A Museum for Young Gentlemen and Ladies
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Transcriber's Notes:
* This 15th edition of A MUSEUM FOR YOUNG GENTLEMEN AND LADIES was
published ca. 1799.
* There is an HTML version of this text, with the original
illustrations. Certain characters that do not appear in the
text can also be found there.
* Each page repeats the first word of the next page at the bottom
right--this has not been reproduced in this text version.
* The book uses the long 's' in non-final positions--this is not in
the character set used for this version of the text file (see utf-8
text file or html version), and the modern lower case 's' has been
substituted in the ASCII and iso-8859-1 (Latin1) versions in order
to make the text moreeasily searchable. A non-final double 's' is
sometimes written with two long 's's, and sometimes with a long 's'
followed by a short (or final) 's' (somewhat like the ß of German).
* 'st' and 'ct' are usually written with a ligature--this has not
been preserved in the text; 'ae' but not 'oe' ligatures have been
preserved, however, in the Latin1 version but not the ASCII version.
* Colons, semicolons, question marks, and brackets are usually
surrounded by spaces--in this text, the modern convention has
been followed.
* The book consistently uses '&c.' where we today use 'etc.'--
this has been preserved.
* The dimensions of the book are approx. 13-1/2 cm. by 9 cm., so
each line contains 8-9 words on average. This means that the
layout of the following text does not usually match that of the
book.
* Compound words like "every body" are often written with a space
in the middle--this has been preserved where it appears.
* Page numbers have been omitted.
* '[sic]' has been inserted at many places in the text to let the
reader know that the preceding word or phrase appeared as such
in the original. These appear in blue in the HTML version.
* A number of names are spelled differently from present-day
usage, e.g. Anna Bullen (Anne Boleyn)--in most cases, these
have not been marked.
* On one page, a letter is corrupted, and on the following line
letters appear to be missing--these have been marked with a
comment in square brackets.
* Certain characters in the book, e.g. signs of the zodiac, will
not appear in this text, as they are not available in all type
fonts--these will be indicated at the appropriate places in the
text. The proper character can be found in the HTML version.
* One major point of confusion should be mentioned: In the
section on the Seven Wonders of the World, what is usually
described as the Lighthouse of Pharos appears to have been
merged with the so-called Egyptian Labyrinth (described by
Herodotus)--see the title and the description in the text. In
the next section (the Pyramids of Egypt), there is a reference
to a black marble head on the third pyramid--perhaps this
represents some confusion with the Sphynx.
[Illustration: Title page]
[Illustration: Obverse of title page. It contains this line only:
_Printed by B.C. COLLINS, Canal, Salisbury._]
[Illustration: Owner's handwriting]
A
MUSEUM
FOR
YOUNG GENTLEMEN AND LADIES
OR A
Private Tutor
FOR LITTLE MASTERS AND MISSES.
_Containing a Variety of useful Subjects_;
AND, IN PARTICULAR,
I. Directions for Reading with V. Table of Weights and
Elegance and Propriety. Measures.
II. The ancient and present State of VI. The Seven Wonders of
Great Britain; with a compendious the World.
history of England.
III. An Account of the Solar System. VII. Prospect and Description
of the burning Mountains.
IV. Historical and Geographical VIII. Dying Words and Behaviour
Description of the several of great Men, when just
Countries in the World; with the quitting the Stage of
Manners, Customs and Habits of the Life; with many useful
People. Particulars, all in a
plain familiar way for
Youth of both Sexes.
_With Letters, Tales and Fables, for amusement and Instruction._
ILLUSTRATED WITH CUTS.
THE FIFTEENTH EDITION,
WITH CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS.
London:
Printed for DARTON and HARVEY, Gracechurch-street, CROSBY and
LETTERMAN, Stationers-Court, and E. NEWBERY, St. Paul's
Church-yard; and B.C. COLLINS, Salisbury.
MUSEUM
FOR
YOUNG GENTLEMEN AND LADIES.
NOTES AND POINTS
USED IN
_Writing and Printing._
Before I begin to lay down rules for reading, it will be necessary
to take notice of the several points or marks used in printing or
writing, for resting or stopping the voice, which are four in
number, called
1. The Comma (,) 3. Colon (:)
2. Semicolon (;) 4. Period (.)
These points are to give a proper time for breathing when you read,
and to prevent confusion of sense in joining words together in a
sentence. The _Comma_ stops the reader's voice till he can tell
_one_, and divides the lesser parts of a sentence. The _Semicolon_
divides the greater parts of a sentence, and requires the reader to
pause while he can count _two_. The _Colon_ is used where the sense
is complete, and not the sentence, and rests the voice of the reader
till he can count _three_. The _Period_ is put when the sentence
is ended, and requires a pause while he can tell _four_.
But we must here remark, that the _Colon_ and _Semicolon_ are
frequently used promiscuously, especially in our bibles.
There are two other points, which may be called marks of affection;
the one of which is termed an _Interrogation_, which signifies a
question being asked, and expressed thus (?); the other called an
_Admiration_ or _Exclamation_, and marked thus (!). These two
points require a pause as long as a period.
We have twelve other marks to be met with in reading, namely,
1. Apostrophe (') 7. Section (Sec. )
2. Hyphen (-) 8. Ellipsis (--)
3. Parenthesis ( ) 9. Index ( [index] )
[hand pointing rightwards]
4. Brackets [ ] 10. Asterisk (*)
5. Paragraph ( ) 11. Obelisk (dagger)
6. Quotation (") 12. Caret (^)
_Apostrophe_ is set over a word where some letter is wanting, as in
_lov'd_. Hyphen joins syllables and words together, as in
_pan-cake_. _Parenthesis_ includes something not necessary to the
sense, as, _I know that in me_ (that is in my flesh) _liveth_, &c.
_Brackets_ include a word or words mentioned as a matter of
discourse, as, _The little word_ [man] _makes a great noise_, &c.
They are also used to enclose a cited sentence, or what is to be
explained, and sometimes the explanation itself. _Brackets_ and
_Parenthesis_ are often used for each other without distinction.
_Paragraph_ is chiefly used in the bible, and denotes the beginning
of a new subject. _Quotation_ is used to distinguish what is taken
from an author in his own words. _Section_ shews the division of a
chapter. _Ellipsis_ is used when part of a word or sentence is
omitted, as p--ce. _Index_ denotes some remarkable passage.
_Asterisk_ refers to some note in the margin, or remarks at the
bottom of the page; and when many stand together, thus ***, they
imply that something is wanting, or not fit to be read, in the
author. The _Obelisk_ or _Dagger_, and also parallel lines
marked thus (||), refer to something in the margin. The _Caret_,
marked thus (^), is made use of in writing, when any line or word is
left out, and wrote over where it is to come in, as thus,
_had_
_A certain man two sons:_
^
Here the word _had_ was left out, wrote over, and marked by the
_Caret_ where to come in.
It may also in this place be proper to mention the crooked lines or
_Braces_, which couple two or three words or lines together that
tend to the same thing; for instance,
/ \
| a long |
The vowel _a_ has < a short > Sound
| a broad |
\ /
This is often used in poetry, where three lines have the same rhyme.
The other marks relate to single words, as _Dialysis_ or _Diaeresis_,
placed over vowels to shew they must be pronounced in distinct
syllables, as _Raphael_. The _Circumflex_ is set over a vowel to
carry a long sound, as _Euphrates_. An _Accent_ is marked thus
(a), to shew where the emphasis must be placed, as _neglect_; or
to shew that the consonant following must be pronounced double, as
_homage_. To these may be added the long (-) and short (breve) marks,
which denote the quantity of syllables, as water.
RULES FOR READING.
When you have gained a perfect knowledge of the sounds of the
letters, never guess at a word on sight, lest you get a habit of
reading falsely. Pronounce every word distinctly. Let the tone of
your voice be the same in reading as in speaking. Never read in a
hurry, lest you learn to stammer. Read no louder than to be heard
by those about you. Observe to make your pauses regular, and make
not any where the sense will admit of none. Suit your voice to the
subject. Be attentive to those who read well, and remember to
imitate their pronunciation. Read often before good judges, and
thank them for correcting you. Consider well the place of emphasis,
and pronounce it accordingly: For the stress of voice is the same
with regard to sentences as in words. The emphasis or force of
voice is for the most part laid upon the accented syllable; but if
there is a particular opposition between two words in a sentence,
one whereof differs from the other in parts, the accent must be
removed from its place: for instance, _The sun shines upon the just
and upon the unjust_. Here the emphasis is laid upon the first
syllable in _unjust_, because it is opposed to _just_ in the same
sentence, without which opposition it would lie in its proper place,
that is, on the last syllable, as _we must not imitate the unjust
practices of others_.
The general rule for knowing which is the emphatical word in a
sentence, is, _to consider the design of the whole_; for particular
directions cannot be easily given, excepting only where words
evidently oppose one another in a sentence, and those are always
_emphatical_. So frequently is the word that asks a question, as,
_who, what, when,_ &c. but not always. Nor must the emphasis be
always laid upon the same words in the same sentence, but varied
according to the principal meaning of the speaker. Thus, suppose I
enquire, _Did my father walk abroad yesterday?_ If I lay the
emphasis on the word _father_, it is evident I want to know whether
it was _he_, or _somebody else_. If I lay it upon _walk_, the
person I speak to will know, that I want to be informed whether he
went on _foot_ or rode on _horseback_. If I put the emphasis upon
_yesterday_, it denotes, that I am satisfied that my father went
abroad, and on foot, though I want to be informed whether it was
_yesterday_, or some time before.
RULES TO READ VERSE.
There are two ways of writing on a subject, namely, in _prose_ and
_verse_. _Prose_ is the common way of writing, without being
confined to a certain number of syllables, or having the trouble of
disposing of the words in any particular form. _Verse_ requires
words to be ranged so, as the accents may naturally fall on
particular syllables, and make a sort of harmony to the ear: This
is termed _metre_ or _measure_, to which rhyme is generally added,
that is, to make two or more verses, near to each other, and with
the same sound; but this practice is not absolutely necessary; for
that which has no rhyme is called _blank verse_.
In metre the words must be so disposed, as that the accent may fall
on every _second_, _fourth_, and _sixth_ syllable, and also on the
_eighth_, _tenth_, and _twelfth_, if the lines run to that length.
The following verse of ten syllables may serve for an example:
_The monarch spoke, and strait a murmur rose._
But _English_ poetry allows of frequent variations from this rule,
especially in the first and second syllables in the line, as in the
verse which rhymes with the former, where the accent is laid upon
the first syllable.
_Loud as the surges, when the tempest blows._
But there are two sorts of metre, which vary from this rule; one of
which is when the verse contains but seven syllables, and the accent
lies upon the _first_, _third_, _fifth_, and _seventh_, as below:
_Could we, which we never can,
Stretch our lives beyond their span;
Beauty like a shadow flies,
And our youth before us dies._
The other sort has a hasty sound, and requires an accent upon every
third syllable; as,
_'Tis the voice of the sluggard, I hear him complain,
You have wak'd me too soon, I must slumber again._
You must always observe to pronounce a verse as you do prose, giving
each word and syllable its natural accent, with these two
restrictions: _First_, If there is no point at the end of the line,
make a short pause before you begin the next. _Secondly_, If any
word in a line has two sounds, give it that which agrees best with
the rhyme and metre; for example the word _glittering_ must
sometimes be pronounced as of three syllables, and sometimes
_glitt'ring_, as of two.
_The_ USE _of_ CAPITALS, _and the different_ LETTERS _used in_ PRINTING.
The names of the letters made use of in printed books are
distinguished thus: The round, full, and upright, are called
_Roman_; the long, leaning, narrow letters are called _Italic_; and
the ancient black character is called _English_. You have a
specimen as follows, viz.
[Illustration: the word Angel in "Roman", Italic, and Fraktur
(which they call "Old English")]
The _Old English_ is seldom used but in acts of parliament,
proclamations, &c. The _Roman_ is chiefly in vogue for books and
pamphlets, intermixed with _Italic_, to distinguish proper names,
chapters, arguments, words in any foreign language, texts of
scripture, citations from authors, speeches or sayings of any
person, emphatical words, and whatever is strongly significant.
The use of capitals, or great letters, is to begin every name of the
Supreme Being, as God, Lord, Almighty, Father, Son, &c. All proper
names of men and things, titles of distinction, as King, Duke, Lord,
Knight, &c. must also begin with a capital. So ought every book,
chapter, verse, paragraph, and sentence after a period. A saying,
or quotation from any author, should begin with a capital; as ought
every line in a poem. I and O, when they stand single, must always
be capitals; any words, particularly names or substantives, may
begin with a capital; but the common way of beginning every
substantive with a capital is not commendable, and is now much
disused.
Capitals are likewise often used for ornament, as in the title of
books; and also to express numbers, and abbreviations.
[Illustration: Woodcut of Ancient Britons]
A CONCISE
_ACCOUNT OF ANCIENT BRITAIN._
CHAP. I.
ENGLAND and Scotland, though but one island, are two kingdoms, viz.
the kingdom of England and the kingdom of Scotland; which two
kingdoms being united, were in the reign of James I. called
Great-Britain. The shape of it is triangular, as thus [triangle],
and 'tis surrounded by the seas. Its utmost extent or length is 812
miles, its breadth is 320, and its circumference 1836; and it is
reckoned one of the finest islands in Europe. The whole island was
anciently called Albion, which seems to have been softened from
Alpion; because the word alp, in some of the original western
languages, generally signifies very high lands, or hills; as this
isle appears to those who approach it from the Continent. It was
likewise called Olbion, which in the Greek signifies happy; but of
those times there is no certainty in history, more than that it had
the denomination, and was very little known by the rest of the
world.
The people that first lived in this island, according to the best
historians, were the Gauls, and afterwards the Britons. These
Britons were tall, well made, and yellow haired, and lived
frequently a hundred and twenty years, owing to their sobriety and
temperance, and the wholesomeness of the air. The use of clothes
was scarce known among them. Some of them that inhabited the
southern parts covered their nakedness with the skins of wild beasts
carelessly thrown over them, not so much to defend themselves
against the cold as to avoid giving offence to strangers that came
to traffic among them. By way of ornament they used to cut the
shape of flowers, and trees, and animals, on their skin, and
afterwards painted it of a sky colour, with the juice of woad, that
never wore out. They lived in woods, in huts covered with skins,
boughs, or turfs. Their towns and villages were a confused parcel
of huts, placed at a little distance from each other, without any
order or distinction of streets. They were generally in the middle
of a wood, defended with ramparts, or mounds of earth thrown up.
Ten or a dozen of them, friends and brothers, lived together, and
had their wives in common. Their food was milk and flesh got by
hunting, their woods and plains being well stocked with game. Fish
and tame fowls, which they kept for pleasure, they were forbid by
their religion to eat.
The chief commerce was with the the Phoenician merchants, who, after
the discovery of the island, exported every year great quantities of
tin, with which they drove a very gainful trade with distant
nations.
In this situation were the Ancient Britons when Julius Caesar, the
first Emperor of Rome, and a great conqueror, formed a design of
invading their island, which the Britons hearing of, they
endeavoured to divert him from his purpose by sending ambassadors
with offers of obedience to him, which he refused, and in the 55th
year before the coming of our Saviour upon earth, he embarked in
Gaul (that is France) a great many soldiers on board eighty ships.
At his arrival on the coast of Britain he saw the hills and cliffs
that ran out into the sea covered with troops, that could easily
prevent his landing, on which he sailed two leagues farther to a
plain and open shore, which the Britons perceiving sent their
chariots and horse that way, whilst the rest of their army advanced
to support them. The largeness of Caesar's vessels hindered them
from coming near the shore, so that the Roman soldiers saw
themselves under a necessity of leaping into the sea, armed as they
were, in order to attack their enemies, who stood ready to receive
them on the dry ground. Caesar perceiving that his soldiers did not
exert their usual bravery, ordered some small ships to get as near
the shore as possible, which they did, and with their slings,
engines, and arrows so pelted the Britons, that their courage began
to abate. But the Romans were unwilling to throw themselves into
the water, till one of the standard-bearers leaped in first with his
colours in his hand, crying out aloud, _Follow me, fellow soldiers,
unless you will betray the Roman Eagle into the hands of the enemy.
For my part I am resolved to discharge my duty to Caesar and the
Commonwealth._ Whereupon all the soldiers followed him, and began
to fight. But their resolution was not able to compel the Britons
to give ground; nay, it was feared they would have been repelled,
had not Caesar caused armed boats to supply them with recruits,
which made the enemy fall back a little. The Romans improving this
advantage advanced, and getting firm footing on land, pressed the
Britons so vigorously that they put them to the rout. The Britons,
astonished at the Roman valour, and fearing a more obstinate
resistance would but expose them to greater mischiefs, sent to sue
for peace and offer hostages, which Caesar accepted, and a peace was
concluded four days after their landing. Thus having given an
account of Ancient Britain, and Caesar's invasion, we shall proceed
to the History of England, and the several Kings by whom it has been
governed.
A COMPENDIOUS
_HISTORY OF ENGLAND._
CHAP. II.
AS England was long governed by Kings who were natives of the
country, so it may not be improper to distinguish that tract of time
by the name of the British Period. Those Kings were afterwards
subdued by the Romans, and the time that warlike people retained
their conquest we shall call the Roman Period. When the Saxons
brought this country under their subjection, we shall denominate the
time of their sway the Saxon Period. Lastly, when the Danes invaded
England, and conquered it, we shall term the series of years they
possessed it the Danish Period.
This country was originally called Albion; but one Brutus, a Grecian
hero, having landed here about 1100 years before Christ, changed the
ancient name to Britannia; from which time, to the arrival of Julius
Caesar here, there had reigned sixty-nine Kings, all natives of
England.
In respect to the Roman Period we may observe, that Julius Caesar
first landed in Britain from Gallia, and made it tributary to the
Romans; but soon after the birth of Christ the Emperor Claudius
brought this country entirely under his subjection, and the Emperor
Adrian built the long wall between England and Scotland.
In the beginning of the second century the Christian religion was
planted in England; and in the fifth century the Britons, finding
themselves overpowered by the Scots, called over the Saxons to their
assistance, who were so charmed with the country that they
determined to continue here, and subdue it.
The most remarkable occurrences in the Saxon Period are, that such
of them who embarked for England had been particularly distinguished
by the name of Angles, and from them the name of Britannia was
changed to that of Anglia. The Saxons also divided the country
among themselves into seven kingdoms, known by the name of the Saxon
Heptarchy, viz. 1. Kent, 2. Essex, 3. Sussex, 4. Wessex, 5. East
Anglia, 6. Mercia, 7. Northumberland. But at length Wessex
over-powering the rest, formed them all into one monarchy.
One of those West-Saxon Kings, called Ina, made many good laws, some
of which are still extant: he also was the first that granted
Peter's pence to the Pope.
In regard to the Danish Period we shall only remark, that the Danes
had for a long time acted as pirates or sea robbers upon the English
coasts, and made several incursions into the country, when their
King Canute possessed himself of the crown of England; however their
government did not continue long.
Canute reigned eighteen years, and left three sons, Harold, Canute,
and Sueno; to the first he gave England, to the second Denmark, and
to the third Norway.
Harold reigned five years, and was succeeded by his half-brother
Hardi-Canute, who died two years after, and with him ended the
tyrannical government of the Danes in England.
THE
_INTERMEDIATE HISTORY OF ENGLAND._
CHAP. III.
WE shall divide this part of our history into four periods; 1. The
Kings of the Norman Line; 2. Those of the House of Anjou; 3. Of the
House of Lancaster; 4. Of the House of York.
_The_ NORMAN KINGS.
WILLIAM I. sirnamed [sic] the Conqueror, gained a signal victory
over King Harold, by which means he procured the crown of England.
This Prince was the son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, by one of his
mistresses called Harlotte, from whom some think the word harlot is
derived; however, as this amour seems odd, we shall entertain the
reader with an account of it. The Duke riding one day to take the
air passed by a company of country girls, who were dancing, and was
so taken with the graceful carriage of one of them, named Harlotte,
a skinner's daughter, that he prevailed on her to cohabit with him,
and she was ten months after delivered of William, who, having
reigned 21 years, died at Rouen, in September, 1087.
WILLIAM II. sirnamed Rufus, succeeded his father; he built
Westminster-hall, rebuilt London-bridge, and made a new wall round
the Tower of London. In his time the sea overflowed a great part of
the estate belonging to Earl Goodwin, in Kent, which is at this day
called the Goodwin Sands. The King was killed accidentally by an
arrow in the New Forest, and left no issue. He reigned fourteen
years, and was buried in Winchester Cathedral.
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