The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol. 4

T >> Thomas Babington Macaulay >> The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol. 4

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"when Eve the fruit had tasted,
She to her husband hasted,
And chuck'd him on the chin-a.
Dear Bud, quoth she, come taste this fruit;
'Twill finly with your palate suit,
To eat it is no sin-a."

"As moody Job, in shirtless ease,
With collyflowers all o'er his face,
Did on the dunghill languish,
His spouse thus whispers in his ear,
Swear, husband, as you love me, swear,
'Twill ease you of your anguish."

"At first he had doubt, and therefore did pray
That heaven would instruct him in the right way,
Whether Jemmy or William he ought to obey,
Which nobody can deny,

"The pass at the Boyne determin'd that case;
And precept to Providence then did give place;
To change his opinion he thought no disgrace;
Which nobody can deny.

"But this with the Scripture can never agree,
As by Hosea the eighth and the fourth you may see;
'They have set up kings, but yet not by me,'
Which nobody can deny."

FN 62 The chief authority for this part of my history is the Life
of James, particularly the highly important and interesting
passage which begins at page 444. and ends at page 450. of the
second volume.

FN 63 Russell to William, May 10 1691, in Dalrymple's Appendix,
Part II. Book vii. See also the Memoirs of Sir John Leake.

FN 64 Commons' Journals, Mar. 21. 24. 1679; Grey's Debates;
Observator.

FN 65 London Gazette, July 21. 1690.

FN 66 Life of James, ii. 449.

FN 67 Shadwell's Volunteers.

FN 68 Story's Continuation; Proclamation of February 21. 1690/1;
the London Gazette of March 12.

FN 69 Story's Continuation.

FN 70 Story's Impartial History; London Gazette, Nov. 17. 1690.

FN 71 Story's Impartial History. The year 1684 had been
considered as a time of remarkable prosperity, and the revenue
from the Customs had been unusually large. But the receipt from
all the ports of Ireland, during the whole year, was only a
hundred and twenty-seven thousand pounds. See Clarendon's
Memoirs.

FN 72 Story's History and Continuation; London Gazettes of
September 29. 1690, and Jan. 8. and Mar. 12. 1690/1.

FN 73 See the Lords' Journals of March 2. and 4. 1692/3 and the
Commons' Journals of Dec. 16. 1693, and Jan. 29. 1695/4. The
story, bad enough at best, was told by the personal and political
enemies of the Lords justices with additions which the House of
Commons evidently considered as calumnious, and which I really
believe to have been so. See the Gallienus Redivivus. The
narrative which Colonel Robert Fitzgerald, a Privy Councillor and
an eyewitness delivered in writing to the House of Lords, under
the sanction of an oath, seems to me perfectly trustworthy. It is
strange that Story, though he mentions the murder of the
soldiers, says nothing about Gafney.

FN 74 Burnet, ii. 66.; Leslie's Answer to King.

FN 75 Macariae Excidium; Fumeron to Louvois Jan 31/Feb 10 1691.
It is to be observed that Kelly, the author of the Macariae
Excidium and Fumeron, the French intendant, are most
unexceptionable witnesses. They were both, at this time, within
the walls of Limerick. There is no reason to doubt the
impartiality of the Frenchman; and the Irishman was partial to
his own countrymen.

FN 76 Story's Impartial History and Continuation and the London
Gazettes of December, January, February, and March 1690/1.

FN 77 It is remarkable that Avaux, though a very shrewd judge of
men, greatly underrated Berwick. In a letter to Louvois, dated
Oct. 15/25. 1689, Avaux says: "Je ne puis m'empescher de vous
dire qu'il est brave de sa personne, a ce que l'on dit mais que
c'est un aussy mechant officie, qu'il en ayt, et qu'il n'a pas le
sens commun."

FN 78 Leslie's Answer to King, Macariae Excidium.

FN 79 Macariae Excidium.

FN 80 Macariae Excidium; Life of James, ii. 422.; Memoirs of
Berwick.

FN 81 Macariae Excidium.

FN 82 Life of James, ii. 422, 423.; Memoires de Berwick.

FN 83 Life of James, ii. 433- 457.; Story's Continuation.

FN 84 Life of James, ii. 438.; Light to the Blind; Fumeron to
Louvois, April 22/May 2 1691.

FN 85 Macariae Excidium; Memoires de Berwick; Life of James, ii.
451, 452.

FN 86 Macariae Excidium; Burnet, ii. 78.; Dangeau; The Mercurius
Reformatus, June 5. 1691.

FN 87 An exact journal of the victorious progress of their
Majesties' forces under the command of General Ginckle this
summer in Ireland, 1691; Story's Continuation; Mackay's Memoirs.

FN 88 London Gazette, June 18. 22. 1691; Story's Continuation;
Life of James, ii. 452. The author of the Life accuses the
Governor of treachery or cowardice.

FN 89 London Gazette, June 22. 25. July 2. 1691; Story's
Continuation; Exact Journal.

FN 90 Life of James, ii. 373. 376. 377

FN 91 Macariae Excidium. I may observe that this is one of the
many passages which lead me to believe the Latin text to be the
original. The Latin is: "Oppidum ad Salaminium amnis latus
recentibus ac sumptuosioribus aedificiis attollebatur; antiquius
et ipsa vetustate in cultius quod in Paphiis finibus exstructum
erat." The English version is: "The town on Salaminia side was
better built than that in Paphia." Surely there is in the Latin
the particularity which we might expect from a person who had
known Athlone before the war. The English version is contemptibly
bad, I need hardly say that the Paphian side is Connaught, and
the Salaminian side Leinster.

FN 92 I have consulted several contemporary maps of Athlone. One
will be found in Story's Continuation.

FN 93 Diary of the Siege of Athlone, by an Engineer of the Army,
a Witness of the Action, licensed July 11. 1691; Story's
Continuation; London Gazette, July 2. 1691; Fumeron to Louvois,
June 28/July 8. 1691. The account of this attack in the Life of
James, ii. 453., is an absurd romance. It does not appear to have
been taken from the King's original Memoirs.

FN 94 Macariae Excidium. Here again I think that I see clear
proof that the English version of this curious work is only a bad
translation from the Latin. The English merely says: "Lysander,"-
-Sarsfield,--"accused him, a few days before, in the general's
presence," without intimating what the accusation was. The Latin
original runs thus: "Acriter Lysander, paucos ante dies, coram
praefecto copiarum illi exprobraverat nescio quid, quod in aula
Syriaca in Cypriorum opprobrium effutivisse dicebatur." The
English translator has, by omitting the most important words, and
by using the aorist instead of the preterpluperfect tense, made
the whole passage unmeaning.

FN 95 Story's Continuation; Macariae Excidium; Daniel Macneal to
Sir Arthur Rawdon, June 28. 1691, in the Rawdon Papers.

FN 96 London Gazette, July 6. 1691; Story's Continuation;
Macariae Excidium; Light to the Blind.

FN 97 Macariae Excidium; Light to the Blind.

FN 98 Life of James, ii. 460.; Life of William, 1702.

FN 99 Story's Continuation; Mackay's Memoirs; Exact Journal;
Diary of the Siege of Athlone.

FN 100 Story's Continuation.; Macariae Excid.; Burnet, ii. 78,
79.; London Gaz. 6. 13. 1689; Fumeron to Louvois June 30/July 10
1690; Diary of the Siege of Athlone; Exact Account.

FN 101 Story's Continuation; Life of James, ii. 455. Fumeron to
Louvois June 30/July 10 1691; London Gazette, July 13.

FN 102 The story, as told by the enemies of Tyrconnel, will be
found in the Macariae Excidium, and in a letter written by Felix
O'Neill to the Countess of Antrim on the 10th of July 1691. The
letter was found on the corpse of Felix O'Neill after the battle
of Aghrim. It is printed in the Rawdon Papers. The other story is
told in Berwick's Memoirs and in the Light to the Blind.

FN 103 Macariae Excidium; Life of James, ii 456.; Light to the
Blind.

FN 104 Macariae Excidium.

FN 105 Story's Continuation.

FN 106 Burnet, ii. 79.; Story's Continuation.

FN 107 "They maintained their ground much longer than they had
been accustomed to do," says Burnet. "They behaved themselves
like men of another nation," says Story. "The Irish were never
known to fight with more resolution," says the London Gazette.

FN 108 Story's Continuation; London Gazette, July 20. 23. 1691;
Memoires de Berwick; Life of James, ii. 456.; Burnet, ii. 79.;
Macariae Excidium; Light to the Blind; Letter from the English
camp to Sir Arthur Rawdon, in the Rawdon Papers; History of
William the Third, 1702.

The narratives to which I have referred differ very widely from
each other. Nor can the difference be ascribed solely or chiefly
to partiality. For no two narratives differ more widely than that
which will be found in the Life of James, and that which will be
found in the memoirs of his son.

In consequence, I suppose, of the fall of Saint Ruth, and of the
absence of D'Usson, there is at the French War Office no despatch
containing a detailed account of the battle.

FN 109 Story's Continuation.

FN 110 Story's Continuation; Macariae Excidium; Life of James,
ii. 464.; London Gazette, July 30., Aug. 17. 1691; Light to the
Blind.

FN 111 Story's Continuation; Macariae Excidium; Life of James,
ii. 459; London Gazette, July 30., Aug. 3. 1691.

FN 112 He held this language in a letter to Louis XIV., dated the
5/15th of August. This letter, written in a hand which it is not
easy to decipher, is in the French War Office. Macariae Excidium;
Light to the Blind.

FN 113 Macariae Excidium; Life of James, ii. 461, 462.

FN 114 Macariae Excidium; Life of James, ii. 459. 462.; London
Gazette, Aug. 31 1691; Light to the Blind; D'Usson and Tesse to
Barbesieux, Aug. 13/23.

FN 115 Story's Continuation; D'Usson and Tesse to Barbesieux Aug.
169r. An unpublished letter from Nagle to Lord Merion of Auk. 15.
This letter is quoted by Mr. O'Callaghan in a note on Macariae
Excidium.

FN 116 Macariae Excidium; Story's Continuation.

FN 117 Story's Continuation; London Gazette, Sept. 28. 1691; Life
of James, ii. 463.; Diary of the Siege of Lymerick, 1692; Light
to the Blind. In the account of the siege which is among the
archives of the French War Office, it is said that the Irish
cavalry behaved worse than the infantry.

FN 118 Story's Continuation; Macariae Excidium; R. Douglas to Sir
A. Rawdon, Sept. 2S. 1691, in the Rawdon Papers; London Gazette,
October 8.; Diary of the Siege of Lymerick; Light to the Blind;
Account of the Siege of Limerick in the archives of the French
War Office.

The account of this affair in the Life of James, ii. 464.,
deserves to be noticed merely for its preeminent absurdity. The
writer tells us that seven hundred of the Irish held out some
time against a much larger force, and warmly praises their
heroism. He did not know, or did not choose to mention, one fact
which is essential to the right understanding of the story;
namely, that these seven hundred men were in a fort. That a
garrison should defend a fort during a few hours against superior
numbers is surely not strange. Forts are built because they can
be defended by few against many.

FN 119 Account of the Siege of Limerick in the archives of the
French War Office; Story's Continuation.

FN 120 D'Usson to Barbesieux, Oct. 4/14. 1691.

FN 121 Macariae Excidium.

FN 122 Story's Continuation; Diary of the Siege of Lymerick.

FN 123 London Gazette, Oct. S. 1691; Story's Continuation; Diary
of the Siege of Lymerick.

FN 124 Life of James, 464, 465.

FN 125 Story's Continuation.

FN 126 Story's Continuation; Diary of the Siege of Lymerick;
Burnet, ii. 81.; London Gazette, Oct. 12. 1691.

FN 127 Story's Continuation; Diary of the Siege of Lymerick;
London Gazette, Oct. 15. 1691.

FN 128 The articles of the civil treaty have often been
reprinted.

FN 129 Story's Continuation; Diary of the Siege of Lymerick.

FN 130 Story's Continuation; Diary of the Siege of Lymerick.

FN 131 Story's Continuation. His narrative is confirmed by the
testimony which an Irish Captain who was present has left us in
bad Latin. "Hic apud sacrum omnes advertizantur a capellanis ire
potius in Galliam."

FN 132 D'Usson and Tesse to Barbesieux, Oct. 17. 1691.

FN 133 That there was little sympathy between the Celts of Ulster
and those of the Southern Provinces is evident from the curious
memorial which the agent of Baldearg O'Donnel delivered to Avaux.

FN 134 Treasury Letter Book, June 19. 1696; Journals of the Irish
House of Commons Nov. 7. 1717.

FN 135 This I relate on Mr. O'Callaghan's authority. History of
the Irish Brigades Note 47.

FN 136 There is, Junius wrote eighty years after the capitulation
of Limerick, "a certain family in this country on which nature
seems to have entailed a hereditary baseness of disposition. As
far as their history has been known, the son has regularly
improved upon the vices of the father, and has taken care to
transmit them pure and undiminished into the bosom of his
successors." Elsewhere he says of the member for Middlesex, "He
has degraded even the name of Luttrell." He exclaims, in allusion
to the marriage of the Duke of Cumberland and Mrs. Horton who was
born a Luttrell: "Let Parliament look to it. A Luttrell shall
never succeed to the Crown of England." It is certain that very
few Englishmen can have sympathized with Junius's abhorrence of
the Luttrells, or can even have understood it. Why then did he
use expressions which to the great majority of his readers must
have been unintelligible? My answer is that Philip Francis was
born, and passed the first ten years of his life, within a walk
of Luttrellstown.

FN 137 Story's Continuation; London Gazette, Oct. 22. 1691;
D'Usson and Tesse to Lewis, Oct. 4/14., and to Barbesieux, Oct.
7/17.; Light to the Blind.

FN 138 Story's Continuation; London Gazette Jan. 4. 1691/2

FN 139 Story's Continuation; Macariae Excidium, and Mr.
O'Callaghan's note; London Gazette, Jan. 4. 1691/2.

FN 140 Some interesting facts relating to Wall, who was minister
of Ferdinand the Sixth and Charles the Third, will be found in
the letters of Sir Benjamin Keene and Lord Bristol, published in
Coxe's Memoirs of Spain.

FN 141 This is Swift's language, language held not once, but
repeatedly and at long intervals. In the Letter on the
Sacramental Test, written in 1708, he says: "If we (the clergy)
were under any real fear of the Papists in this kingdom, it would
be hard to think us so stupid as not to be equally apprehensive
with others, since we are likely to be the greater and more
immediate sufferers; but, on the contrary, we look upon them to
be altogether as inconsiderable as the women and children . . . .
The common people without leaders, without discipline, or natural
courage, being little better than hewers of wood and drawers of
water, are out of all capacity of doing any mischief, if they
were ever so well inclined." In the Drapier's Sixth Letter,
written in 1724, he says: "As to the people of this kingdom, they
consist either of Irish Papists, who are as inconsiderable, in
point of power, as the women and children, or of English
Protestants." Again, in the Presbyterian's Plea of Merit written
in 1731, he says

"The estates of Papists are very few, crumbling into small
parcels, and daily diminishing; their common people are sunk in
poverty, ignorance and cowardice, and of as little consequence as
women and children. Their nobility and gentry are at least one
half ruined, banished or converted. They all soundly feel the
smart of what they suffered in the last Irish war. Some of them
are already retired into foreign countries; others, as I am told,
intend to follow them; and the rest, I believe to a man, who
still possess any lands, are absolutely resolved never to hazard
them again for the sake of establishing their superstition."

I may observe that, to the best of my belief, Swift never, in any
thing that he wrote, used the word Irishman to denote a person of
Anglosaxon race born in Ireland. He no more considered himself as
an Irishman than an Englishman born at Calcutta considers himself
as a Hindoo.

FN 142 In 1749 Lucas was the idol of the democracy of his own
caste. It is curious to see what was thought of him by those who
were not of his own caste. One of the chief Pariah, Charles
O'Connor, wrote thus: "I am by no means interested, nor is any of
our unfortunate population, in this affair of Lucas. A true
patriot would not have betrayed such malice to such unfortunate
slaves as we." He adds, with too much truth, that those boasters
the Whigs wished to have liberty all to themselves.

FN 143 On this subject Johnson was the most liberal politician of
his time. "The Irish," he said with great warmth, "are in a most
unnatural state for we see there the minority prevailing over the
majority." I suspect that Alderman Beckford and Alderman
Sawbridge would have been far from sympathizing with him. Charles
O'Connor, whose unfavourable opinion of the Whig Lucas I have
quoted, pays, in the Preface to the Dissertations on Irish
History, a high compliment to the liberality of the Tory Johnson.

FN 144 London Gazette, Oct. 22. 1691.

FN 145 Burnet, ii. 78, 79.; Burchett's Memoirs of Transactions at
Sea; Journal of the English and Dutch fleet in a Letter from an
Officer on board the Lennox, at Torbay, licensed August 21. 1691.
The writer says: "We attribute our health, under God, to the
extraordinary care taken in the well ordering of our provisions,
both meat and drink."

FN 146 Lords' and Commons' Journals, Oct. 22. 1691.

FN 147 This appears from a letter written by Lowther, after he
became Lord Lonsdale, to his son. A copy of this letter is among
the Mackintosh MSS.

FN 148 See Commons' Journals, Dec. 3. 1691; and Grey's Debates.
It is to be regretted that the Report of the Commissioners of
Accounts has not been preserved. Lowther, in his letter to his
son, alludes to the badgering of this day with great bitterness.
"What man," he asks, "that hath bread to eat, can endure, after
having served with all the diligence and application mankind is
capable of, and after having given satisfaction to the King from
whom all officers of State derive their authoritie, after acting
rightly by all men, to be hated by men who do it to all people in
authoritie?"

FN 149 Commons' Journals, Dec. 12. 1691.

FN 150 Commons' Journals, Feb. 15. 1690/1; Baden to the States
General, Jan 26/Feb 5

FN 151 Stat. 3 W. & M. c. 2., Lords' Journals; Lords' Journals,
16 Nov. 1691; Commons' Journals, Dec. 1. 9. 5.

FN 152 The Irish Roman Catholics complained, and with but too
much reason, that, at a later period, the Treaty of Limerick was
violated; but those very complaints are admissions that the
Statute 3 W. & M. c. 2. was not a violation of the Treaty. Thus
the author of A Light to the Blind speaking of the first article,
says: "This article, in seven years after, was broken by a
Parliament in Ireland summoned by the Prince of Orange, wherein a
law was passed for banishing the Catholic bishops, dignitaries,
and regular clergy." Surely he never would have written thus, if
the article really had, only two months after it was signed, been
broken by the English Parliament. The Abbe Mac Geoghegan, too,
complains that the Treaty was violated some years after it was
made. But he does not pretend that it was violated by Stat. 3 W.
& M. c. 2.

FN 153 Stat. 21 Jac. 1. c. 3.

FN 154 See particularly Two Letters by a Barrister concerning the
East India Company (1676), and an Answer to the Two Letters
published in the same year. See also the judgment of Lord
Jeffreys concerning the Great Case of Monopolies. This judgment
was published in 1689, after the downfall of Jeffreys. It was
thought necessary to apologize in the preface for printing
anything that bore so odious a name. "To commend this argument,"
says the editor, "I'll not undertake because of the author. But
yet I may tell you what is told me, that it is worthy any
gentleman's perusal." The language of Jeffreys is most offensive,
sometimes scurrilous, sometimes basely adulatory; but his
reasoning as to the mere point of law is certainly able, if not
conclusive.

FN 155 Addison's Clarinda, in the week of which she kept a
journal, read nothing but Aurengzebe; Spectator, 323. She dreamed
that Mr. Froth lay at her feet, and called her Indamora. Her
friend Miss Kitty repeated, without book, the eight best lines of
the play; those, no doubt, which begin, "Trust on, and think to-
morrow will repay." There are not eight finer lines in Lucretius.

FN 156 A curious engraving of the India House of the seventeenth
century will be found in the Gentleman's Magazine for December
1784.

FN 157 See Davenant's Letter to Mulgrave.

FN 158 Answer to Two Letters concerning the East India Company,
1676.

FN 159 Anderson's Dictionary; G. White's Account of the Trade to
the East Indies, 1691; Treatise on the East India Trade by
Philopatris, 1681.

FN 160 Reasons for constituting a New East India Company in
London, 1681; Some Remarks upon the Present State of the East
India Company's Affairs, 1690.

FN 161 Evelyn, March 16. 1683

FN 162 See the State Trials.

FN 163 Pepys's Diary, April 2. and May 10 1669.

FN 164 Tench's Modest and Just Apology for the East India
Company, 1690.

FN 165 Some Remarks on the Present State of the East India
Company's Affairs, 1690; Hamilton's New Account of the East
Indies.

FN 166 White's Account of the East India Trade, 1691; Pierce
Butler's Tale, 1691.

FN 167 White's Account of the Trade to the East Indies, 1691;
Hamilton's New Account of the East Indies; Sir John Wyborne to
Pepys from Bombay, Jan. 7. 1688.

FN 168 London Gazette, Feb. 16/26 1684.

FN 169 Hamilton's New Account of the East Indies.

FN 170 Papillon was of course reproached with his inconsistency.
Among the pamphlets of that time is one entitled "A Treatise
concerning the East India Trade, wrote at the instance of Thomas
Papillon, Esquire, and in his House, and printed in the year
1680, and now reprinted for the better Satisfaction of himself
and others."

FN 171 Commons' Journals, June 8. 1689.

FN 172 Among the pamphlets in which Child is most fiercely
attacked are Some Remarks on the Present State of the East India
Company's Affairs, 1690; fierce Butler's Tale, 1691; and White's
Account of the Trade to the East Indies, 1691.

FN 173 Discourse concerning the East India Trade, showing it to
be unprofitable to the Kingdom, by Mr. Cary; pierce Butler's
Tale, representing the State of the Wool Case, or the East India
Case truly stated, 1691. Several petitions to the same effect
will be found in the Journals of the House of Commons.

FN 174 Reasons against establishing an East India Company with a
joint Stock, exclusive to all others, 1691.

FN 175 The engagement was printed, and has been several times
reprinted. As to Skinners' Hall, see Seymour's History of London,
1734

FN 176 London Gazette, May 11. 1691; White's Account of the East
India Trade.

FN 177 Commons' Journals, Oct. 28. 1691.

FN 178 Ibid. Oct. 29. 1691.

FN 179 Rowe, in the Biter, which was damned, and deserved to be
so, introduced an old gentleman haranguing his daughter thus:
"Thou hast been bred up like a virtuous and a sober maiden; and
wouldest thou take the part of a profane wretch who sold his
stock out of the Old East India Company?"

FN 180 Hop to the States General, Oct 30/Nov. 9 1691.

FN 181 Hop mentions the length and warmth of the debates; Nov.
12/22. 1691. See the Commons' Journals, Dec. 17. and 18.

FN 182 Commons' Journals, Feb 4. and 6. 1691.

FN 183 Ibid. Feb. 11. 1691.

FN 184 The history of this bill is to be collected from the bill
itself, which is among the Archives of the Upper House, from the
Journals of the two Houses during November and December 1690, and
January 1691; particularly from the Commons' Journals of December
11. and January 13. and 25., and the Lords' Journals of January
20. and 28. See also Grey's Debates.

FN 185 The letter, dated December 1. 1691, is in the Life of
James, ii. 477.

FN 186 Burnet, ii. 85.; and Burnet MS. Harl. 6584. See also a
memorial signed by Holmes, but consisting of intelligence
furnished by Ferguson, among the extracts from the Nairne Papers,
printed by Macpherson. It bears date October 1691. "The Prince of
Orange," says Holmes, "is mortally hated by the English. They see
very fairly that he hath no love for them; neither doth he
confide in them, but all in his Dutch. . . It's not doubted but
the Parliament will not be for foreigners to ride them with a
caveson."

FN 187 Evelyn's Diary, Jan. 24.; Hop to States General, Jan
22/Feb 1 1691; Bader to States General, Feb. 16/26

FN 188 The words of James are these; they were written in
November 1692:- Mes amis, l'annee passee, avoient dessein de me
rappeler par le Parlement. La maniere etoit concertee; et Milord
Churchill devoit proposer dans le Parlement de chasser tous les
etrangers tant des conseils et de l'armee que du royaume. Si le
Prince d'Orange avoit consenti a cette proposition ils l'auroient
eu entre leurs mains. S'il l'avoit refusee, il auroit fait
declarer le Parlement contre lui; et en meme temps Milord
Churchill devoir se declarer avec l'armee pour le Parlement; et
la flotte devoit faire de meme; et l'on devoit me rappeler. L'on
avoit deja commence d'agir dans ce projet; et on avoit gagne un
gros parti, quand quelques fideles sujets indiscrets, croyant me
servir, et s'imaginant que ce que Milord Churchill faisoit
n'etoit pas pour moi, mais pour la Princesse de Danemarck, eurent
l'imprudence de decouvrir le tout a Benthing, et detournerent
ainsi le coup."