Morris chair in the home of a
friend, early in the morning, with uplifted arms, she prayed and felt
for the first time, the tremendous inflowing power of the Holy Ghost."
Behold, the power of evolution to ruin, and of Christ to save!

Evolutionists are, as a rule, modernists; and modernists are
evolutionists, and are reckless in their zeal to destroy the faith of
the young committed to their care. We select the following 3
illustrations from a single article in the PRESBYTERIAN:

1. "A father sat _in this office_, a minister above middle life,
his eyes full of tears, and his soul full of groans, as he told how he
had sent his son, who had been an orderly Christian boy, to a
supposedly Christian college. When the boy returned home, after
graduation, he informed his father that through instruction received,
he had lost his faith, and believed none of those things he had been
taught at home. The father was so shocked and overcome he could make
no reply, but asked his son to kneel and pray with him as they used to
do. The son refused, and said he no longer believed in prayer."

2. "A good Christian father desired to give his young daughter the
best educational advantages. She planned to be a missionary. He sent
her to a well-known college, considered Christian. This college had a
Bible chair, but of the destructive, critical type. The young student
absorbed what she was taught. She lost all reverence for the Bible and
rejected it. She entirely lost her faith which she had learned from
her father and mother. She gave up her mission plans, and developed
into a Socialist. When about to graduate, she wrote her father
frankly, that she had given up the faith he had taught her, and she
was going to live with a man without marriage, as she did not believe
in marriage; The father visited her and protested. She smiled and
called him an old fogy. She only consented to marriage when
threatened with the civil law."

3. "Another case reported to us by another father:--His son, attending
a so-called Christian college, reported that one of the professors
declared that they and himself were hypocrites, because they attended
chapel every morning where they were told that if they believed and
did such things, they would some day go to another world and play on a
harp. But if they did not, they would burn. This he declared was all
bosh. Then he called attention to the teachings in the college, that
_man in his body developed from a lower animal, but that man had no
soul."_

Yet some colleges and universities ask Christian people to give large
sums, with no guarantee that evolution, infidelity and atheism will
not be taught. Is it any wonder that Christian parents tremble while
their sons and daughters run the gauntlet of infidel professors?



45. EV. WARS WITH CHRISTIANITY


Evolution leads to infidelity and atheism, and is therefore a foe to
Christianity. It denies the doctrine of special creation, and opposes
the religion of the Christian, the Jew and the Mohammedan. Why should
not all these religions unite against the false and unsupported theory
that would make havoc of them all?

If evolution could be shown reconcilable with Christianity it would be
lifted into respectability, but what would be the gain to
Christianity? The Christian religion is reconcilable with all true
science, and hails every true science with joy. The church loves true
science, but hates a lie that poses as the truth. Christianity is
readily reconcilable with the true sciences of Astronomy and
Chemistry, but we do not try to reconcile it with the corresponding
false sciences of astrology and alchemy. Why should we be concerned
about such a reconciliation, since all the evidence offered in favor
of evolution is not worthy of serious consideration? The facts hotly
contest every guess. There is no conflict between Christianity and
science. But evolution is not science. It is not knowledge. It is not
truth. It is not proved. It is not certain. It is not probable. It is
not possible. How can the serious student escape the conviction that
evolution has not one chance out of a thousand, or even out of a
million, to be a possible theory, and none whatever to be a probable
or proven theory? It offers not one convincing argument. The evidence
against the theory shows that it has not yet been proven and never can
be.

The present population of the globe shows the unity of man in the days
of Noah, and that the human race could not have begun 2,000,000 years
ago, nor 1,000,000, nor 100,000, nor even 10,000. And no evidence that
the evolutionist can bring to bear _now or hereafter_ can ever
set aside this mathematical demonstration. This one argument is
sufficient to shatter evolution, if there were no more. But the whole
fifty arguments in this book rush to the support of this one. They all
harmonize with the Bible statements, but not one of them with the
false and baneful theory of evolution. And no erroneous guess that
they can make will escape mathematical detection. Why should we
gratify the clamor of evolutionists, and seek to reconcile
Christianity with a theory so manifestly false? To be worthy of
acceptance, it must satisfactorily answer every one of the fifty
arguments in this book and many more. Can it do so?

Evolution carried to a logical conclusion would destroy every thing
precious to the heart of a Christian. It denies the real inspiration
of the Bible. It makes Moses a liar. It denies the story of creation,
and substitutes an impossible guess. It denies miracles, the
providence of God, the creation of man and beast, and God's government
and control of the world. It laughs at the Virgin Birth and makes
Christ a descendant of the brute on both sides. It denies his deity,
his miracles, his resurrection from the dead. It joins hands with
agnosticism, modernism, and other forms of infidelity and atheism and
gives them the strongest support they have ever had. All these hail
evolution's advent with exceeding great joy. It has the closest
affinity with the wildest and worst theories ever proposed.

Its writers and proponents turn infidel and atheist. Its teachers and
advocates lose their belief in God and the immortality of the
soul. The young men and women who are taught, abandon the faith of
their fathers and join the forces of unbelief. To be sure, some are
saved by inconsistency, and still maintain their faith, but the havoc
is great. It would strip Christ of his Deity, reduce him to the
dimensions of a man, and make his religion powerless to save. The men
who tore the seamless coat from the dying Christ did a praiseworthy
act, in comparison to those who would strip him of his deity and
glory, for these are the garments of God!

The ruffians at the foot of the cross gambled for a mere human
garment, but there are evolutionists who would "trample under foot the
blood of the Son of God, and count it an unholy thing." Those who
would rob the world's redeemer of his power and divinity, while
speaking patronizingly in praise of his human traits, do but insult
him with the vilest slander, which makes the derision of Calvary seem
like praise.

We were not surprised to learn that, in the Tenn. trial, evolution
was defended by agnostics, who made their chief attack on the Bible
and revealed religion; and the school, the home and religion were
defended by men of high Christian character. Had Mr. Darrow as
earnestly defended Christianity and Mr. Bryan as earnestly opposed it,
millions would have held up their hands in astonishment. But the
alignment was natural, and opened the eyes of multitudes to the fact
that evolution is a friend to infidelity and a foe to Christianity.
Their objection to prayer during the sessions of the Court shows that
they hated what God loves.

Christianity withstood ten fiery persecutions, lasting 300 years, at
the hands of the Roman Empire, the mistress of the world. The church
was purified, and grew and multiplied. Numerous heresies arose but all
yielded to the truth. Sin and corruption, formality and worldliness,
failed to hinder the triumphant march of the church of God.

Infidelity made a fierce attack in the eighteenth century in its own
name, and lost. But the most dangerous attack ever made is on, by
evolution claiming the name of science and modernism claiming the name
of religion. This f. a. d. is truly for a day. God will win. Truth
will live and error will die. But too many precious souls will be lost
unless the world awakes to see its danger soon.

Mr. Bryan, in his last message, said: "Christ has made of death a
narrow starlit strip between the companionship of yesterday and the
reunion of tomorrow. Evolution strikes out the stars, and deepens the
gloom that enshrouds the tomb.".... "Do these evolutionists stop to
think of the crime they commit when they take faith out of the hearts
of men and women and lead them out into a starless night?"

Evolution wars with the religion of the Jews also. It attacks the Old
Testament, dear alike to Christian and Jew. The Jews were the chosen
people of God, and have played a large part in the history of the
world. We gladly clasp hands with them against the common foe. David
speaks for Jews and Christians in the 8th Psalm. In contrast to
evolution, which degrades man to the level of the brute, he declares
that man is but a little lower than God, (Heb. Elohim). The revisers
had the courage so to translate it. David under inspiration wrote
better than he knew, and in absolute harmony with modern science:

"When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and
the stars which thou hast ordained, what is man (how great must he be)
that thou are mindful of him (among thy great and marvelous works)?
And the son of man that thou are a companion to him? For thou hast
made him but little lower than God, and crownest him with glory and
honor. Thou madest him to have dominion over the works of thy hands;
thou hast put all things under his feet; all sheep and oxen, yea, and
the beasts of the field; the fowl of the air, and the fish of the sea,
whatsoever passeth through the paths of the seas." All animals
confess the dominion of man since the strongest and fiercest flee from
his face. Who would prefer the "string of stuff" that would place man
below the brute, to the lofty description of the Hebrew Psalmist
placing him a little lower than God?

Hon. William J. Bryan, when attending the Presbyterian General
Assembly in Columbus, Ohio, in 1925, enclosed, in a letter to the
writer, a copy of his address in John Wanamaker's Church,
Philadelphia, on evolution and modernism, from which we select the
following:

"All the modernists are evolutionists and their hypothesis of creation
gives man a brute ancestry and makes him the apex of a gradual
development extending over millions of years. This hypothesis contains
no place for, and has no need of, a plan of salvation. It is only a
step from this philosophy to the philosophy of the atheist who
considers man 'a bundle of tendencies inherited from the lower
animals,' and regards sin as nothing more serious than a disease that
should be treated rather than punished. One of the gravest objections
to the doctrine of the modernists is that it ignores sin in the sense
in which the Bible describes sin. Modernists ignore the cause of sin,
the effects of sin, and the remedy for sin. They worship the intellect
and overlook the heart, 'out of which are the issues of life.' No
evangelical church has ever endorsed a single doctrine of the
modernists.

"Evolution is the basis of modernism. Carried to its logical
conclusion, it annihilates revealed religion. It made an avowed
agnostic of Darwin (see in his 'Life and Letters' a letter written on
this subject just before his death); it has made agnostics of millions
and atheists of hundreds of thousands, yet Christian taxpayers, not
awake to its benumbing influence, allow Darwinism to be injected into
the minds of immature students, many of whom return from college with
their spiritual enthusiasm chilled if not destroyed.

"When we protest against the teaching of this tommy-rot by instructors
paid by taxation, they accuse us of stifling conscience and
interfering with free speech. Not at all; let the atheist think what
he pleases and say what he thinks to those who are willing to listen
to him, but he cannot rightly demand pay from the taxpayers for
teaching their children what they do not want taught. The hand that
writes the pay check rules the school. As long as Christians must
build Christian colleges in which to teach Christianity, atheists
should be required to build their own colleges if they desire to teach
atheism.

"With from one to three millions of distinct species in the animal and
vegetable world, not a single species has been traced to
another. Until species in the animal and vegetable world can be linked
together, why should we assume without proof that man is a blood
relative of any lower form of life? Those who become obsessed with the
idea that they have brute blood in their veins devote their time to
searching for missing links in the hope of connecting man with life
below him; why do they prefer a jungle ancestry to creation by the
Almighty for a purpose and according to a divine plan? Why will they
travel around the world to find a part of a skull or remnants of a
skeleton when they will not cross the street to save a soul?

"How can intelligent men and women underestimate the Christ? He is no
longer a wandering Jew with a few followers; He is the great fact of
history and the growing figure of all time--there is no other growing
figure in all the world today. Men--the greatest of them--rise and
reign and pass away; only CHRIST reigns and remains. They shall not
take away our Lord. The Christian Church will not permit the degrading
of its founder; it will defend at all times, everywhere and in every
way, the historical Christ. It believes that 'there is none other name
under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved.' No diminutive
Messiah can meet the religious need of the world today and throughout
the centuries. Christ for all and forever, is the slogan of the
church. There has been apostasy in every age; attacks upon
Christianity have been disguised under cloaks of many kinds, but it
has withstood them all--'The hammers are shattered but the anvil
remains.' The church will not yield now; it will continue its defense
of the Bible, the Bible's God and the Bible's Christ until 'every knee
shall bow and every tongue confess.'

"While it resists the attacks upon the integrity of God's Word and the
divinity of the Saviour, it will pray that those who are now making
the attack may come under the influence of, and yield their hearts to,
Him whose call is to all, whose hand is all power and who promises to
be with His people 'always, even unto the end of the world,' The
Apostles' Creed which has expressed the faith of the Christian Church
for so many centuries shall not be emasculated by modernism.

"'Faith of our fathers! living still
In spite of dungeon, fire and sword;
O how our hearts beat high with joy
Whene'er we hear that glorious word--
Faith of our fathers! holy faith,
We will be true to thee till death'!"



46. CAMOUFLAGE OF TERMS


During the late world war, objects were concealed and the enemy
deceived, by "camouflage." Many undertake to deceive or to hide their
meaning by a camouflage of terms. These terms are chosen to conceal or
deceive. Terms that suggest advance, improvement, learning, science,
etc., are used to describe unworthy theories, beliefs and
movements. It is an unfair trick to win and often meets with
undeserved success.

EVOLUTION in the sense of growth and development, is true of a
part of animal and plant life, and in this sense is undisputed. Some
speak of the growth of a child and of all progress, as evolution. In
the sense at issue, it means the development of all the 3,000,000
species of animals and plants, from one or a few primordial germs,
without design or intelligence, or the aid of a Creator. A
distinguished surgeon declares that evolution from the monkey is mere
non-sense but that life is a constant evolution,--two senses in the
same sentence. Such confusion of meaning brings science into
disrepute. The meaning is shifted to suit.

SCIENCE means knowledge. We are glibly told that science
teaches the evolution of man when it teaches nothing of the kind. A
mere theory is not science until proven. A man does not become a
scientist by advocating an unproven theory, but by making some notable
contribution to knowledge. These self-appointed scientists recklessly
declare that the "consensus" of science favors evolution. We oppose
evolution not because it _is_ science, but because it is
_not_ science. There is no conflict between Christianity and real
science, but a fight to the death with "science falsely so called."

RELIGION is often taken to mean deism, or infidelity as well as
Christianity. They show us "where evolution and religion meet,"
provided deism or infidelity is religion, but not, if Christianity is
religion,--an inexcusable confusion of terms.

LAW is sometimes spoken of as if it had intelligence and
power. Sometimes as a subordinate deity, or agent of God, or an
indefinite principle. Darwin says:--"Plants and animals have all been
produced by laws (?) acting around us." That is impossible, since
"laws" can produce nothing. He evidently gives to laws the credit that
belongs to God.

NATURE, in like manner, is often used as a substitute for God,
to avoid the mention of His name.

MODERNISM is a fine sounding word, suggestive of learning and
culture and the last word in science, but doubts or denies many of the
essential doctrines of the Christian religion. It is infidelity pure
and simple and of the most dangerous kind, camouflaged under this
attractive name. Who can deny the statement that the only thing modern
about modernism is its hypocrisy? It is ancient infidelity pretending
to be a Christian view. Bearing the Christian flag, it attacks
Christianity. Modernists are evidently ashamed of a name which fitly
describes their views, and seek another. Infidels have tried to win
under their own name. They have failed. Will they succeed under the
camouflaged name of modernism? Camouflaged under an attractive name,
modernists doubt or deny the real inspiration of the Bible, the Virgin
birth of Jesus, his deity, his miracles, his bodily resurrection, the
resurrection of the dead, and his personal second coming to judge the
quick and the dead. Some modernists reject a part of these great
truths, and some reject all.

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