The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2, 1917

V >> Various >> The Journal of Negro History, Volume 2, 1917

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* * * * *

From the reports it will be seen that Kammerjunker Rothe was sent
as a sort of commissioner to Frederiksted, in order to proclaim
the new Government established in Bassin. As I had already agreed
with Captain v Castonier, to take over the command of the Fort
with my men, while he undertook a march into the country with the
military, I protested against subjecting myself to this
Government, because--

1. I assumed after the account that Lieutenant Frank had given
me, that General v Scholten was not so sick but that he could
have signed an order to me.

2. There were in the new Government several names almost unknown
to me.

3. Kammerjunker Rothe did not produce anything in writing, either
from General v Scholten, the existing Government, or the other
two Government Councillors, Kunzen and Petersen, concerning this
newly appointed Government Commission. I, therefore, considered
it my duty not to submit myself blindly to the command of this
Commission, especially as the report said that the
Governor-General had been deposed. When Captain Castonier
returned in the afternoon, I informed him of my protest. He fully
concurred in my views. The other authorities in Frederiksted
followed our example, and although Vice-Stadthauptmand,
Chamberlain F. v Scholten, hesitated, he still signed the
measures we took to restore order and quiet.

On the 12th July I despatched my report from West End to St.
Thomas to leave by the Packet for Europe. It bears that day's
date. Written during the actual occurrence of the riots, it
contains my views respecting the events as they then appeared to
me. I have seen no reason to change them. I never imagined that
General v Scholten would leave the island, which, as is known,
happened immediately after; consequently, my report arrived home
with the same Packet on which he took passage.

On the 24th July I left West End to be on hand to assist in St.
Thomas. The 6th September I received orders to come with the
"Ornen" to Bassin as quickly as possible, as riots had occurred,
and it was not desirable, except absolutely necessary, to use the
Spaniards. The Fort in Bassin was now reinforced by men from the
"Ornen," because, as is known, the Government had given way to
the Brand corps and discharged the energetic Police master
Frederiksen.--TAYLOR, _Leaflets from the Danish West Indies_, pp.
133-140.

VII

ST. THOMAS AS SEEN BY AN OBSERVER IN 1858

I have said in a previous chapter that the people one meets there
may be described as an Hispano-Dano-Niggery-Yankee-doodle
population. In this I referred not only to the settlers, but to
those also who are constantly passing through it. In the shops
and stores, and at the hotels, one meets the same mixture. The
Spanish element is of course strong, for Venezuela, New Granada,
Central America, and Mexico are all Spanish, and hereabouts are
called Spaniards. To the Danes the island belongs. The soldiers,
officials, and custom-house people are Danes. They do not,
however, mix much with their customers. They affect, I believe,
to say that the island is overrun and destroyed by these strange
comers, and that they would as lief be without such visitors. If
they are altogether indifferent to money making, such may be the
case. The labouring people are all black--if these blacks can be
called a labouring people. They do coal the vessels at about a
dollar a day each--that is when they are so circumstanced as to
require a dollar. As to the American element, that is by no means
the slightest or most retiring. Dollars are going there, and
therefore it is of course natural that Americans should be going
also. I saw the other day a map, "The United States as they now
are, and in prospective;" and it included all these
places--Mexico, Central America, Cuba, St. Domingo, and even poor
Jamaica. It may be that the man who made the map understood the
destiny of his country; at any rate he understood the tastes of
his countrymen.--ANTHONY TROLLOPE, _The West Indies and the
Spanish Main_ pp. 224-225.

VIII

THE LABOR ACT

_Provisional Act to Regulate the Relations between the
Proprietors of Landed Estates and the Rural Population of Free
Laborers_

I, Peter Hansen, Knight Commander of the Order Dannebrog, the
King's Commissioner for, and officiating Governor-General of the
Danish West India Islands, Make known: That, whereas the
ordinance dated 29th July, 1848, by which yearly contracts for
labor on landed estates were introduced, has not been duly acted
upon: whereas the interest of the proprietors of estates, as well
as of the laborers, requires that their mutual obligations should
be defined: and whereas on inquiry into the practice of the
Island, and into the printed contracts and agreements hitherto
made, it appears expedient to establish uniform rules throughout
the Island, for the guidance of all parties concerned, it is
enacted and ordained:

1st. All engagements of laborers now domiciled on landed estates
and receiving wages in money, or in kind, for cultivating and
working such estates, are to be continued as directed by the
ordinance of 29th July, 1848, until the first day of October of
the present year: and all similar engagements shall, in future,
be made, or shall be considered as having been made, for a term
of twelve months, viz: from the first of October till the first
of October, year after year. Engagements made by heads of
families are to include their children between five and fifteen
years of age, and other relatives depending on them and staying
with them.

2nd. No laborer engaged as aforesaid, in the cultivation of soil,
shall be discharged or dismissed from, or shall be permitted to
dissolve, his or her engagement before the expiration of the
same on the first of October of the present, or of any following
year, except in the instances hereafter enumerated.

A. By mutual agreement of master and laborer, before a
magistrate.

B. By order of a magistrate on just and equitable cause being
shown by the parties interested.

Legal marriage, and the natural tie between mothers and their
children, shall be deemed by the magistrate just and legal cause
of removal from one estate to another. The husband shall have a
right to be removed to his wife, the wife to her husband, and
children under fifteen years of age to their mother, provided no
objection to employing such individuals shall be made by the
owner of the estate to which the removal is to take place.

3rd. No engagement of a laborer shall be lawful in future, unless
made in the presence of witnesses, and entered in the day-book of
the estate.

4th. Notice to quit service shall be given by the employer, as
well as by the laborer, at no other period but once a year, in
the month of August, not before the first, nor after the last day
of the said month; an entry thereof shall be made in the
day-book, and an acknowledgement in writing shall be given to the
laborer.

The laborer shall have given, or received, legal notice of
removal from the estate where he serves, before any one can
engage his services; otherwise the new contract to be void, and
the party engaging in tampering with a laborer employed by
others, will be dealt with according to law.

In case any owner or manager of an estate should dismiss a
laborer during the year without sufficient cause, or should
refuse to receive him at the time stipulated, or refuse to grant
him a passport when due notice of removal has been given, the
owner or manager is to pay full damages to the laborer, and to be
sentenced to a fine not exceeding $20.

5th. Laborers employed or rated as first, second, or third class
laborers, shall perform all the work in the field, or about the
works, or otherwise concerning the estate, which it hitherto has
been customary for such laborers to perform, according to the
season. They shall attend faithfully to their work, and willingly
obey the directions given by the employer, or the person
appointed by him. No laborer shall presume to dictate what work
he or she is to do, or refuse the work he may be ordered to
perform, unless expressly engaged for some particular work only.
If a laborer thinks himself aggrieved, he shall not therefore
leave the work, but in due time apply for redress to the owner of
the estate, or to the magistrate. It is the duty of all laborers
on all occasions, and at all times, to protect the property of
his employer, to prevent mischief to the estate, to apprehend
evil-doers, and not to give countenance to, or conceal, unlawful
practices.

6th. The working days to be as usual only five days in the week,
and the same days as hitherto. The ordinary work of estates is to
commence at sunrise, and to be finished at sunset, every day,
leaving one hour for breakfast, and two hours at noon from twelve
to two o'clock.

Planters who prefer to begin the work at seven o'clock in the
morning, making no separate breakfast time, are at liberty to
adopt this plan, either during the year, or when out of crop.

The laborers shall be present in due time at the place where they
are to work. The list to be called and answered regularly.
Whoever does not answer the list when called, is too late.

7th. No throwing of grass, or of wood, shall be exacted during
extra hours, all former agreements to the contrary
notwithstanding; but during crop the laborers are expected to
bring home a bundle of long tops from the field where they are at
work.

Cartmen and crook-people, when breaking off, shall attend
properly to their stock as hitherto usual.

8th. During crop, the mill gang, crook gang, boilermen, firemen,
still men, and any other person employed about the mill and the
boiling house, shall continue their work during breakfast and
noon hours, as hitherto usual; and the boilermen, firemen, megass
carriers, etc., also, during evening hours after sunset, when
required, but all workmen employed as aforesaid, shall be paid an
extra remuneration for the work done by them in extra hours.

The boiling house is to be cleared, the mill to be washed down,
and the megass to be swept up, before the laborers leave the work
as hitherto usual.

The mill is not to turn after six o'clock in the evening, and the
boiling not to be continued after ten o'clock, except by special
permission of the Governor-General, who then will determine, if
any, what extra remuneration shall be paid to the laborers.

9th. The laborers are to receive, until otherwise ordered, the
following remuneration:

A. The use of a house, or dwelling-rooms for themselves and
their children, to be built and repaired by the estate, but to be
kept in proper order by the laborers.

B. The use of a piece of provision ground, thirty feet square, as
usual, for every first and second class laborer, or if it be
standing ground, up to fifty feet in square. Third class laborers
are not entitled to, but may be allowed, some provision ground.

C. Weekly wages at the rate of fifteen cents to every first class
laborer, of ten cents to every second class laborer, and of five
cents to every third class laborer, for every working day. When
the usual allowance of meal and herrings has been agreed on in
part of wages, full weekly allowance shall be taken for five
cents a day, or twenty-five cents a week.

Nurses losing two hours every working day, shall be paid at the
rate of four full working days in the week. The wages of minors
to be paid as usual to their parents, or to the person in charge
of them.

Laborers not calling at pay time personally, or by another
authorized, to wait till next pay day, unless they were prevented
by working for the estate.

No attachment of wages for private debts to be allowed, nor more
than two thirds to be deducted for debts to the estate, unless
otherwise ordered by the magistrate.

Extra provisions occasionally given during the ordinary working
hours are not to be claimed as a right, nor to be bargained for.

10th. Work in extra hours during crop, is to be paid as follows:
To the mill gang, and to the crook gang, for working through the
breakfast hour, one stiver, and for working through noon, two
stivers per day. Extra provision is not to be given, except at
the option of the laborers in place of the money, or in part of
it.

The boilermen, firemen, the megass carriers, are to receive for
all days when the boiling is carried on until late hours, a
maximum pay of twenty (20) cents per day. No bargaining for extra
pay by the hour, is permitted.

Laborers working such extra hours only by turns, are not to have
additional payment.

11th. Tradesmen on estates are considered as engaged to perform
the same work as hitherto usual, assisting in the field, carting,
potting sugar, &c. They shall be rated as first, second, and
third class laborers, according to their proficiency; where no
definite terms have been agreed on previously, the wages of first
class tradesmen, having full work in their trade, are to be
twenty (20) cents per day. Any existing contract with tradesmen
is to continue until October next.

No tradesman is allowed to keep apprentices without the consent
of the owner of the estate, such apprentices to be bound for no
less a period than three years, and not to be removed without the
permission of the magistrate.

12th. No laborer is obliged to work for others on Saturday; but
if they choose to work for hire, it is proper that they should
give their own estate the preference. For a full day's work on
Saturday, there shall not be asked for nor given more than twenty
(20) cents to a first class laborer, thirteen (13) cents to a
second class laborer, seven (7) cents to a third class laborer.

Work on Saturday may, however, be ordered by the magistrate as a
punishment to the laborer, for having absented himself from work
during the week for one whole day or more, and for having been
idle during the week, and then the laborer shall not receive more
than his usual pay for a common day's work.

13th. All the male laborers, tradesmen included, above eighteen
years of age, working on an estate, are bound to take the usual
night watch by turns, but only once in ten days, notice to be
given before noon to break off from work in the afternoon with
the nurses, and to come to work next day at eight o'clock. The
watch to be delivered in the usual manner by nightfall and by
sunrise.

The above rule shall not be compulsory, except where voluntary
watchmen cannot be obtained at a hire the planters may be willing
to give, to save the time lost by employing their ordinary
laborers as watchmen.

Likewise the male laborers are bound once a month, on Sundays and
holydays, to take the day watch about the yard, and to act as
pasturemen, on receiving their usual pay for a week day's work;
this rule applies also to the crook-boys.

All orders about the watches to be duly entered in the day book
of the estate.

Should a laborer, having been duly warned to take the watch, not
attend, another laborer is to be hired in the place of the
absentee, and at his expense, not, however, to exceed fifteen
cents. The person who wilfully leaves the watch, or neglects it,
is to be reported to the magistrate and punished as the case
merits.

14th. Laborers wilfully abstaining from work on a working day,
are to forfeit their wages for the day, and will have to pay over
and above the forfeit, a fine which can be lawfully deducted in
their wages, of seven (7) cents for a first class laborer, five
(5) cents for a second class laborer, and two (2) cents for a
third class laborer. In crop or grinding days, when employed
about the works, in cutting canes, or in crook, an additional
punishment will be awarded for wilful absence and neglect by the
magistrate, on complaint being made. Laborers abstaining from
work for half a day, or breaking off from work before being
dismissed, to forfeit their wages for one day.

Laborers not coming to work in due time to forfeit half a day's
wages.

Parents keeping their children from work, shall be fined instead
of the children.

No charge of house rent is to be made in future, on account of
absence from work, or for the Saturday.

15th. Laborers wilfully abstaining from work for two or more days
during the week, or habitually absenting themselves, or working
badly and lazily shall be punished as the case merits, on
complaint to the magistrate.

16th. Laborers assaulting any person in authority on the estate,
or planning and conspiring to retard, or to stop the work of the
estate, or uniting to abstain from work, or to break their
engagements, shall be punished according to law, on investigation
before a magistrate.

17th. Until measures can be adopted for securing medical
attendance to the laborers, and for regulating the treatment of
the sick and the infirm, it is ordered:

That infirm persons unfit for any work, shall, as hitherto, be
maintained on the estates where they are domiciled, and to be
attended to by their next relations.

That parents or children of such infirm persons shall not remove
from the estate, leaving them behind, without making provision
for them to the satisfaction of the owner, or of the magistrate.

That laborers unable to attend to work on account of illness, or
on account of having sick children, shall make a report to the
manager, or any other person in authority on the estate, who, if
the case appears dangerous, and the sick person destitute, shall
cause medical assistance to be given.

That all sick laborers willing to remain in the hospital during
their illness, shall there be attended to, at the cost of the
estate.

18th. If a laborer reported sick, shall be at any time found
absent from the estate without leave, or is trespassing about the
estate, or found occupied with work requiring health, he shall be
considered skulking and wilfully absent from work.

When a laborer pretends illness, and is not apparently sick, it
shall be his duty to prove his illness by medical certificate.

19th. Pregnant women shall be at liberty to work with the small
gang as customary, and when confined, not to be called on to work
for seven weeks after their confinement.

Young children shall be fed and attended to during the hours of
work at some proper place, at the cost of the estate.

Nobody is allowed to stay from work on pretence of attending a
sick person, except the wife and the mother in dangerous cases of
illness.

20th. It is the duty of the managers to report to the police any
contagious or suspicious cases of illness and death; especially
when gross neglect is believed to have taken place, as when
children have been neglected by their mothers, in order that the
guilty person may be punished according to law.

21st. The driver or foreman on the estate, is to receive in wages
four and a half dollars monthly, if no other terms have been
agreed upon. The driver may be dismissed at any time during the
year with the consent of the magistrate. It is the duty of the
driver to see the work duly performed, to maintain order and
peace on the estate during the work, and at other times, and to
prevent and report all offences committed. Should any laborer
insult, or use insulting language towards him during, or on
account of the performance of his duties, such person is to be
punished according to law.

22nd. No laborer is allowed, without the especial permission of
the owner or manager, to appropriate wood, grass, vegetables,
fruits, and the like, belonging to the estate, nor to appropriate
such produce from other estates, nor to cut canes, or to burn
charcoal. Persons making themselves guilty of such offences,
shall be punished according to law, with fines or imprisonment
with hard labor; and the possession of such articles not
satisfactorily accounted for, shall be sufficient evidence of
unlawful acquisition.

23d. All agreements contrary to the above rules, are to be null
and void, and owners and managers of estates convicted of any
practice tending wilfully to counteract or avoid these rules by
direct or indirect means, shall be subject to a fine not
exceeding $200.

(Signed,) P. HANSEN.

GOVERNMENT HOUSE, ST. CROIX, 26th January, 1849.

--KNOX, _An Historical Account of St. Thomas, West Indies_,
pp. 248-255.

FOOTNOTES:

[397] Father O'Ryan.

[398] He had obtained this brilliant military title on account of his
fantastic attire.

[399] Extract from Captain Irminger's Report to the Minister of
Marine. Despatched 12th July, 1848.

[400] Then Captain-General of Porto Rico.

REVIEWS OF BOOKS

_A History of the United States_, Vol. IV. By EDWARD CHANNING,
Professor in Harvard University. New York, MacMillan Company, 1917.
Pp. 575. Price $2.75.

This is the fourth volume of what promises to be the most interesting
and possibly the most valuable single work hitherto produced in this
field. It begins with the discovery of the New World and when
completed will come down to 1910. The volume herein referred to covers
the period of "Federalists and Republicans from 1789 to 1815." The
work, therefore, goes over ground which has been extensively treated
by such writers as Richard Hildreth, James Schouler, Herman von Holst,
and James B. McMaster. Professor Channing, however, has given this
period an original treatment and incorporated into his narrative so
much material of human interest that his history makes a more readable
and at the same time a more informing work than any of the general
histories of the United States.

Professor Channing does not fall a victim to the mistakes of his
predecessors. Hildreth is prejudiced, Schouler is dry and ex parte,
von Holst is lost in the debates over slavery, and McMaster, at times,
sinks beneath the load of his undigested material. Realizing that the
problems of peace are greater than those of war and that the mere
proceedings of legislative bodies cannot altogether be depended upon
to reflect the political development of a country, Professor Channing
is making his history economic as well as political. It is just as
important to him to know the prices of commodities in 1800 as to know
the terms of Jay's treaty. In other words, Professor Channing has a
new point of view. He aims not to set forth an interesting narrative
but to marshall his facts so as to make interesting his well-balanced
account of the various forces which have operated to make this country
what it is to-day. The smooth style, common sense, and thoroughness
with which he is now doing this task will doubtless make this the
standard history of the United States.

In reading this valuable work, however, one cannot but express regret
that Professor Channing did not see fit to spell the word "Negro"
with a capital letter and to say more about the people of color. In
the volumes to follow the treatment of this element of our population
will probably be more extensive in keeping with the increasing
importance of the Negro as a factor in history of the later period.
Professor Channing will hardly be so unfortunate as most writers of
American history, who in their voluminous works give space for
honorable mention of every race but the black, considering it
sufficient to mention it, merely as the cause of the great agitation
which finally rent the nation and the present cause of the race
problem in the United States. The bearing of worthy achievements of
the Negroes on the development of this country should be mentioned
along with the deeds of others who have helped to make the nation.

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