The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol. 4

T >> Thomas Babington Macaulay >> The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol. 4

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A translation of this most remarkable passage, which at once
solves many interesting and perplexing problems, was published
eighty years ago by Macpherson. But, strange to say, it attracted
no notice, and has never, as far as I know, been mentioned by any
biographer of Marlborough.

The narrative of James requires no confirmation; but it is
strongly confirmed by the Burnet MS. Harl. 6584. "Marleburrough,"
Burnet wrote in September 1693, "set himself to decry the King's
conduct and to lessen him in all his discourses, and to possess
the English with an aversion to the Dutch, who, as he pretended,
had a much larger share of the King's favour and confidence than
they,"--the English, I suppose,--"had. This was a point on which
the English, who are too apt to despise all other nations, and to
overvalue themselves, were easily enough inflamed. So it grew to
be the universal subject of discourse, and was the constant
entertainment at Marleburrough's, where there was a constant
randivous of the English officers." About the dismission of
Marlborough, Burnet wrote at the same time: "The King said to
myself upon it that he had very good reason to believe that he
had made his peace with King James and was engaged in a
correspondence with France. It is certain he was doing all he
could to set on a faction in the army and the nation against the
Dutch."

It is curious to compare this plain tale, told while the facts
were recent, with the shuffling narrative which Burnet prepared
for the public eye many years later, when Marlborough was closely
united to the Whigs, and was rendering great and splendid
services to the country. Burnet, ii. 90.

The Duchess of Marlborough, in her Vindication, had the
effrontery to declare that she "could never learn what cause the
King assigned for his displeasure." She suggests that Young's
forgery may have been the cause. Now she must have known that
Young's forgery was not committed till some months after her
husband's disgrace. She was indeed lamentably deficient in
memory, a faculty which is proverbially said to be necessary to
persons of the class to which she belonged. Her own volume
convicts her of falsehood. She gives us a letter from Mary to
Anne, in which Mary says, "I need not repeat the cause my Lord
Marlborough has given the King to do what he has done." These
words plainly imply that Anne had been apprised of the cause. If
she had not been apprised of the cause would she not have said so
in her answer? But we have her answer; and it contains not a word
on the subject. She was then apprised of the cause; and is it
possible to believe that she kept it a secret from her adored
Mrs. Freeman?

FN 189 My account of these transactions I have been forced to
take from the narrative of the Duchess of Marlborough, a
narrative which is to be read with constant suspicion, except
when, as is often the case, she relates some instance of her own
malignity and insolence.

FN 190 The Duchess of Marlborough's Vindication; Dartmouth's Note
on Burnet, ii. 92.; Verses of the Night Bellman of Piccadilly and
my Lord Nottingham's Order thereupon, 1691. There is a bitter
lampoon on Lady Marlborough of the same date, entitled The
Universal Health, a true Union to the Queen and Princess.

FN 191 It must not be supposed that Anne was a reader of
Shakspeare. She had no doubt, often seen the Enchanted Island.
That miserable rifacimento of the Tempest was then a favourite
with the town, on account of the machinery and the decorations.

FN 192 Burnet MS. Harl. 6584.

FN 193 The history of an abortive attempt to legislate on this
subject may be studied in the Commons' Journals of 1692/3.

FN 194 North's Examen,

FN 195 North's Examen; Ward's London Spy; Crosby's English
Baptists, vol. iii. chap. 2.

FN 196 The history of this part of Fuller's life I have taken
from his own narrative.

FN 197 Commons' Journals, Dec. 2. and 9. 1691; Grey's Debates.

FN 198 Commons' Journals, Jan. 4. 1691/2 Grey's Debates.

FN 199 Commons' Journals, Feb. 22, 23, and 24. 1691/2.

FN 200 Fuller's Original Letters of the late King James and
others to his greatest Friends in England.

FN 201 Burnet, ii. 86. Burnet had evidently forgotten what the
bill contained. Ralph knew nothing about it but what he had
learned from Burnet. I have scarcely seen any allusion to the
subject in any of the numerous Jacobite lampoons of that day. But
there is a remarkable passage in a pamphlet which appeared
towards the close of William's reign, and which is entitled The
Art of Governing by Parties. The writer says, "We still want an
Act to ascertain some fund for the salaries of the judges; and
there was a bill, since the Revolution, past both Houses of
Parliament to this purpose; but whether it was for being any way
defective or otherwise that His Majesty refused to assent to it,
I cannot remember. But I know the reason satisfied me at that
time. And I make no doubt but he'll consent to any good bill of
this nature whenever 'tis offered." These words convinced me that
the bill was open to some grave objection which did not appear in
the title, and which no historian had noticed. I found among the
archives of the House of Lords the original parchment, endorsed
with the words "Le Roy et La Royne s'aviseront." And it was clear
at the first glance what the objection was.

There is a hiatus in that part of Narcissus Luttrell's Diary
which relates to this matter. "The King," he wrote, "passed ten
public bills and thirty-four private ones, and rejected that of
the--"

As to the present practice of the House of Commons in such cases,
see Hatsell's valuable work, ii. 356. I quote the edition of
1818. Hatsell says that many bills which affect the interest of
the Crown may be brought in without any signification of the
royal consent, and that it is enough if the consent be signified
on the second reading, or even later; but that, in a proceeding
which affects the hereditary revenue, the consent must be
signified in the earliest stage.

FN 202 The history of these ministerial arrangements I have taken
chiefly from the London Gazette of March 3. and March 7. 1691/2
and from Narcissus Luttrell's Diary for that month. Two or three
slight touches are from contemporary pamphlets.

FN 203 William to Melville, May 22. 1690.

FN 204 See the preface to the Leven and Melville Papers. I have
given what I believe to be a true explanation of Burnet's
hostility to Melville. Melville's descendant who has deserved
well of all students of history by the diligence and fidelity
with which he has performed his editorial duties, thinks that
Burnet's judgment was blinded by zeal for Prelacy and hatred of
Presbyterianism. This accusation will surprise and amuse English
High Churchmen.

FN 205 Life of James, ii. 468, 469.

FN 206 Burnet, ii. 88.; Master of Stair to Breadalbane, Dee. 2.
1691.

FN 207 Burnet, i. 418.

FN 208 Crawford to Melville, July 23. 1689; The Master of Stair
to Melville, Aug. 16. 1689; Cardross to Melville, Sept. 9. 1689;
Balcarras's Memoirs; Annandale's Confession, Aug. i4. 1690.

FN 209 Breadalbane to Melville, Sept. 17. 1690.

FN 210 The Master of Stair to Hamilton, Aug. 17/27. 1691; Hill to
Melville, June 26. 1691; The Master of Stair to Breadalbane, Aug.
24. 1691.

FN 211 The real truth is, they were a branch of the Macdonalds
(who were a brave courageous people always), seated among the
Campbells, who (I mean the Glencoe men) are all Papists, if they
have any religion, were always counted a people much given to
rapine and plunder, or sorners as we call it, and much of a piece
with your highwaymen in England. Several governments desired to
bring them to justice; but their country was inaccessible to
small parties." See An impartial Account of some of the
Transactions in Scotland concerning the Earl of Breadalbane,
Viscount and Master of Stair, Glenco Men, &c., London, 1695.

FN 212 Report of the Commissioners, signed at Holyrood, June 20.
1695.

FN 213 Gallienus Redivivus; Burnet, ii. 88.; Report of the
Commission of 1695.

FN 214 Report of the Glencoe Commission, 1695.

FN 215 Hill to Melville, May 15. 1691.

FN 216 Ibid. June 3. 1691.

FN 217 Burnet, ii. 8, 9.; Report of the Glencoe Commission. The
authorities quoted in this part of the Report were the
depositions of Hill, of Campbell of Ardkinglass, and of Mac Ian's
two sons.

FN 218 Johnson's Tour to the Hebrides.

FN 219 Proclamation of the Privy Council of Scotland, Feb. q.
1589. I give this reference on the authority of Sir Walter Scott.
See the preface to the Legend of Montrose.

FN 220 Johnson's Tour to the Hebrides.

FN 221 Lockhart's Memoirs.

FN 222 "What under heaven was the Master's byass in this matter?
I can imagine none." Impartial Account, 1695. "Nor can any man of
candour and ingenuity imagine that the Earl of Stair, who had
neither estate, friendship nor enmity in that country, nor so
much as knowledge of these persons, and who was never noted for
cruelty in his temper, should have thirsted after the blood of
these wretches." Complete History of Europe, 1707.

FN 223 Dalrymple, in his Memoirs, relates this story, without
referring to any authority. His authority probably was family
tradition. That reports were current in 1692 of horrible crimes
committed by the Macdonalds of Glencoe, is certain from the
Burnet MS. Marl. 6584. "They had indeed been guilty of many black
murthers," were Burnet's words, written in 1693. He afterwards
softened down this expression.

FN 224 That the plan originally framed by the Master of Stair was
such as I have represented it, is clear from parts of his letters
which are quoted in the Report of 1695; and from his letters to
Breadalbane of October 27., December 2., and December 3. 1691. Of
these letters to Breadalbane the last two are in Dalrymple's
Appendix. The first is in the Appendix to the first volume of Mr.
Burtons valuable History of Scotland. "It appeared," says Burnet
(ii. 157.), "that a black design was laid, not only to cut off
the men of Glencoe, but a great many more clans, reckoned to be
in all above six thousand persons."

FN 225 This letter is in the Report of 1695.

FN 226 London Gazette, January 14and 18. 1691.

FN 227 "I could have wished the Macdonalds had not divided; and I
am sorry that Keppoch and Mackian of Glenco are safe."--Letter of
the Master of Stair to Levingstone, Jan. 9. 1691/2 quoted in the
Report of 1695.

FN 228 Letter of the Master of Stair to Levingstone, Jan. 11
1692, quoted in the Report of 1695.

FN 229 Burnet, in 1693, wrote thus about William:--"He suffers
matters to run till there is a great heap of papers; and then he
signs them as much too fast as he was before too slow in
despatching them." Burnet MS. Harl. 6584. There is no sign either
of procrastination or of undue haste in William's correspondence
with Heinsius. The truth is, that the King understood Continental
politics thoroughly, and gave his whole mind to them. To English
business he attended less, and to Scotch business least of all.

FN 230 Impartial Account, 1695.

FN 231 See his letters quoted in the Report of 1695, and in the
Memoirs of the Massacre of Glencoe.

FN 232 Report of 1695.

FN 233 Deposition of Ronald Macdonald in the Report of 1695;
Letters from the Mountains, May 17. I773. I quote Mrs. Grant's
authority only for what she herself heard and saw. Her account of
the massacre was written apparently without the assistance of
books, and is grossly incorrect. Indeed she makes a mistake of
two years as to the date.

FN 234 I have taken the account of the Massacre of Glencoe
chiefly from the Report of 1695, and from the Gallienus
Redivivus. An unlearned, and indeed a learned, reader may be at a
loss to guess why the Jacobites should have selected so strange a
title for a pamphlet on the massacre of Glencoe. The explanation
will be found in a letter of the Emperor Gallienus, preserved by
Trebellius Pollio in the Life of Ingenuus. Ingenuus had raised a
rebellion in Moesia. He was defeated and killed. Gallienus
ordered the whole province to be laid waste, and wrote to one of
his lieutenants in language to which that of the Master of Stair
bore but too much resemblance. "Non mihi satisfacies si tantum
armatos occideris, quos et fors belli interimere potuisset.
Perimendus est omnis sexus virilis. Occidendus est quicunque
maledixit. Occidendus est quicunque male voluit. Lacera. Occide.
Concide."

FN 235 What I have called the Whig version of the story is given,
as well as the Jacobite version, in the Paris Gazette of April 7.
1692.

FN 236 I believe that the circumstances which give so peculiar a
character of atrocity to the Massacre of Glencoe were first
published in print by Charles Leslie in the Appendix to his
answer to King. The date of Leslie's answer is 1692. But it must
be remembered that the date of 1692 was then used down to what we
should call the 25th of March 1693. Leslie's book contains some
remarks on a sermon by Tillotson which was not printed till
November 1692. The Gallienus Redivivus speedily followed.

FN 237 Gallienus Redivivus.

FN 238 Hickes on Burnet and Tillotson, 1695.

FN 239 Report of 1695.

FN 240 Gallienus Redivivus.

FN 241 Report of 1695.

FN 242 London Gazette, Mar. 7. 1691/2

FN 243 Burnet (ii. 93.) says that the King was not at this time
informed of the intentions of the French Government. Ralph
contradicts Burnet with great asperity. But that Burnet was in
the right is proved beyond dispute, by William's correspondence
with Heinsius. So late as April 24/May 4 William wrote thus: "Je
ne puis vous dissimuler que je commence a apprehender une
descente en Angleterre, quoique je n'aye pu le croire d'abord:
mais les avis sont si multiplies de tous les cotes, et
accompagnes de tant de particularites, qu'il n'est plus guere
possible d'en douter." I quote from the French translation among
the Mackintosh MSS.

FN 244 Burnet, ii. 95. and Onslow's note; Memoires de Saint
Simon; Memoires de Dangeau.

FN 245 Life of James ii. 411, 412.

FN 246 Memoires de Dangeau; Memoires de Saint Simon. Saint Simon
was on the terrace and, young as he was, observed this singular
scene with an eye which nothing escaped.

FN 247 Memoires de Saint Simon; Burnet, ii. 95.; Guardian No. 48.
See the excellent letter of Lewis to the Archbishop of Rheims,
which is quoted by Voltaire in the Siecle de Louis XIV.

FN 248 In the Nairne papers printed by Macpherson are two
memorials from James urging Lewis to invade England. Both were
written in January 1692.

FN 249 London Gazette, Feb. 15. 1691/2

FN 250 Memoires de Berwick; Burnet, ii. 92.; Life of James, ii.
478. 491.

FN 251 History of the late Conspiracy, 1693.

FN 252 Life of James, ii. 479. 524. Memorials furnished by
Ferguson to Holmes in the Nairne Papers.

FN 253 Life of James, ii. 474.

FN 254 See the Monthly Mercuries of the spring of 1692.

FN 255 Narcissus Luttrell's Diary for April and May 1692; London
Gazette, May 9. and 12.

FN 256 Sheridan MS.; Life of James, ii. 492.

FN 257 Life of James, ii. 488.

FN 258 James told Sheridan that the Declaration was written by
Melfort. Sheridan MS.

FN 259 A Letter to a Friend concerning a French Invasion to
restore the late King James to his Throne, and what may be
expected from him should he be successful in it, 1692; A second
Letter to a Friend concerning a French Invasion, in which the
Declaration lately dispersed under the Title of His Majesty's
most gracious Declaration to all his loving Subjects, commanding
their Assistance against the P. of O. and his Adherents, is
entirely and exactly published according to the dispersed Copies,
with some short Observations upon it, 1692; The Pretences of the
French Invasion examined, 1692; Reflections on the late King
James's Declaration, 1692. The two Letters were written, I
believe, by Lloyd Bishop of Saint Asaph. Sheridan says, "The
King's Declaration pleas'd none, and was turn'd into ridicule
burlesque lines in England." I do not believe that a defence of
this unfortunate Declaration is to be found in any Jacobite
tract. A virulent Jacobite writer, in a reply to Dr. Welwood,
printed in 1693, says, "As for the Declaration that was printed
last year. . . I assure you that it was as much misliked by many,
almost all, of the King's friends, as it can be exposed by his
enemies."

FN 260 Narcissus Luttrell's Diary, April 1692.

FN 261 Sheridan MS.; Memoires de Dangeau.

FN 262 London Gazette, May 12. 16. 1692; Gazette de Paris, May
31. 1692.

FN 263 London Gazette, April 28. 1692

FN 264 Ibid. May 2. 5. 12. 16.

FN 265 London Gazette, May 16. 1692; Burchett.

FN 266 Narcissus Luttrell's Diary; London Gazette, May 19. 1692.

FN 267 Russell's Letter to Nottingham, May 20. 1692, in the
London Gazette of May 23.; Particulars of Another Letter from the
Fleet published by authority; Burchett; Burnet, ii. 93.; Life of
James, ii. 493, 494.; Narcissus Luttrell's Diary; Memoires de
Berwick. See also the contemporary ballad on the battle one of
the best specimens of English street poetry, and the Advice to a
Painter, 1692.

FN 268 See Delaval's Letter to Nottingham, dated Cherburg, May
22., in the London Gazette of May 26.

FN 269 London Gaz., May 26. 1692; Burchett's Memoirs of
Transactions at Sea; Baden to the States General, May 24/June 3;
Life of James, ii. 494; Russell's Letters in the Commons'
Journals of Nov. 28. 1692; An Account of the Great Victory, 1692;
Monthly Mercuries for June and July 1692; Paris Gazette, May
28/June 7; Van Almonde's despatch to the States General, dated
May 24/June 3. 1692. The French official account will be found in
the Monthly Mercury for July. A report drawn up by Foucault,
Intendant of the province of Normandy, will be found in M.
Capefigue's Louis XIV.

FN 270 An Account of the late Great Victory, 1692; Monthly
Mercury for June; Baden to the States General, May 24/ June 3;
Narcissus Luttrell's Diary.

FN 271 London Gazette, June 2. 1692; Monthly Mercury; Baden to
the States General, June 14/24. Narcissus Luttrell's Diary.

FN 272 Narcissus Luttrell's Diary; Monthly Mercury.

FN 273 London Gazette, June 9.; Baden to the States General, June
7/17

FN 274 Baden to the States General, June. 3/13

FN 275 Baden to the States General, May 24/June 3; Narcissus
Luttrell's Diary.

FN 276 An Account of the late Great Victory, 1692; Narcissus
Luttrell's Diary.

FN 277 Baden to the States General, June 7/17. 1692.

FN 278 Narcissus Luttrell's Diary.

FN 279 I give one short sentence as a specimen: "O fie that ever
it should be said that a clergyman have committed such durty
actions!"

FN 280 Gutch, Collectanea Curiosa.

FN 281 My account of this plot is chiefly taken from Sprat's
Relation of the late Wicked Contrivance of Stephen Blackhead and
Robert Young, 1692. There are very few better narratives in the
language.

FN 282 Baden to the States General, Feb. 14/24 1693.

FN 283 Postman, April 13. and 20. 1700; Postboy, April 18.;
Flying Post, April 20.

FN 284 London Gazette, March 14. 1692.

FN 285 The Swedes came, it is true, but not till the campaign was
over. London Gazette, Sept, 10 1691,

FN 286 William to Heinsius March 14/24. 1692.

FN 287 William to Heinsius, Feb. 2/12 1692.

FN 288 Ibid. Jan 12/22 1692.

FN 289 Ibid. Jan. 19/29. 1692.

FN 290 Burnet, ii. 82 83.; Correspondence of William and
Heinsius, passim.

FN 291 Memoires de Torcy.

FN 292 William to Heinsius, Oct 28/Nov 8 1691.

FN 293 Ibid. Jan. 19/29. 1692.

FN 294 His letters to Heinsius are full of this subject.

FN 295 See the Letters from Rome among the Nairne Papers. Those
in 1692 are from Lytcott; those in 1693 from Cardinal Howard;
those in 1694 from Bishop Ellis; those in 1695 from Lord Perth.
They all tell the same story.

FN 296 William's correspondence with Heinsius; London Gazette,
Feb. 4. 1691. In a pasquinade published in 1693, and entitled "La
Foire d'Ausbourg, Ballet Allegorique," the Elector of Saxony is
introduced saying

"Moy, je diray naivement,
Qu'une jartiere d'Angleterre
Feroit tout Mon empressement;
Et je ne vois rien sur la terre
Ou je trouve plus d'agrement."

FN 297 William's correspondence with Heinsius. There is a curious
account of Schoening in the Memoirs of Count Dohna.

FN 298 Burnet, ii. 84.

FN 299 Narcissus Luttrell's Diary.

FN 300 Monthly Mercuries of January and April 1693; Burnet, ii.
84. In the Burnet MS. Hail. 6584, is a warm eulogy on the Elector
of Bavaria. When the MS. was written he was allied with England
against France. In the History, which was prepared for
publication when he was allied with France against England, the
eulogy is omitted.

FN 301 "Nec pluribus impar."

FN 302 Memoires de Saint Simon; Dangeau; Racine's Letters, and
Narrative entitled Relation de ce qui s'est passe au Siege de
Namur; Monthly Mercury, May 1692.

FN 303 Memoires de Saint Simon; Racine to Boileau , May 21. 1692.

FN 304 Monthly Mercury for June; William to Heinsius May 26/ June
5 1692.

FN 305 William to Heinsius, May 26/June 5 1692.

FN 306 Monthly Mercuries of June and July 1692; London Gazettes
of June; Gazette de Paris; Memoires de Saint Simon; Journal de
Dangeau; William to Heinsius, May 30/June 9 June 2/12 June 11/21;
Vernon's Letters to Colt, printed in Tindal's History; Racine's
Narrative, and Letters to Boileau of June 15. and 24.

FN 307 Memoires de Saint Simon.

FN 308 London Gazette, May 30. 1692; Memoires de Saint Simon;
Journal de Dangeau; Boyer's History of William III.

FN 309 Memoires de Saint Simon; Voltaire, Siecle de Louis XIV.
Voltaire speaks with a contempt which is probably just of the
account of this affair in the Causes Celebres. See also the
Letters of Madame de Sevigne during the months of January and
February 1680. In several English lampoons Luxemburg is nicknamed
Aesop, from his deformity, and called a wizard, in allusion to
his dealings with La Voisin. In one Jacobite allegory he is the
necromancer Grandorsio. In Narcissus Luttrell's Diary for June
1692 he is called a conjuror. I have seen two or three English
caricatures of Luxemburg's figure.

FN 310 Memoires de Saint Simon; Memoires de Villars; Racine to
Boileau, May 21. 1692.

FN 311 Narcissus Luttrell, April 28. 1692.

FN 312 London Gazette Aug. 4. 8. 11. 1692; Gazette de Paris, Aug.
9. 16.; Voltaire, Siecle de Louis XIV.; Burnet, ii. 97; Memoires
de Berwick; Dykvelt's Letter to the States General dated August
4. 1692. See also the very interesting debate which took place in
the House of Commons on Nov. 21. 1692. An English translation of
Luxemburg's very elaborate and artful despatch will be found in
the Monthly Mercury for September 1692. The original has recently
been printed in the new edition of Dangeau. Lewis pronounced it
the best despatch that he had ever seen. The editor of the
Monthly Mercury maintains that it was manufactured at Paris. "To
think otherwise," he says, "is mere folly; as if Luxemburg could
be at so much leisure to write such a long letter, more like a
pedant than a general, or rather the monitor of a school, giving
an account to his master how the rest of the boys behaved
themselves." In the Monthly Mercury will be found also the French
official list of killed and wounded. Of all the accounts of the
battle that which seems to me the best is in the Memoirs of
Feuquieres. It is illustrated by a map. Feuquieres divides his
praise and blame very fairly between the generals. The traditions
of the English mess tables have been preserved by Sterne, who was
brought up at the knees of old soldiers of William. "'There was
Cutts's' continued the Corporal, clapping the forefinger of his
right hand upon the thumb of his left, and counting round his
hand; 'there was Cutts's, Mackay's Angus's, Graham's and Leven's,
all cut to pieces; and so had the English Lifeguards too, had it
not been for some regiments on the right, who marched up boldly
to their relief, and received the enemy's fire in their faces
before any one of their own platoons discharged a musket. They'll
go to heaven for it,' added Trim."

FN 313 Voltaire, Siecle de Louis XIV.

FN 314 Langhorne, the chief lay agent of the Jesuits in England,
always, as he owned to Tillotson, selected tools on this
principle. Burnet, i. 230.

FN 315 I have taken the history of Grandval's plot chiefly from
Grandval's own confession. I have not mentioned Madame de
Maintenon, because Grandval, in his confession, did not mention
her. The accusation brought against her rests solely on the
authority of Dumont. See also a True Account of the horrid
Conspiracy against the Life of His most Sacred Majesty William
III. 1692; Reflections upon the late horrid Conspiracy contrived
by some of the French Court to murder His Majesty in Flanders
1692: Burnet, ii. 92.; Vernon's letters from the camp to Colt,
published by Tindal; the London Gazette, Aug, 11. The Paris
Gazette contains not one word on the subject,--a most significant
silence.

FN 316 London Gazette, Oct. 20. 24. 1692.

FN 317 See his report in Burchett.

FN 318 London Gazette, July 28. 1692. See the resolutions of the
Council of War in Burchett. In a letter to Nottingham, dated July
10, Russell says, "Six weeks will near conclude what we call
summer." Lords Journals, Dec. 19. 1692.