Thomas Babington Macaulay - "The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol. 5"

John Ruskin - "Mornings in Florence"

William Edmonstoune Aytoun - "The Bon Gaultier Ballads"

Robert Barr - "Jennie Baxter, Journalist"

Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol. 4

T >> Thomas Babington Macaulay >> The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol. 4




FN 719 As to Grascombe's character, and the opinion entertained
of him by the most estimable Jacobites, see the Life of
Kettlewell, part iii., section 55. Lee the compiler of the Life
of Kettlewell mentions with just censure some of Grascombe's
writings, but makes no allusion to the worst of them, the Account
of the Proceedings in the House of Commons in relation to the
Recoining of the Clipped Money, and falling the price of Guineas.
That Grascombe was the author, was proved before a Committee of
the House of Commons. See the Journals, Nov. 3o. 1696.

FN 720 L'Hermitage, June 12/22., July 7/17. 1696.

FN 721 See the Answer to Grascombe, entitled Reflections on a
Scandalous Libel.

FN 722 Paris Gazette, Sept. 15. 1696,

FN 723 L'Hermitage, Oct. 2/12 1696.

FN 724 L'Hermitage, July 20/30., Oct. 2/12 9/10 1696.

FN 725 The Monthly Mercuries; Correspondence between Shrewsbury
and Galway; William to Heinsius, July 23. 30. 1696; Memoir of the
Marquess of Leganes.

FN 726 William to Heinsius, Aug 27/Sept 6, Nov 15/25 Nov. 17/27
1696; Prior to Lexington, Nov. 17/27; Villiers to Shrewsbury,
Nov. 13/23

FN 727 My account of the attempt to corrupt Porter is taken from
his examination before the House of Commons on Nov. 16. 1696, and
from the following sources: Burnet, ii. 183.; L'Hermitage to the
States General, May 8/18. 12/22 1696; the Postboy, May 9.; the
Postman, May 9.; Narcissus Luttrell's Diary; London Gazette, Oct.
19. 1696.

FN 728 London Gazette; Narcissus Luttrell; L'Hermitage, June
12/22; Postman, June 11.

FN 729 Life of William III. 1703; Vernon's evidence given in his
place in the House of Commons, Nov. 16. 1696.

FN 730 William to Shrewsbury from Loo, Sept. 10. 1696.

FN 731 Shrewsbury to William, Sept. 18. 1696.

FN 732 William to Shrewsbury, Sept. 25. 1696.

FN 733 London Gazette, Oct. 8. 1696; Vernon to Shrewsbury,
October 8. Shrewsbury to Portland, Oct. 11.

FN 734 Vernon to Shrewsbury, Oct. 13. 1696; Somers to Shrewsbury,
Oct. 15.

FN 735 William to Shrewsbury, Oct. 9. 1696.

FN 736 Shrewsbury to William, Oct. 11. 1696.

FN 737 Somers to Shrewsbury, Oct. 19. 1696.

FN 738 William to Shrewsbury, Oct. 20. 1696.

FN 739 Vernon to Shrewsbury, Oct. 13. 15.; Portland to
Shrewsbury, Oct, 20, 1696.

FN 740 L'Hermitage, July 10/20 1696.

FN 741 Lansdowne MS. 801.

FN 742 I take my account of these proceedings from the Commons'
Journals, from the despatches of Van Cleverskirke and L'Hermitage
to the States General, and from Vernon's letter to Shrewsbury of
the 27th of October 1696. "I don't know," says Vernon "that the
House of Commons ever acted with greater concert than they do at
present."

FN 743 Vernon to Shrewsbury, Oct. 29. 1696; L'Hermitage, Oct
30/Nov 9 L'Hermitage calls Howe Jaques Haut. No doubt the
Frenchman had always heard Howe spoken of as Jack.

FN 744 Postman, October 24. 1696; L'Hermitage, Oct 23/Nov 2.
L'Hermitage says: "On commence deja a ressentir des effets
avantageux des promptes et favorables resolutions que la Chambre
des Communes prit Mardy. Le discomte des billets de banque, qui
estoit le jour auparavant a 18, est revenu a douze, et les
actions ont aussy augmente, aussy bien que les taillis."

FN 745 William to Heinsius, Nov. 13/23 1696.

FN 746 Actes et Memoires des Negociations de la Paix de Ryswick,
1707; Villiers to Shrewsbury Dec. 1.11. 4/14. 1696; Letter of
Heinsius quoted by M. Sirtema de Grovestins. Of this letter I
have not a copy.

FN 747 Vernon to Shrewsbury, Dec. 8. 1696.

FN 748 Wharton to Shrewsbury, Oct. 27. 1696.

FN 749 Somers to Shrewsbury, Oct. 27. 31. 1696; Vernon to
Shrewsbury, Oct. 31.; Wharton to Shrewsbury, Nov. 10. "I am apt
to think," says Wharton, "there never was more management than in
bringing that about."

FN 750 See for example a poem on the last Treasury day at
Kensington, March 1696/7.

FN 751 Somers to Shrewsbury, Oct 31. 1696; Wharton to Shrewsbury,
of the same date.

FN 752 Somers to Shrewsbury, Nov. 3. 1696. The King's
unwillingness to see Fenwick is mentioned in Somers's letter of
the 15th of October.

FN 753 Vernon to Shrewsbury, Nov. 3. 1696.

FN 754 The circumstances of Goodman's flight were ascertained
three years later by the Earl of Manchester, when Ambassador at
Paris, and by him communicated to Jersey in a letter dated Sept
25/Oct 5 1699.

FN 755 London Gazette Nov. 9. 1696; Vernon to Shrewsbury, Nov.
3.; Van Cleverskirke and L'Hermitage of the same date.

FN 756 The account of the events of this day I have taken from
the Commons' Journals; the valuable work entitled Proceedings in
Parliament against Sir John Fenwick, Bart. upon a Bill of
Attainder for High Treason, 1696; Vernon's Letter to Shrewsbury,
November 6. 1696, and Somers's Letter to Shrewsbury, November 7.
From both these letters it is plain that the Whig leaders had
much difficulty in obtaining the absolution of Godolphin.

FN 757 Commons' Journals, Nov. 9. 1696 - Vernon to Shrewsbury,
Nov. 10. The editor of the State Trials is mistaken in supposing
that the quotation from Caesar's speech was made in the debate of
the 13th.

FN 758 Commons' Journals, Nov. 13. 16, 17.; Proceedings against
Sir John Fenwick.

FN 759 A Letter to a Friend in Vindication of the Proceedings
against Sir John Fenwick, 1697.

FN 760 This incident is mentioned by L'Hermitage.

FN 761 L'Hermitage tells us that such things took place in these
debates.

FN 762 See the Lords' Journals, Nov. 14., Nov. 30., Dec. 1. 1696.

FN 763 Wharton to Shrewsbury, Dec. 1. 1696; L'Hermitage, of same
date.

FN 764 L'Hermitage, Dec. 4/14. 1696; Wharton to Shrewsbury, Dec.
1.

FN 765 Lords' Journals Dec. 8. 1696; L'Hermitage, of the same
date.

FN 766 L'Hermitage, Dec. 15/25 18/28 1696.

FN 767 Ibid. Dec. 18/28 1696.

FN 768 Lords' Journals, Dec. 15. 1696; L'Hermitage, Dec.18/28;
Vernon to Shrewsbury, Dec. 15. About the numbers there is a
slight difference between Vernon and L'Hermitage. I have followed
Vernon.

FN 769 Lords' Journals, Dec. 18. 1696; Vernon to Shrewsbury, Dec.
19.; L'Hermitage, Dec 22/Jan 1. I take the numbers from Vernon.

FN 770 Lords' Journals, Dec. 25 1696; L'Hermitage, Dec 26/Jan 4.
In the Vernon Correspondence there is a letter from Vernon to
Shrewsbury giving an account of the transactions of this day; but
it is erroneously dated Dec. 2., and is placed according to that
date. This is not the only blunder of the kind. A letter from
Vernon to Shrewsbury, evidently written on the 7th of November
1696, is dated and placed as a letter of the 7th of January 1697.
A letter of June 14. 1700 is dated and placed as a letter of June
15. 1698. The Vernon Correspondence is of great value; but it is
so ill edited that it cannot be safely used without much caution,
and constant reference to other authorities.

FN 771 Lords' Journals, Dec. 23. 1696; Vernon to Shrewsbury, Dec.
24; L'Hermitage, Dec 25/Jan 4.

FN 772 Vernon to Shrewsbury, Dec, 24 1696.

FN 773 Dohna, who knew Monmouth well, describes him thus: "Il
avoit de l'esprit infiniment, et meme du plus agreable; mais il y
avoir un peu trop de haut et de bas dans son fait. Il ne savoit
ce que c'etoit que de menager les gens; et il turlupinoit a
l'outrance ceux qui ne lui plaisoient pas."

FN 774 L'Hermitage, Jan. 12/22 1697.

FN 775 Lords' Journals, Jan. 9. 1696/7; Vernon to Shrewsbury, of
the same date; L'Hermitage, Jan. 12/22.

FN 776 Lords' Journals, Jan. 15. 1691; Vernon to Shrewsbury, of
the same date; L'Hermitage, of the same date.

FN 777 Postman, Dec. 29. 31. 1696.

FN 778 L'Hermitage, Jan. 12/22. 1697.

FN 779 Van Cleverskirke, Jan. 12/22. 1697; L'Hermitage, Jan.
15/25.

FN 780 L'Hermitage, Jan. 15/25. 1697.

FN 781 Lords' Journals, Jan. 22. 26. 1696/7; Vernon to
Shrewsbury, Jan. 26.

FN 782 Commons' Journals, Jan. 27. 169. The entry in the
journals, which might easily escape notice, is explained by a
letter of L'Hermitage, written Jan 29/Feb 8

FN 783 L'Hermitage, Jan 29/Feb 8; 1697; London Gazette, Feb. 1.;
Paris Gazette; Vernon to Shrewsbury; Jan. 28.; Burnet, ii. 193.

FN 784 Commons' Journals, December 19. 1696; Vernon to
Shrewsbury, Nov. 28. 1696.

FN 785 Lords' Journals, Jan. 23. 1696/7; Vernon to Shrewsbury,
Jan. 23.; L'Hermitage, Jan 26/Feb 5.

FN 786 Commons' Journals, Jan. 26. 1696/7; Vernon to Shrewsbury
and Van Cleverskirke to the States General of the same date. It
is curious that the King and the Lords should have made so
strenuous a fight against the Commons in defence of one of the
five points of the Peoples Charter.

FN 787 Commons' Journals, April1. 3. 1697; Narcissus Luttrell's
Diary; L'Hermitage, April 2/12 As L'Hermitage says, "La plupart
des membres, lorsqu'ils sont a la campagne, estant bien aises
d'estre informez par plus d'un endroit de ce qui se passe, et
s'imaginant que la Gazette qui se fait sous la direction d'un des
Secretaires d'Etat, ne contiendroit pas autant de choses que fait
celle-cy, ne sont pas fichez que d'autres les instruisent." The
numbers on the division I take from L'Hermitage. They are not to
be found in the Journals. But the Journals were not then so
accurately kept as at present.

FN 788 Narcissus Luttrell's Diary, June 1691, May 1693.

FN 789 Commons' Journals, Dec 30. 1696; Postman, July 4. 1696.

FN 790 Postman April 22. 1696; Narcissus Luttrell's Diary.

FN 791 London Gazette, April 26. 29. 1697,

FN 792 London Gazette, April 29. 1697; L'Hermitage, April 23/May
3

FN 793 London Gazette, April 26. 29 1697 L'Hermitage, April
23/May 3

FN 794 What the opinion of the public was we learn from a letter
written by L'Hermitage immediately after Godolphin's resignation,
Nov 3/13. 1696, "Le public tourne plus la veue sur le Sieur
Montegu, qui a la seconde charge de la Tresorerie que sur aucun
autre." The strange silence of the London Gazette is explained by
a letter of Vernon to Shrewsbury, dated May 1. 1697.

FN 795 London Gazette, April 22. 26: 1697.

FN 796 Postman, Jan. 26; Mar. 7. 11. 1696/7; April 8. 1697.

FN 797 Ibid. Oct. 29. 1696.

FN 798 Howell's State Trials; Postman, Jan. 9/19 1696/7.

FN 799 See the Protocol of February 10 1697, in the Actes et
Memoires des Negociations de la Paix de Ryswick, 1707.

FN 800 William to Heinsius, Dec. 11/21 1696. There are similar
expressions in other letters written by the King about the same
time.

FN 801 See the papers drawn up at Vienna, and dated Sept. 16.
1696, and March 14 1697. See also the protocol drawn up at the
Hague, March 14. 1697. These documents will be found in the Actes
et Memoires des Negociations de la Paix de Ryswick, 1707.

FN 802 Characters of all the three French ministers are given by
Saint Simon.

FN 803 Actes et Memoires des Negociations de la Paix de Ryswick.

FN 804 An engraving and ground plan of the mansion will be found
in the Actes et Memoires.

FN 805 Whoever wishes to be fully informed as to the idle
controversies and mummeries in which the Congress wasted its
time, may consult the Actes et Memoires.

FN 806 Saint Simon was certainly as good a judge of men as any of
those English grumblers who called Portland a dunce and a boor;
Saint Simon too had every opportunity of forming a correct
judgment; for he saw Portland in a situation full of
difficulties; and Saint Simon says, in one place, "Benting,
discret, secret, poli aux autres, fidele a son maitre, adroit en
affaires, le servit tres utilement;" in another, "Portland parut
avec un eclat personnel, une politesse, un air de monde et de
cour, une galanterie et des graces qui surprirent; avec cela,
beaucoup de dignite, meme (le hauteur, mais avec discernement et
un jugement prompt sans rien de hasarde." Boufflers too extols
Portland's good breeding and tact. Boufflers to Lewis, July 9.
1697. This letter is in the archives of the French Foreign
Office. A translation will be found in the valuable collection
published by M. Grimblot.

FN 807 Boufflers to Lewis, June 21/July 1 1697; Lewis to
Boufflers, June 22/July 2; Boufflers to Lewis, June 25/July 5

FN 808 Boufflers to Lewis June 28/July 8, June 29/July 9 1697

FN 809 My account of this negotiation I have taken chiefly from
the despatches in the French Foreign Office. Translations of
those despatches have been published by M. Grimblot. See also
Burnet, ii. 200, 201.

It has been frequently asserted that William promised to pay Mary
of Modena fifty thousand pounds a year. Whoever takes the trouble
to read the Protocol of Sept. 10/20 1697, among the Acts of the
Peace of Ryswick, will see that my account is correct. Prior
evidently understood the protocol as I understand it. For he
says, in a letter to Lexington of Sept. 17. 1697, "No. 2. is the
thing to which the King consents as to Queen Marie's settlements.
It is fairly giving her what the law allows her. The mediator is
to dictate this paper to the French, and enter it into his
protocol; and so I think we shall come off a bon marche upon that
article."

It was rumoured at the time (see Boyer's History of King William
III. 1703) that Portland and Boufflers had agreed on a secret
article by which it was stipulated that, after the death of
William, the Prince of Wales should succeed to the English
throne. This fable has often been repeated, but was never
believed by men of sense, and can hardly, since the publication
of the letters which passed between Lewis and Boufflers, find
credit even with the weakest. Dalrymple and other writers
imagined that they had found in the Life of James (ii. 574, 575.)
proof that the story of the secret article was true. The passage
on which they relied was certainly not written by James, nor
under his direction; and the authority of those portions of the
Life which were not written by him, or under his direction, is
but small. Moreover, when we examine this passage, we shall find
that it not only does not bear out the story of the secret
article, but directly contradicts that story. The compiler of the
Life tells us that, after James had declared that he never would
consent to purchase the English throne for his posterity by
surrendering his own rights, nothing more was said on the
subject. Now it is quite certain that James in his Memorial
published in March 1697, a Memorial which will be found both in
the Life (ii. 566,) and in the Acts of the Peace of Ryswick,
declared to all Europe that he never would stoop to so low and
degenerate an action as to permit the Prince of Orange to reign
on condition that the Prince of Wales should succeed. It follows,
therefore, that nothing can have been said on this subject after
March 1697. Nothing therefore, can have been said on this subject
in the conferences between Boufflers and Portland, which did not
begin till late in June.

Was there then absolutely no foundation for the story? I believe
that there was a foundation; and I have already related the facts
on which this superstructure of fiction has been reared. It is
quite certain that Lewis, in 1693, intimated to the allies
through the government of Sweden, his hope that some expedient
might be devised which would reconcile the Princes who laid claim
to the English crown. The expedient at which be hinted was, no
doubt, that the Prince of Wales should succeed William and Mary.
It is possible that, as the compiler of the Life of James says,
William may have "show'd no great aversness" to this arrangement.
He had no reason, public or private, for preferring his sister in
law to his brother in law, if his brother in law were bred a
Protestant. But William could do nothing without the concurrence
of the Parliament; and it is in the highest degree improbable
that either he or the Parliament would ever have consented to
make the settlement of the English crown a matter of stipulation
with France. What he would or would not have done, however, we
cannot with certainty pronounce. For James proved impracticable.
Lewis consequently gave up all thoughts of effecting a compromise
and promised, as we have seen, to recognise William as King of
England "without any difficulty, restriction, condition, or
reserve." It seems certain that, after this promise, which was
made in December 1696, the Prince of Wales was not again
mentioned in the negotiations.

FN 810 Prior MS.; Williamson to Lexington, July 20/30. 1697;
Williamson to Shrewsbury, July 23/Aug 2

FN 811 The note of the French ministers, dated July 10/20 1697,
will be found in the Actes et Memoires.

FN 812 Monthly Mercuries for August and September, 1697.

FN 813 Life of James, ii: 565.

FN 814 Actes et Memoires des Negociations de la Paix de Ryswick;
Life of James, ii. 566.

FN 815 James's Protest will be found in his Life, ii. 572.

FN 816 Actes et Memoires des Negociations de la Paix de Ryswick;
Williamson to Lexington, Sept 14/24 1697; Prior MS.

FN 817 Prior MS.

FN 818 L'Hermitage, July 20/30; July 27/Aug 6, Aug 24/Sept 3, Aug
27/Sept 6 Aug 31/Sept 10 1697 Postman, Aug. 31.

FN 819 Van Cleverskirke to the States General, Sept. 14/24 1697;
L'Hermitage, Sept. 14/24; Postscript to the Postman, of the same
date; Postman and Postboy of Sept. 19/29 Postman of Sept. 18/28.

FN 820 L'Hermitage, Sept 17/27, Sept 25/Oct 4 1697 Oct 19/29;
Postman, Nov. 20.

FN 821 L'Hermitage, Sept 21/Oct 1 Nov 2/12 I697; Paris Gazette,
Nov. 20/30; Postboy, Nov. 2. At this time appeared a pasquinade
entitled, A Satyr upon the French King, written after the Peace
was concluded at Reswick, anno 1697, by a Non-Swearing Parson,
and said to be drop'd out of his Pocket at Sam's Coffee House. I
quote a few of the most decent couplets.

"Lord! with what monstrous lies and senseless shams
Have we been cullied all along at Sam's!
Who could have e'er believed, unless in spite
Lewis le Grand would turn rank Williamite?
Thou that hast look'd so fierce and talk'd so big,
In thine old age to dwindle to a Whig!
Of Kings distress'd thou art a fine securer.
Thou mak'st me swear, that am a known nonjuror.
Were Job alive, and banter'd by such shufflers,
He'd outrail Oates, and curse both thee and Boufflers
For thee I've lost, if I can rightly scan 'em,
Two livings, worth full eightscore pounds per annum,
Bonae et legalis Angliae Monetae.
But now I'm clearly routed by the treaty."

FN 822 London Gazettes; Postboy of Nov. 18 1697; L'Hermitage,
Nov. 5/15.

FN 823 London Gazette, Nov. 18. 22 1697; Van Cleverskirke Nov.
16/26, 19/29.; L'Hermitage, Nov. 16/26; Postboy and Postman, Nov.
18. William to Heinsius, Nov. 16/26

FN 824 Evelyn's Diary, Dec, 2. 1697. The sermon is extant; and I
must acknowledge that it deserves Evelyn's censure.

FN 825 London Gazette, Dec. 6. 1697; Postman, Dec. 4.; Van
Cleverskirke, Dec. 2/12; L'Hermitage, Nov. 19/29.





End of The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol. 4

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