Percy J. Brebner - "The Brown Mask"

Lydia Howard Sigourney - "Man of Uz, and Other Poems"

Dean S. Fansler - "Filipino Popular Tales"

Charles Darwin - "The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication"

Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

Encyclopedia of Needlework

T >> Therese de Dillmont >> Encyclopedia of Needlework




THE WINDER (fig. 778).--Every one who means to take the work seriously
should provide themselves with a winder, as here represented, which is
affixed to a polished wooden stand.

This stand has to be firmly screwed to the table and the bobbin is
squeezed in between the two little rods fitted into the supports at the
left end of the stand; one of these rods serves as the axle to the
little wheel, the other can be drawn in and out and fitted to the length
of the bobbin.

[Illustration: FIG. 778. THE WINDER (Jamnig's patent).]

When the bobbin is fixed in its place, you take the thread in the left
hand and wind it round it, turning the wheel with the right hand from
right to left in the direction indicated by the arrow.

The thread is wound round the handles of the bobbins that are used for
making very fine lace, and a wooden shield that is so contrived that you
can slip it over the handle prevents the thread from getting soiled.

[Illustration: FIG. 779. STOPPAGE OF THE THREAD AT THE END OF THE
BOBBIN.]

STOPPAGE OF THE THREAD AT THE END OF THE BOBBIN (fig. 779).--After
cutting off the thread, you make a loop close to the top of the bobbin
to prevent it from unwinding too easily. This loop is formed by taking
the bobbin in the right hand, the thread between the fourth and fifth
fingers of the left hand and laying it away from you round the left
thumb; then lifting up the bottom thread with the second finger of the
left hand you pass the bobbin upwards from below through the loop on the
left hand.

MACHINE FOR CROSSING THE THREADS (fig. 780).--This ingenious little
machine is of great assistance in making straight running patterns and
Irish lace braids, and is particularly useful for Russian lace and braid
lace of all kinds.

It renders the even crossing of the threads in those parts of a pattern
that imitate linen in texture comparatively easy.

Two implements like combs, fitting into one another, and movable, are
mounted at two thirds of their length on a steel axle. The long teeth
have holes bored through the ends, from the sides to the middle of the
points and through these holes the threads from the bobbins are passed.

[Illustration: FIG. 780. MACHINE FOR CROSSING THE THREADS (Jamnig's
patent).]

The short teeth also are pierced with transverse holes, through which a
needle with the threads threaded in the long teeth resting upon it, is
passed. The points of the short teeth are covered with a hollow metal
cylinder, split through from end to end, which can be removed when new
threads have to be added.

When the threads are all on, a small spring is fixed to the two ends of
the axle, which is independent of the machine, and the two ends of the
spring are introduced into the hollow of the cylinder.

By the pressure you exercise on the teeth in the cylinder, the long
teeth change their position, the lower ones rise and the upper ones fall
and the threads cross each other, as in a loom. After each movement of
the machine, the bobbin that makes the woof must be passed between the
crossed threads; the edges are made like those of any other kind of
lace.

Fig. 781 explains how the bobbins are passed between the threads that
are held between the teeth of the machine.

[Illustration: FIG. 781. PASSAGE OF THE BOBBINS THROUGH THE MACHINE.]

THE PATTERN.--The pattern is one of the most important things in
making pillow lace.

The outlines must be clear and exact, as upon that in great measure the
perfection of the lace depends.

The drawing transferred to parchment, paper or cardboard, usually of a
yellowish tint, should be lined with a very thin stuff such as muslin to
prevent its tearing.

[Illustration: FIG. 782. PRICKER AND HOLDER.]

A stripe of quadrille, or point paper as it is called, should be laid
upon the pattern and then holes pricked with a medium-sized needle at
every intersection of the lines.

All the curved long lines of the pattern must first be traced upon the
point paper with ink and then pricked.

The pattern should be adapted to the thickness of the thread the lace is
to be made of; for a coarse lace large point paper should be used and
small, for the finer kinds of lace. The pricking of the pattern
beforehand is particularly important in the case of the common torchon
lace, where the real beauty of the design consists in its regularity; in
the case of fine close patterns the pricking can only be done as you
proceed.

Prickers and holders of the kind represented in fig. 782 or very much
resembling it, are to be had at every stationer's shop.

[Illustration: FIG. 783. POSITION AND MOVEMENTS OF THE HANDS.]

The holes made by the prickers are to receive the pins, stuck in as you
go along, round which you form and by which these are kept in their
place.

The pins must be long, with round heads and of a size suited to the
thread. When your pattern is ready fasten it to the pillow or cylinder
as the case may be, stretching it as smoothly as possible and being
careful in so doing to fit the lines of the pattern together. If it be
too long it must be cut to the required length or you may make the
cylinder bigger by wrapping several folds of flannel round it.

The value of lace depends not only on the work but on the thread it is
made of; all the D.M.C cottons[A] can be recommended for lace-making and
coloured laces of all kinds are greatly improved by the addition of a
little Chine d'or D.M.C or Or fin D.M.C pour la broderie.[A]

POSITION AND MOVEMENTS OF THE HANDS (fig. 783).--Pillow lace is always
made with two pairs of bobbins at once and the "stitches" are formed by
the different ways of passing, plaiting, crossing and twisting the
threads.

To begin with the simplest operation, making a plait, hang 2 pairs of
bobbins to a pin, take 2 bobbins in each hand and lay the right bobbin
of each pair over its left fellow and draw up the threads slightly. Then
take the bobbins in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th fingers of the right hand and
with the same fingers of the left, lay the 2nd bobbin over the 3rd with
the 2nd and 3rd fingers of the left, so that the two middle bobbins are
crossed, then take the 4th bobbin in the 2nd and 3rd fingers of the
right hand and the bobbin that is now the 2nd, in the 3rd and 4th
fingers of the left hand and lay the former over the 3rd, the latter
over the 1st. This constitutes a "half passing".

The plait, fig. 784, is formed by the repetition of the half passing.
Two half passings make a whole or "double passing".

On the kind of lace you are making, depends how many pairs of bobbins
you will have to use. But as one part of the lace is often made before
the other, or you have to put on supernumerary bobbins, you fasten up
those not in use on one side with pins, as shown in fig. 783.

[Illustration: FIG. 784. PASSING WITH TWO PAIRS OF BOBBINS.]

NET PATTERN OR GROUND (figs. 785 and 786).--This consists of half
passings, worked in rows to and fro; the pins are stuck in at the end of
each row.

The pattern, fig. 785, is fastened upon the pillow and 6 pins are stuck
in at the top, at regular intervals from each other; hang one pair of
bobbins on every pin and lay the second bobbin of each pair over its
fellow, so that the threads cross each other.

[Illustration: FIG, 785. PATTERN FOR NET PASSINGS.]

1 half passing with the 1st and 2nd pair = lay the 1st pair aside = 1
half passing with the 2nd and 3rd pair = lay the 2nd pair aside = 1 half
passing with the 3rd and 4th pair = lay the 3rd pair aside = 1 half
passing with the 4th and 5th pair = lay the 4th pair aside = 1 half
passing with the 5th and 6th pair = stick in a pin at point 2, then work
back from right to left = surround the pin with a half passing made with
the 5th and 6th pair = lay the 6th pair aside = 1 half passing with the
5th and 4th pair = lay the 5th pair aside = 1 half passing with the 4th
and 3rd pairs = lay the 4th pair aside = 1 half passing with the 3rd and
2nd pair = lay the 3rd pair aside = 1 half passing with the 2nd and 1st
pair = stick in a pin at point 3 and repeat from the beginning.

Fig. 786 shows the net ground completed; the thread that runs to and
fro, to make it more clear, is represented in a darker shade than the
others.

Before proceeding further, it is as well to prepare our readers for the
many trials they will have to make, even with the help of the most
minute explanations, before they succeed in carrying out the directions;
for the whole art of making pillow lace lies in a manual dexterity, only
attainable by practice.

[Illustration: FIG. 786. NET GROUND. COMPLETED.]

Even copying the patterns from description is only possible at first in
a qualified sense; the surest way of attaining a satisfactory result is
by constantly comparing the drawing and the work in progress and
wherever the latter does not correspond with the former, trying at once
to rectify the difference.

LINEN OR CLOTH GROUND.--The pattern used for net passing can also be
used for linen passing or ground but 7 pins, instead of 6, have to be
stuck in at the top first. As in net passing, you work first from left
to right, running 2 threads to and fro in perfectly horizontal lines, so
as to produce a ground resembling linen in its texture.

The threads that run to and fro are held at the edge with pins and
changed by a half passing, so that the one that was first in going, is
first also in returning.

[Illustration: FIG. 787. PATTERN FOR PLAIN HOLE GROUND.]

[Illustration: FIG. 788. PLAIN HOLE GROUND.]

The use of the machine for crossing the threads is especially to be
recommended in working linen ground; by pressing the short branches of
the machine, the position of the threads is changed and the bobbin is
pushed through; by a second pressure the second bobbin is driven
through, the pin is stuck in for the picot or the cord, when the
bobbins are taken back again, four movements being thus all that is
required.

[Illustration: FIG. 789. WHEEL BEGUN IN HOLE GROUND.]

[Illustration: FIG. 790. WHEEL IN HOLE GROUND COMPLETED.]

PLAIN HOLE GROUND (figs. 787 and 788).--Hole ground can be worked in
various ways; we will begin by describing the plain hole ground, which
as a rule forms the ground of all torchon laces. After fixing the
pattern, as represented in fig. 787, upon the pillow, stick in 5 pins,
hang 2 pairs of bobbins on to each and throw the 2nd bobbin of each pair
over its fellow = 1 half passing with the 2nd and 3rd pairs = put up a
pin at point 1 = 1 half passing with the same pair = this encloses the
pin = lay the 3rd pair aside = 1 half passing with the 2nd and 1st pair
= put up a pin at point 2 = enclose it with the same pairs = 1 half
passing with the 5th and 4th pair = put up a pin at point 3 = enclose it
with the same pairs = lay the 5th pair aside = 1 half passing the 4th
and 3rd pair = put up the pin at point 4 = enclose the same = lay the
4th pair aside = work on in the same way over points 5 and 6 = 1 half
passing with the 6th and 7th pair = put up the pin at point 7 = enclose
the same = work on in the same way over points 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 = 1
half passing with the 8th and 9th pair = put up the pin at point 31 =
enclose the same = work on over points 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 = 1
half passing with the 9th and 10th pair = put up the pin at point 21 =
enclose the same and proceed as in the preceding rows, from point 22 to
29.

[Illustration: FIG. 791. PATTERN FOR ROSE GROUND.]

[Illustration: FIG. 792. ROSE GROUND.]

Hole ground with twisted thread is made in the same way we have just
been describing, only that after every half passing enclosing the pin,
each pair of bobbins is twisted once. A ground which is worked in this
way is stronger than the other. Twisted hole ground is seen again in
figs. 792 and 794.

WHEELS IN HOLE GROUND (figs. 789 and 790).--For the wheels, which are
often worked on pillow-made grounds, 4, 6, 8 pairs of bobbins, sometimes
even more are used (see likewise fig. 801).

In fig. 789, the wheel is worked with the 4 middle pairs of bobbins.
Each pair has first to be twisted once = 1 linen passing with the 3rd
and 2nd pair = lay aside the 3rd pair = 1 linen passing with the 2nd
and 4th pair = lay both pairs aside = 1 linen passing with the 4th and
3rd pair = lay aside the 4th pair = 1 linen passing with the 3rd and 2nd
pair = put up the pin at the next point and between the 2nd and 3rd pair
= 1 linen passing with the 3rd and 2nd pair = lay aside the 3rd pair = 1
linen passing with the 2nd and 1st pair = lay both pairs aside = 1 linen
passing with the 4th and 3rd pair = lay the 4th pair aside = 1 linen
passing with the 3rd and 2nd pair = the last passing completes the
wheel, such as it is represented in fig. 790.

Twist the pairs of bobbins again as you did before beginning the wheel
and then proceed with the plain ground.

ROSE GROUND (figs. 791 and 792).--After preparing the pattern, as in
fig. 791, put up pins at _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _e_, _f_, _g_, _h_ and _i_
and hang on 2 pairs of bobbins to the first pin, and one pair to each of
the other 8 = 1 half passing with the 1st and 2nd pair = twist each pair
once = take out the pin at point _a_ and put it up again at the same
point between the pairs = enclose the pin with 1 half passing = twist
the pair once = lay the 1st pair aside = 1 half passing with the 2nd and
3rd pair = twist the pair again = take out the pin at _b_, put it in
again at the same point between the pair = enclose the pin = twist the
pairs again = lay the 2nd pair aside = 1 half passing with the 3rd and
4th pair = twist the pair again = take out the needle at _c_ and put it
in again at the same point between the pairs = enclose the pin = twist
the pair again = 1 half passing with the 3rd and 2nd pair = twist the
pair again = put up a pin at point 1 = enclose the pin = twist the pair
again = 1 half passing with the 2nd and 1st pair = twist the pair again
= put up a pin at point 2 = enclose the pin = work point 2 and 1 with
the 3rd and 2nd pair = 1 half passing with the 4th and 5th pair = twist
the pairs again = take out the pin at _d_ and put it in again at the
same point between the pair = work point _e_ exactly like point _d_ with
the 5th and 6th pair = work point 4 like point 3 with the 4th and 5th
pair = work points 5, 6 and 7 in a slanting direction from right to left
= carry out point 8 with the 5th and 4th pair = lay both pairs aside =
work point 9 with the 3rd and 2nd pair = work point _f_ like point _e_
with the 6th and 7th pair = work point _g_ like point _f_ with the 7th
and 8th pair = then work points 10 to 15 with the 6th and 7th pair =
point 16 with the 7th and 6th pair = point 17 with the 5th and 4th pair
= point 18 with the 3rd and 2nd pair = point _h_ like point _g_ with the
8th and 9th pair = point _i_ with the 9th and 10th pair = points 19 to
26 with the 9th and 10th pair = point 27 with the 9th and 8th pair =
point 28 with the 7th and 6th pair = point 29 with the 5th and 4th pair
= point 30 with the 3rd and 2nd pair. Proceed in this manner until the
whole ground be finished.

[Illustration: FIG. 793. PATTERN FOR FIG. 794]

[Illustration: FIG. 794. DOUBLE OR ORNAMENTAL GROUND.]

DOUBLE OR ORNAMENTAL GROUND (figs. 793 and 794).--This ground should be
worked in a comparatively fine material; we should recommend Fil a
dentelle D.M.C Nos. 30 to 100. Put up pins at points _a_ and _g_ in the
pattern and hang on a pair of bobbins = put up pins likewise at _b_,
_c_, _d_, _e_ and _f_ and hang on a pair of bobbins to each = 1 half
passing with the 2nd and 3rd pair = take out the pin at point _b_ and
put it in again between the pair at the same place = enclose the pin
with a half passing = 1 half passing with the 2nd and 1st pair = put up
a pin at point 1 = enclose the pin = 1 half passing with the 4th and 5th
pair = take out the pin at point _l_ and put it in again between the
pairs at the same place = enclose the needle = 1 half passing with the
4th and 3rd pair = put up a pin at point 2 = enclose the needle = 1 half
passing with the 3rd and 2nd pair = put up a pin at point 3 = enclose
the needle = 1 half passing with the 3rd and 4th pair = 1 half passing
with the 2nd and 1st pair = put up a needle at point 4 = enclose the
needle = work point _d_ like point _c_ with the 6th and 7th pair = 1
half passing with the 6th and 5th pair = put up a pin at point 5 =
enclose the pin = work over point _e_ like point _d_ with the 7th and
8th pair = 1 half passing with the 7th and 6th pair = put up a pin at
point 6 = enclose the pin = 1 half passing with the 6th and 5th pair =
put up a pin at point 7 = enclose the pin = 1 half passing with the 6th
and 7th pair = lay the 2 pairs aside = 1 half passing with the 5th and
4th pair, by which the threads are made to cross each other in the
square = work over point _f_ as over point _e_ with the 10th and 11th
pair = work over points 17 to 19 as over points 5 to 7 = when the square
is finished 1 half passing with the 10th and 11th pair = half passings
between all the squares.

[Illustration: FIG. 795. TULLE GROUND.]

TULLE GROUND (fig. 795).--Prepare your pattern for the ground
represented here on a magnified scale, by pricking holes at regular
distances so as to form diagonal lines intersecting each other, as shown
in the engraving, and set more or less closely together, according to
the thickness of the thread you use.

1 half passing = put up the pin at the next point, twist both pairs
twice, but without enclosing the pin, and pass the inner left thread
over the inner left one = twist the two pairs again = cross as before
and so on.

VALENCIENNES GROUND (fig. 796).--The Valenciennes ground is formed of
little plaits for which 2 pairs of bobbins are used. These plaits are
often used in other kinds of lace as well, as may be seen for instance
in figs. 801, 802 and 806 which are not Valenciennes patterns.

[Illustration: FIG. 796. VALENCIENNES GROUND.]

[Illustration: FIG. 797. BRUSSELS GROUND.]

According to the size of the squares the plaits are made with either 4, 6
or 8 half passings, 2 pairs of bobbins being invariably used. The plaits
are joined by a half passing, made with the last pair of the left plait
and the first of the right = stick the pin into the hole = enclose the
pin by a half passing and work the next plait on the left with the two
left pairs and the next plait on the right with the two right pairs.

BRUSSELS GROUND (fig. 797).--For the sake of greater clearness, this
ground too has been worked and reproduced here on a magnified scale.

It is worked in diagonal lines, as follows: 1 double passing with 2
pairs of bobbins = put up a pin at the next point = enclose the pin with
a double passing, twist both pairs each time once and so on. This
ground, when it is worked by the hand in very fine thread, takes a long
time to do and is therefore often made by machinery.

[Illustration: FIG. 798. ETERNELLE WITH TWO ROWS OF HOLES.]

ETERNELLE WITH TWO ROWS OF HOLES (fig. 798).--The so-called
"eternelle" laces have no definite pattern; they can be made of any
width, in the form of insertions or edgings.

For a single row of holes, you want 6 pairs of bobbins; for two rows, 7;
for three, 9, adding two pairs of bobbins for every additional row of
holes. The upper part of fig. 798 shows how the points are distributed;
here 7 pairs of bobbins are used.

Put up a pin at the topmost point = hang on 2 pairs of bobbins = 1
double passing = take out the pin and put it in again between the two
pairs = tighten the pair = hang on 1 pair of bobbins again on the left =
1 double passing with the 1st pair of the bobbins you hung on first and
with the new pair = push the double passing close to the pin = twist the
first pair once and then lay it aside = 1 double passing with the 2nd
and 3rd pair that enclose the pin = hang on 2 pairs of bobbins in the
middle = 1 double passing with both pairs = lay the 5th pair aside = 1
double passing with the 4th and 3rd pair = lay the 4th pair aside = 1
double passing with the 2nd and 1st pair = twist the 1st pair once and
lay it aside = 1 double passing with the 2nd and 3rd pair that enclose
the pin = put up 1 pin at the 3rd lower point, hang on 2 pairs of
bobbins = 1 double passing with these bobbins = lay the 7th pair aside =
* 1 double passing with the 6th and 5th pair = lay the 6th pair aside =
1 double passing with the 5th and 4th pair = lay the 5th pair aside = 1
double passing with the 4th and 3rd pair = lay the 4th pair aside = 1
double passing with the 3rd and 2nd pair = put up a pin at the next
point = 1 double passing with the 2nd and 1st pair = twist the 1st pair
once = 1 double passing with the 2nd and 3rd pair, to enclose the pin =
lay the 3 first pairs aside = 1 double stitch with the 4th and 5th pair
= lay the last two pairs aside = 1 double passing with the 6th and 7th
pair = put up a pin at the next point = enclose the pin with the last
pairs = repeat from *.

[Illustration: FIG. 799. LACE WITH TORCHON GROUND AND EDGE IN NET
GROUND. MATERIALS: Fil a pointer D.M.C No. 30. Cordonnet 6 fils D.M.C
Nos. 20 to 100, or Fil a dentelle D.M.C Nos. 25 to 150, white or
ecru.[A]]

LACE WITH TORCHON GROUND AND EDGE IN NET GROUND (fig. 799).--Worked
with 10 pairs of bobbins.

Put up a pin at * = make net passings, fig. 786, to point 1 = put up a
pin at point 1 = enclose the pin with the two last pairs on the right =
net passings to point 2 = put up a pin at point 2 = lay one pair of
bobbins aside = net passings to point 3 = put up a pin at point 3 =
enclose the pin = net passings to point 4 = put up a pin at point 4 =
lay one pair of bobbins aside = net passings to point 5 = put up a pin
at point 5 = net passings, back to point 6 = put up a pin at point 6 =
take up the bobbins on the left again = 1 half passing with the 1st pair
on the left = put up a pin at point 7 = work the torchon ground, at the
top of the lace, as in fig. 788, with the 2nd and 3rd pair = 1 half
passing with the 3rd and 4th pair = put up a pin at point 8 = twist the
1st and 2nd pair = 1 double passing with the 1st and 2nd pair = put up a
pin at point 9 = 1 double passing with the 2nd and 3rd pair = lay the
2nd pair aside = make hole or torchon stitch, fig. 788, with the 3rd and
4th pair = put up a pin at point 10 = work on to point 11 in hole ground
= put up a pin at point 11 = cross the 1st and 2nd pair on the left =
put up a pin at point 12 = enclose the pin = lay 5 pairs of bobbins
aside on the left = take up 5 pairs on the right = put up a pin at point
13 = net passings with the 5 pairs on the right = take up, in addition,
the 6th pair on the left = hole ground with the 5th and 6th pair = put
up a pin at point 14 = net passings to point 15 with 5 pairs of bobbins
= put up a pin at point 15 = net passings with 6 pairs of bobbins = take
up a 7th pair of bobbins in addition = hole ground with the 6th and 7th
pair = put up a pin at point 16 = net passings with 6 pairs of bobbins =
put up a pin at point 17 = net passings with 6 pairs of bobbins = put up
a pin at point 18 and then repeat from the first point * on the left.

PILLOW LACE (figs. 800, 801, 802).--We here give as an example the
same pattern of lace worked in two thicknesses of thread; fig. 801 in
Cordonnet 6 fils D.M.C No. 25[A], fig. 802 in Fil a pointer D.M.C No.
30[A], which is of course much thicker. As this pattern is especially
suitable for trimming household articles, made of unbleached linen, such
for instance as table-covers, curtains and hangings of all kinds, we
prefer it made in the thicker thread; even then it looks very well as a
trimming for articles of dress.

It is worked with 40 pairs of bobbins = hang them on one after the other
in a row = put up a pin at point 1 = twisted linen passing = work all
the pairs to point 2 with linen passing = put up the pin at the last
pair = go back through 3 pairs with linen passing = twist 2 pairs once =
go back with linen passing through all the pairs to point 3 = twist each
pair separately = at point 4 twist the 2 pairs and put up the pin =
twist the last pair twice and so on and coming back to point 5 = put up
the pin = come back again to point 6 = return to point 7 = put up the
pins at the two points.

[Illustration: FIG. 800. PATTERN FOR THE PILLOW LACE FIGS. 801 AND 802.]

Divide the 30 other pairs into twos = put up a pin between every set of
two pairs = linen passing. The ground is all worked alike: twist the
pairs twice = linen passing = put up the pins = linen passing to points
6 and 7 = twist the threads in taking them through = make a plait, fig.
796, for the scallop point 8 = put up a pin at the point marked for the
picot = pass the thread of the outside bobbin from right to left, round
the pin, to form the picot = continue the plait to the next picot = put
up a pin = form the picot = continue the plait to point 9 = connect the
plait with the bobbins of points 9 and 7 = make 4 linen passings with 3
pairs = continue the plait = carry the last pair to point 10 = twist the
threads = make 1 linen passing = put up a pin and enclose it = go on in
this manner to point 12 = make the wheel, as in figs. 789 and 790, with
6 pairs of bobbins, hanging on 4 new pairs at point 12 = work with
twisted linen passing = twist the 4 pairs once and cross with linen
passing = take the last pair out from the middle to point 13, join it to
the first pair of the scallop = make all the wheels before continuing
the ground = then go back from point 13 to 14 = cross the pairs again =
at point 12 twist 4 pairs = 2 twisted linen passings right and left with
the bobbins of points 14 and 15 = 1 twisted linen passing = put up the
pins and work all the spiders alike.

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