Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society Vol. 3

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JOURNAL

OF

THE PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

ZOOLOGY.

VOL. III.

LONDON:
LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS & ROBERTS,
AND
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.
1859.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST OF PAPERS.

Page
BAIKIE, Dr.

Extract of a Letter from Dr. Baikie to Sir John Richardson,
M.D., C.B., F.R. & L.S., dated 29th October, 1857, Rabba,
on the Qworra 76

BATE, C. SPENCE, Esq., F.L.S.

On the Importance of an Examination of the Structure of the
Integument of Crustacea in the determination of doubtful
Species.--Application to the genus _Galathea_, with the
Description of a New Species of that Genus 1

BELL, THOMAS, Esq., P.L.S.

Description of a new Genus of Crustacea, of the Family
Pinnotheridae; in which the fifth pair of legs are reduced to an
almost imperceptible rudiment 27

DARWIN, CHARLES, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., & F.G.S., and
WALLACE, ALFRED R., Esq.

On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the
Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of
Selection 45

HANBURY, DANIEL, Esq., F.L.S.

Note on Two Insect-products from Persia 178

HIGGINS, Rev. HENRY.

Death of the Common Hive Bee; supposed to be occasioned by
a parasitic Fungus 29

HUXLEY, T. H., Esq., F.R.S., Professor of Natural
History, Government School of Mines.

On some points in the Anatomy of _Nautilus Pompilius_ 36

KNOX, R., Esq., M.D., F.R.S.E.

Contributions to the Anatomy and Natural History of the Cetacea. 63

SMITH, FREDERICK, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological
Department in the British Museum.

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected at Celebes by
Mr. A. R. Wallace 4

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr. A. R.
Wallace at the Islands of Aru and Key 132

WALKER, FRANCIS, Esq., F.L.S.

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected in the Aru Islands
by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species 77

Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera collected at Singapore
by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species 183

Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidopterous Insects collected
at Malacca by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New
Species 196

WALLACE, ALFRED R., Esq., and DARWIN, CHARLES
Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., & F.G.S.

On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the
Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of
Selection 45

WASHINGTON, Captain.

Natural-History Extracts from the Journal of Captain Denham,
H.M. Surveying Vessel 'Herald,' 1857 32

WETHERELL, JOHN W., Esq.

Notice of the occurrence of recent Worm Tracks in the Upper
Part of the London Clay Formation near Highgate 31

INDEX 199

JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

On the Importance of an Examination of the Structure of the Integument
of Crustacea in the determination of doubtful Species.--Application to
the genus _Galathea_, with the Description of a New Species of that
Genus. By SPENCE BATE, Esq., F.L.S.

[Read January 21, 1858.]

Of the various genera of Decapod Crustacea none are more interesting, or
more difficult of description, than those which constitute the family
Galatheadae.

The interest attaching to these forms arises from the intermediate
position which they occupy in the natural arrangement of the class,
their structure placing them between the Macrura and Brachyura; in
accordance with which we find that, whilst Professor M.-Edwards classes
them among the Macrura, Professor Bell, in his work on the British
Crustacea, places them (more correctly, as we think) in the intermediate
group of Anomura.

This opinion is fully borne out both in the development of the animals
and in their structure in the adult state.

The early form of the larva bears, anteriorly, a resemblance to the
Brachyural type, whilst the caudal appendages assimilate to those of the
Macrura. The same conditions obtain in the young of Anomura. At the time
of birth, the larva, like that of the Brachyura, has only the two
gnathopoda developed, whilst the termination of the tail is like that
of a fish, as in the Macrura. In the adult, the internal antennae possess
short flagella and complementary appendages, such as exist in the order
Brachyura, whilst the external antennae have the long and slender
flagella proper to the Macrura. The _scale_, however, commonly appended
to the external antennae in the latter order is wanting, a circumstance
which exhibits a relation to the Brachyura.

An examination of the legs shows that the coxae are fused with the
thorax, as in the Brachyura, and not articulated with it as in the
Macrura, whilst, on the other hand, the posterior division and caudal
termination approach the Macrural type more nearly than that of the
Brachyura, the animal thus assuming a character intermediate between the
two orders.

But in the description of the several species of the genus _Galathea_, a
peculiar difficulty appears to arise, originating in the affinity which
they bear to each other. So close, in fact, is the approximation, that
the descriptions of the best writers will scarcely avail for the
distinction of the individual species without the assistance of figures.
This arises from the fact that the general characters, upon which the
descriptions are based, vary, in this genus, only in their comparative
degrees of development.

In the three species recognized in Professor Bell's work on the British
Crustacea, it will be found that each species retains the same
characters in greater or less degree.

_Galathea strigosa_ is peculiar for the spinous character of the
carapace and cheliform legs. Every spine, however, is repeated in both
the other species, only less developed. We find the rostrum furnished
with four lateral teeth on each side, a character which also exists in
each of the other species; and although close observation may detect a
slightly different arrangement in the relative position of these teeth,
the differences are not of sufficient importance to enable a naturalist
thence to derive a specific distinction, unless the peculiarity is
seconded by some more unqualified character less liable to be affected
by any peculiarity of condition.

In order to arrive at more certain results in the identification of
species, we think that the microscopic examination of the surface of the
integument will be found peculiarly useful.

This mode of examination of species may also be applied to a
considerable extent throughout the Crustacea generally with great
advantage; and if found valuable in recent, there can be no doubt that
it will prove of far greater importance in extinct forms, where parts
on which the identification of species visually rests are lost, and
fragments only of the animal obtainable.

It should be borne in mind that, as the structure in question undergoes
modifications more or less considerable in different parts of the
animal, it will always be advisable to compare the corresponding parts
with each other.

Applying this test to the known species of _Galathea,_ we perceive that
the structure of the integument upon the arms, independent of the
marginal spines, exhibits a squamiform appearance, but that the scales,
which characterise the structure, possess features peculiar to each
species.

In _Galathea strigosa_ the scales are convex, distant from each other,
smooth at the edge, and fringed with long hairs. In _G. squamifera_ they
are convex, closely placed, scalloped at the edge, and without hairs. In
_G. nexa_ the scales are obsolete, tufts of hair representing the
supposed edges. In _G. depressa_, n. sp., the scales are broad, less
convex than in _G. strigosa_ and _G. squamifera_, smooth, closely set,
and fringed with short hairs. In _G. Andrewsii_ they are small, distant,
very convex, tipped with red, and slightly furnished with hair.

As another instance of the practical application of the microscopical
examination of the surface, I would refer to two species of Amphipoda,
classed by Leach under the name of _Gammarus Locusta_, from his
inability to assign them any separate specific characters. In the
structure of their integuments, however, these two forms will be found
to exhibit widely different microscopical appearances.

Again, there exists in the same group three or four species, the
description of any one of which would apply to either of the others; and
it is probable they would never have been ranked as separate species had
not their habitats been geographically distant. Thus _Gammarus Olivii_,
M.-Ed., _G. affinis_, M.-E., _G. Kroeyii_, Rathke, and _G. gracilis_, R.,
can only be specifically determined by a microscopic examination of the
integument.

The same may be said of other Amphipoda, such as _Urothoe inostratus_,
Dana, from South America, which so nearly resembles in form the _U.
elegans_ of the British shores.

GALATHEA DISPERSA, mihi.

_G._ rostro brevi, dentibus 4 utrinque ornato, 2 anterioribus minoribus;
pedibus anterioribus elongatis, sparse spiosus; chelarum digitis
parallelis.

Galathea with short rostrum, armed on each side with 4 teeth, the two
posterior being less important than the two anterior. The fingers of the
chelae impinge through their whole length; outer margin of the hand
furnished with 3 or 4 small spines.

_Hab._ Trawling-ground, Plymouth, common; Moray Frith, Scotland.

This species unites _G. Andrewsii_ with _G. nexa_, and, I think, has
often been mistaken for the young of the latter; but _G. nexa_, so far
as my experience goes, is a species peculiar to the north of England,
whereas _G. dispersa_, I anticipate, will be found to be the most
universally dispersed, in deep water, of any of the species known. It
can always be detected from _G. nexa_ by the form of the hand and the
manner in which the fingers impinge: in _G. nexa_ the hand is broad
towards the extremity, and the fingers meet only at the apex; in _G.
dispersa_ the hand gradually narrows to the apex, and the fingers meet
each other through their whole length, the inner margin of the finger
being finely serrated, the thumb not.

It also may be distinguished from _G. Andrewsii_ by the breadth of the
hands, which are narrow and round in _G. Andrewsii_, and moderately
broad and flat in _G. dispersa_.

By an examination of the texture of the integument under a magnifying
power of low degree, the surface of _G. dispersa_ will be seen
distinctly to differ from that of any of the others; it is covered with
flat scales, fringed with short cilia. The length of the animal,
including the arms, is about 2-1/4 inches.

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected at Celebes by Mr. A. R.
WALLACE. By FREDERICK SMITH, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological
Department, British Museum. Communicated by W. W. SAUNDERS, Esq.,
F.R.S., F.L.S.

[Read April 15th, 1858.]

This collection of the Hymenoptera of Celebes is specially interesting,
as adding greatly to our knowledge of the geographical range of many
well-known species, while the additions made to the Fossorial group
contain many of great beauty and rarity. A new species belonging to the
tribe of Solitary Wasps, _Odynerus clavicornis_, is perhaps the most
interesting insect in the collection; this Wasp has clavate antennae, the
flagellum being broadly dilated towards the apex, convex above and
concave beneath. I am not acquainted with any other insect belonging to
the Vespidious group which exhibits such an anomaly.

Fam. ANDRENIDAE, _Leach._

Gen. SPHECODES, _Latr._

1. SPHECODES INSULARIS. _S._ niger, abdominis segmentis primo secundo et
tertio (basi) rubris; alis hyalinis.

_Male._ Length 3-1/2 lines. Head and thorax black, closely and strongly
punctured; the face below the antennae with silvery-white pubescence; the
joints of the flagellum submoniliform; the mandibles ferruginous.
Thorax: the tegulae pale rufo-testaceous, wings hyaline, the nervures
ferruginous; the metathorax coarsely rugose; the articulations of the
legs and the tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen: the first, second, and base of
the third segments red, the apical ones black, very finely and closely
punctured, with the apical margins of the segments smooth and shining; a
black spot in the middle of the basal segment.

_Hab._ Celebes.

Gen. NOMIA, _Latr._

1. NOMIA PUNCTATA. _N._ nigra nitida punctata, alis nigro-fuscis.

_Male._ Length 4-1/2 lines. Shining black: head and thorax coarsely
punctured, the metathorax ruggedly sculptured, truncate at the apex, the
truncation and sides smooth with a few fine punctures; the abdomen
closely and rather finely punctured, the apical margins of the segments
smooth and shining. The tips of the mandibles, the tarsi and apex of the
abdomen rufo-testaceous, the wings fuscous.

_Hab._ Celebes.

2. NOMIA FLAVIPES. _N._ nigra pedibus flavis, abdomine cinereo fasciato,
alis hyalinis.

_Female._ Length 3-1/4 lines. Black; the face and cheeks densely clothed
with short cinereous pubescence, the vertex thinly so; the margins of
the prothorax, mesothorax and scutellum with a line of pale ochraceous
pubescence, the disk of the thorax thinly covered with short pubescence
of the same colour, the emargination of the metathorax as well as its
sides with longer pubescence of the same colour; the base of the abdomen
and basal margin of the second and following segments covered with short
cinereous pubescence. The flagellum beneath fulvous; the mandibles
ferruginous. The legs reddish-yellow, with the coxae and base of the
femora black; the wings hyaline; the tegulae yellow, the nervures pale
testaceous.

_Hab._ Celebes.

3. NOMIA FORMOSA. _N._ capite thoraceque nigris; abdomine chalybeo;
marginibus apicalibus segmentorum caeruleo fasciatis.

_Female._ Length 5-1/2 lines. Head and thorax black and very closely
punctured; the face covered with griseous pubescence; the clypeus with a
central longitudinal carina. Thorax: the apical margin of the prothorax,
the margins of the scutellum, and the sides of the metathorax covered
with a dense short ochraceous pubescence; the disk of the thorax thinly
sprinkled with short black hairs; the posterior tibiae obscurely
ferruginous; the tarsi ferruginous; the legs covered with bright
golden-yellow pubescence; wings subhyaline, the nervures ferruginous;
the tegulae yellow with a fuscous stain in the middle. Abdomen obscurely
chalybeous, closely punctured, the two basal segments strongly so; the
apical margins of the segments with smooth shining narrow blue fasciae.

_Male._ Closely resembling the female, but with the legs black; the
posterior femora incrassate, the tibiae narrow at their base and broadly
dilated at their apex, which, as well as the calcaria, are pale
testaceous.

This species closely resembles a species from North China, _N.
chalybeata_, Westw. MS., from which it is readily distinguished by the
form of the fourth ventral segment, which is notched in the middle,
rounded, and then emarginate with the lateral angles rounded; in the
species from China the margin is arched, and fringed with fulvous
pubescence.

4. NOMIA HALIOTOIDES. _N._ nigra, pube cinerea tecta, abdominis
segmentis intermediis pube alba fasciatis.

_Female._ Length 4-1/2 lines. Black; head and thorax opake, and thinly
clothed with cinereous pubescence, that on the disk of the thorax and
margin of the scutellum slightly ochraceous. The flagellum fulvous
beneath, the mandibles ferruginous at their apex; the tarsi ferruginous,
wings hyaline, nervures fuscous, stigma testaceous. Abdomen shining,
delicately punctured; the basal margins of the second, third, and fourth
segments with a band of cinereous pubescence, attenuated in the middle.

_Hab._ Celebes.

Fam. DASYGASTRAE.

1. MEGACHILE INCISA. _M._ nigra, rude et dense punctata, facie fulvo
pubescente; alis fuscis, segmentis abdominis marginibus multo depressis.

_Male._ Length 5-1/2 lines. Black; closely and strongly punctured, the
punctures confluent on the abdomen. The face clothed with fulvous
pubescence. The tarsi obscurely rufo-piceous, the claws ferruginous;
wings dark fuscous, their base hyaline. Abdomen: the apical margins of
the segments smooth, impunctate, their basal margins very deeply
depressed; a deep fovea at the tip of the apical segment; the head,
thorax, and abdomen clothed beneath with short cinereous pubescence.

_Hab._ Celebes.

2. MEGACHILE FULVIFRONS. _M._ nigra, delicatule punctata; facie dense
fulvo pubescente; thoracis lateribus abdomineque subtus fulvo
pubescentibus; fasciis marginalibus abdominis fulvis.

_Female._ Length 7 lines. Black; head and thorax closely punctured, the
abdomen delicately so and shining; the mandibles stout, with two acute
teeth at their apex, shining and covered with oblong punctures; the
face, sides of the thorax, and abdomen beneath, densely clothed with
fulvous pubescence; the apical margins of the segments of the abdomen
above with narrow fasciae of short fulvous pubescence; the abdomen in
certain lights has a metallic tinge.

The _male_ is similarly clothed to the female, the margins of the
segments are deeply depressed, and that of the apical segment slightly
notched in the middle.

_Hab._ Celebes.

3. MEGACHILE TERMINALIS. _M._ nigra, capite thoraceque dense punctatis;
abdomine pube nigra vestito; segmentis duobus apicalibus pube alba
vestitis; alis fuscis.

_Female._ Length 9 lines. Black; the face with tufts of black pubescence
above the insertion of the antennae; mandibles very stout, with an acute
tooth at their apex, the inner margin subdentate, and covered with fine
cinereous pubescence. Thorax with black pubescence at the sides of the
metathorax; the wings dark fuscous. Abdomen clothed with black
pubescence; the fifth and sixth segments clothed with ochraceous
pubescence above, that on the sixth nearly white.

_Hab._ Celebes.

This species resembles the _M. ornata_; but when viewed beneath, the
different colour of the pollen-brush at once separates them.

Gen. CERATINA, _Spin._

1. Ceratina viridis, _Guer. Icon. Reg. Ann._ 444. t. 73. f. 6.

_Hab._ India (Bengal, N. India), Ceylon, Celebes, China.

2. Ceratina hieroglyphica, _Smith_, _Cat. Hym. Ins._ ii. 226.

_Hab._ Northern India, Celebes, Philippine Islands, Hong Kong.

Fam. DENUDATAE.

1. STELIS ABDOMINALIS. _S._ dense punctata, capite thoraceque nigris,
abdomine ferrugineo; alis nigro-fuscis violaceo iridescentibus.

_Male._ Length 5 lines. Head and thorax black, abdomen ferruginous; head
and thorax strongly punctured, the scutellum very strongly so; the sides
of the face and the anterior margin of the face fringed with white
pubescence. The posterior margin of the scutellum rounded; wings dark
brown with a violet iridescence. Abdomen ferruginous and closely
punctured.

_Hab._ Celebes.

2. COELIOXYS FULVIFRONS. _C._ nigra, rude punctata, facie pube fulva
vestita; alis fuscis cupreo iridescentibus.

_Male._ Length 6 lines. Black; the head and thorax with large confluent
punctures; the face clothed with fulvous pubescence. Thorax: a stout
tooth on each side of the scutellum at its base; wings dark brown with a
coppery effulgence, subhyaline at their base; beneath clothed with short
cinereous pubescence. Abdomen: elongate, conical; closely punctured,
with the apical and basal margins of the segments smooth; the apical
segment with a tooth on each side at its base and four at its apex;
beneath the margins of the segments fringed with pale pubescence; the
apical margin of the fourth segment notched in the middle; the fifth
entirely clothed with pale pubescence.

_Hab._ Celebes.

Fam. SCOPULIPEDES.

Gen. ANTHOPHORA, _Latr._

1. Anthophora zonata, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ i. 955. 19.

_Hab._ India, Ceylon, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippine Islands, Hong
Kong, Shanghai, Celebes.

Gen. XYLOCOPA, _Latr._

1. Xylocopa fenestrata, _Fabr. Syst. Piez._ p. 339. 6. [Symbol: male].

_Hab._ India, Celebes.

2. Xylocopa aestuans, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 961. 53.

_Hab._ India, Java, Singapore, Celebes.

3. Xylocopa Dejeanii, _St. Farg. Hym._ ii. 209. 59.

_Hab._ Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes.

4. Xylocopa collaris, _St. Farg. Hym._ ii. 189. 26.

_Hab._ India, Sumatra, Malacca, Borneo, Celebes.

5. XYLOCOPA NOBILIS. _X._ nigra, pube nigra induta; abdominis basi pube
flava, apice lateritio.

_Female._ Length 11 lines. Black; a narrow line of pale fulvous
pubescence on the margin of the thorax in front, a patch of the same
colour on each side of the metathorax, and the basal segment of the
abdomen covered above with similar pubescence; the apical margin of the
third and fourth segments, and the fifth and six entirely, covered with
bright brick-red pubescence; the wings black, with coppery iridescence.

_Hab._ Celebes.

Fam. SOCIALES.

1. APIS ZONATA. _A._ nigra, thoracis lateribus dense ochraceo
pubescentibus; alis fumatis; abdomine nitido, segmentis secundo tertio
quartoque basi niveo pubescentibus.

_Worker._ Length 8--8-1/2 lines. Black; the head and thorax opake, the
abdomen shining; the clypeus smooth and shining, the flagellum
rufo-piceous beneath; the anterior margin of the labrum narrowly, and
the apex of the mandibles, ferruginous; the face with a little fine
short cinereous pubescence above the insertion of the antennae; the
vertex with long black pubescence; the eyes covered with short black
pubescence. Thorax: the sides with ochraceous pubescence; wings smoky,
the superior pair darkest at their anterior margin beyond the stigma.
Abdomen: a snow-white band at the basal margin of the second, third, and
fourth segments, the bands continued beneath, but narrower.

_Hab._ Celebes, Philippine Islands.

Specimens of this species denuded of their white bands would approach
the _A. unicolor_ of Latreille; but that insect is described as having
the anterior wings black; in the present species both pairs are of the
same smoky colour, not approaching black.

Fam. MUTILLIDAE.

Gen. MUTILLA.

1. Mutilla sexmaculata, _Swed. Nov. Act. Holm._ viii. 286. 44. [Symbol:
female]. Mutilla fuscipennis, _Fabr. Syst. Piez._ 436. 35. [Symbol:
male].

_Hab._ India (Punjaub, &c.), China, Java, Celebes.

2. Mutilla unifasciata, _Smith_, _Cat. Hym._ pt. iii. p. 38.

_Hab._ India, Celebes.

3. Mutilla rufogastra, _St. Farg. Hym._ iii. 629. 51. [Symbol: male].

_Hab._ India, Celebes.

4. MUTILLA VOLATILIS. _M._ nigra, rude punctata et pubescens; capite
abdomineque nitidis, alis fusco-hyalinis.

_Male._ Length 5-6 lines. Black. Head and thorax very coarsely
punctured; head and disk of the thorax punctured; the metathorax opake,
with a central abbreviated channel and covered with large shallow
punctures; the eyes notched on their inner margin; wings fuscous and
iridescent; the tegulae smooth and shining. Abdomen shining and rather
finely punctured; the basal segment narrow and campanulate; the margins
of the segments thickly fringed with silvery-white hair; the cheeks,
sides of the thorax, and beneath the legs and abdomen with scattered
long silvery-white hairs.

_Hab._ Celebes.

Fam. SCOLIADAE, _Leach._

Gen. SCOLIA, _Fabr._

1. Scolia erratica, _Smith_, _Cat. Hym. Ins._ pt. iii. p. 88. 10. Scolia
verticalis, _Burm. Abh. Nat.-Ges. Halle_, i. 37. 61.

_Hab._ India, Sumatra, Celebes.

2. Scolia aurulenta, _Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins._ pt. iii. p. 102. 80. (nec
_Fabr._).

_Hab._ Philippine Islands, Celebes.

3. Scolia fimbriata, _Burm. Abh. Nat.-Ges. Halle_, i. p. 32. 24.

_Hab._ Java, Celebes.

4. Scolia dimidiata, _Guer. Voy. Coq. Zool._ ii. pt. 2. p. 248.

_Hab._ Senegal, Celebes.

5. SCOLIA TERMINATA. _S._ nigra, clypeo mandibulisque flavis, thorace
flavo variegato, alis hyalinis, abdomine flavo quinque-fasciato,
apicisque marginibus flavis.

_Male._ Length 5 lines. Black; the clypeus, labrum, and mandibles
yellow; the former with a triangular black spot in the middle; the
latter ferruginous at their apex. The posterior margin of the prothorax,
the tegulae, a transverse curved line on the scutellum, and a spot on the
postscutellum yellow; the anterior and intermediate tarsi, tibiae, and
knees, and the posterior tibiae outside, yellow; a black line on the
intermediate tibiae beneath, and the apical joints of the tarsi fuscous;
wings hyaline, the nervures ferruginous. Abdomen brightly prismatic; the
margins of all the segments with a narrow yellow fascia, those on the
second and third segments terminating at the sides in a large rounded
macula; the fascia very narrow or obliterated on the sixth segment; the
fasciae on the second and third segments continued beneath.

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