On the Genesis of Species

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Scripture seems plainly to indicate this when it says that "God made man
from the dust of the earth, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of
life." This is a plain and direct statement that man's _body_ was _not_
created in the primary and absolute sense of the word, but was evolved from
pre-existing material (symbolized by the term "dust of the earth"), and was
therefore only _derivatively created_, i.e. by the operation of secondary
laws. His _soul_, on the other hand, was created in quite a different way,
not by any pre-existing means, external to God himself, but by the direct
action of the Almighty, symbolized by the term "breathing:" the very form
adopted by Christ, when conferring the _supernatural_ powers and graces of
the Christian dispensation, and a form still daily used in the rites and
ceremonies of the Church.

That the first man should have had this double origin agrees with what we
now experience. For supposing each human soul to be directly and
immediately created, yet each human body is evolved by the ordinary
operation of natural physical laws. [Page 283]

Professor Flower in his Introductory Lecture[306] (p. 20) to his course of
Hunterian Lectures for 1870 well observes: "Whatever man's place may be,
either _in_ or _out_ of nature, whatever hopes, or fears or feelings about
himself or his race he may have, we all of us admit that these are quite
uninfluenced by our knowledge of the fact that each individual man comes
into the world by the ordinary processes of generation, according to the
same laws which apply to the development of all organic beings whatever,
that every part of him which can come under the scrutiny of the anatomist
or naturalist, has been evolved according to these regular laws from a
simple minute ovum, indistinguishable to our senses from that of any of the
inferior animals. If this be so--if man is what he is, notwithstanding the
corporeal mode of origin of the individual man, so he will assuredly be
neither less nor more than man, whatever may be shown regarding the
corporeal origin of the whole race, whether this was from the dust of the
earth, or by the modification of some pre-existing animal form."

Man is indeed compound, in him two distinct orders of being impinge and
mingle; and with this an origin from two concurrent modes of action is
congruous, and might be expected _a priori_. At the same time as the "soul"
is "the form of the body," the former might be expected to modify the
latter into a structure of harmony and beauty standing alone in the organic
world of nature. Also that, with the full perfection and beauty of that
soul, attained by the concurrent action of "Nature" and "Grace," a
character would be formed like nothing else which is visible in this world,
and having a mode of action different, inasmuch as complementary to all
inferior modes of action.

Something of this is evident even to those who approach the subject from
the point of view of physical science only. Thus Mr. Wallace observes,[307]
that on his view man is to be placed "apart, as not only the head and {284}
culminating point of the grand series of organic nature, but as in some
degree _a new and distinct order of being_.[308] From those infinitely
remote ages when the first rudiments of organic life appeared upon the
earth, every plant and every animal has been subject to one great law of
physical change. As the earth has gone through its grand cycles of
geological, climatal, and organic progress, every form of life has been
subject to its irresistible action, and has been continually but
imperceptibly moulded into such new shapes as would preserve their harmony
with the ever-changing universe. No living thing could escape this law of
its being; none (except, perhaps, the simplest and most rudimentary
organisms) could remain unchanged and live amid the universal change around
it."

"At length, however, there came into existence a being in whom that subtle
force we term _mind_, became of greater importance than his mere bodily
structure. Though with a naked and unprotected body, _this_ gave him
clothing against the varying inclemencies of the seasons. Though unable to
compete with the deer in swiftness, or with the wild bull in strength,
_this_ gave him weapons with which to capture or overcome both. Though less
capable than most other animals of living on the herbs and the fruits that
unaided nature supplies, this wonderful faculty taught him to govern and
direct nature to his own benefit, and make her produce food for him when
and where he pleased. From the moment when the first skin was used as a
covering; when the first rude spear was formed to assist in the chase; when
fire was first used to cook his food; when the first seed was sown or shoot
planted, a grand revolution was effected in nature, a revolution which in
all the previous ages of the earth's history had had no parallel, for a
being had arisen who was no longer necessarily subject to change with the
changing universe, a being who was in some degree superior to nature,
inasmuch as he knew how to control and regulate her action, and could {285}
keep himself in harmony with her, not by a change in body, but by an
advance in mind."

"On this view of his special attributes, we may admit 'that he is indeed a
being apart.' Man has not only escaped 'Natural Selection' himself, but he
is actually able to take away some of that power from nature which before
his appearance she universally exercised. We can anticipate the time when
the earth will produce only cultivated plants and domestic animals; when
man's selection shall have supplanted 'Natural Selection;' and when the
ocean will be the only domain in which that power can be exerted."

Baden Powell[309] observes on this subject: "The relation of the animal man
to the intellectual, moral, and spiritual man, resembles that of a crystal
slumbering in its native quarry to the same crystal mounted in the
polarizing apparatus of the philosopher. The difference is not in physical
nature, but in investing that nature with a new and higher application. Its
continuity with the material world remains the same, but a new relation is
developed in it, and it claims kindred with ethereal matter and with
celestial light."

This well expresses the distinction between the merely physical and the
hyperphysical natures of man, and the subsumption of the former into the
latter which dominates it.

The same author in speaking of man's moral and spiritual nature says,[310]
"The assertion in its very nature and essence refers wholly to a DIFFERENT
ORDER OF THINGS, apart from and transcending any material ideas
whatsoever." Again[311] he adds, "In proportion as man's _moral_
superiority is held to consist in attributes _not_ of a _material_ or
corporeal kind or origin, it can signify little how his _physical_ nature
may have originated."

Now physical science, as such, has nothing to do with the soul of man which
is hyperphysical. That such an entity exists, that the correlated {286}
physical forces go through their Protean transformations, have their
persistent ebb and flow outside of the world of WILL and SELF-CONSCIOUS
MORAL BEING, are propositions the proofs of which have no place in this
work. This at least may however be confidently affirmed, that no reach of
physical science in any coming century will ever approach to a
demonstration that countless modes of being, as different from each other
as are the force of gravitation and conscious maternal love, may not
co-exist. Two such modes are made known to us by our natural faculties
only: the physical, which includes the first of these examples; the
hyperphysical, which embraces the other. For those who accept revelation, a
third and a distinct mode of being and of action is also made known,
namely, the direct and immediate or, in the sense here given to the term,
the supernatural. An analogous relationship runs through and connects all
these modes of being and of action. The higher mode in each case employs
and makes use of the lower, the action of which it occasionally suspends or
alters, as gravity is suspended by electro-magnetic action, or the living
energy of an organic being restrains the inter-actions of the chemical
affinities belonging to its various constituents.

Thus conscious will controls and directs the exercise of the vital
functions according to desire, and moral consciousness tends to control
desire in obedience to higher dictates.[312] The action of living {287}
organisms depends upon and subsumes the laws of inorganic matter. Similarly
the actions of animal life depend upon and subsume the laws of organic
matter. In the same way the actions of a self-conscious moral agent, such
as man, depend upon and subsume the laws of animal life. When a part or the
whole series of these natural actions is altered or suspended by the
intervention of action of a still higher order, we have then a "miracle."

In this way we find a perfect harmony in the double nature of man, his
rationality making use of and subsuming his animality; his soul arising
from direct and immediate creation, and his body being formed at first (as
now in each separate individual) by derivative or secondary creation,
through natural laws. By such secondary creation, _i.e._ by natural laws,
for the most part as yet unknown but controlled by "Natural Selection," all
the various kinds of animals and plants have been manifested on this
planet. That Divine action has concurred and concurs in these laws we know
by deductions from our primary intuitions; and physical science, if unable
to demonstrate such action, is at least as impotent to disprove it.
Disjoined from these deductions, the phenomena of the universe present an
aspect devoid of all that appeals to the loftiest aspirations of man, that
which stimulates his efforts after goodness, and presents consolations for
unavoidable shortcomings. Conjoined with these same deductions, all the
harmony of physical nature and the constancy of its laws are preserved
unimpaired, while the reason, the conscience, and the aesthetic instincts
are alike gratified. We have thus a true reconciliation of science and
religion, in which each gains and neither loses, one being complementary to
the other.

Some apology is due to the reader for certain observations and arguments
which have been here advanced, and which have little in the shape of
novelty to recommend them. But after all, novelty can hardly be predicated
of the views here criticised and opposed. Some of these seem almost a {288}
return to the "fortuitous concourse of atoms" of Democritus, and even the
very theory of "Natural Selection" itself--a "survival of the fittest"--was
in part thought out not hundreds but _thousands_ of years ago. Opponents of
Aristotle maintained that by the accidental occurrence of combinations,
organisms have been preserved and perpetuated such as final causes, did
they exist, would have brought about, disadvantageous combinations or
variations being speedily exterminated. "For when the very same
combinations happened to be produced which the law of final causes would
have called into being, those combinations which proved to be advantageous
to the organism were preserved; while those which were not advantageous
perished, and still perished like the minotaurs and sphinxes of
Empedocles."[313]

In conclusion, the Author ventures to hope that this treatise may not be
deemed useless, but have contributed, however slightly, towards clearing
the way for peace and conciliation and for a more ready perception, of the
harmony which exists between those deductions from our primary intuitions
before alluded to, and the teachings of physical science, as far, that is,
as concerns the evolution of organic forms--_the genesis of species_.

The aim has been to support the doctrine that these species have been
evolved by ordinary _natural laws_ (for the most part unknown) controlled
by the _subordinate_ action of "Natural Selection," and at the same time to
remind some that there is and can be absolutely nothing in physical science
which forbids them to regard those natural laws as acting with the Divine
concurrence and in obedience to a creative fiat originally imposed on the
primeval Cosmos, "in the beginning," by its Creator, its Upholder, and its
Lord.

{289}
* * * * *

INDEX.

A.
Aard-Vark, 174.
Absolute creation, 252.
Acanthometrae, 186.
Acrodont teeth, 148.
Acts formally moral, 195.
Acts materially moral, 195.
Adductor muscles, 79.
Agassiz, Professor, 271.
Aged, care of, 192.
Aggregational theory, 163.
Algoa Bay, cat of, 98.
Allantois, 82.
Amazons, butterflies of, 85.
Amazons, cholera in the, 192.
American butterflies, 29.
American maize, 100.
American monkeys, 226.
Amiurus, 147.
Amphibia, 109.
Analogical relations, 157.
Ancon sheep, 100, 103, 227.
Andrew Murray, Mr., 83.
Angora cats, 175.
Animal's sufferings, 260.
Ankle bones, 158.
Annelids undergoing fission, 169, 211.
Annulosa, eye of, 76.
Anoplotherium, 109.
Anteater, 83.
Antechinus, 82.
Antenna, of orchid, 56.
Anthropomorphism, 258.
Ape's sexual characters, 49.
Apostles' Creed, 245.
Appendages of lobster, 161.
Appendages of Normandy pigs, 99.
Appendages of turkey, 100.
Appendix, vermiform, 83.
Appreciation of Mr. Darwin, 10.
Apteryx, 7, 70.
Aqueous humour, 76.
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 17, 263, 265.
Archegosaurus, 135.
Archeopteryx, 73.
Arcturus, 193.
Argyll, Duke of, 14, 276.
Aristotle, 288.
Armadillo, extinct kind, 110.
Arthritis, rheumatic, 183.
Artiodactyle foot, 109.
Asa Gray, Dr., 253, 255, 261.
Asceticism, 193.
Ascidians, placental structure, 81.
Assumptions of Mr. Darwin, 16.
Astronomical objections, 136.
Auditory organ, 74.
Augustin, St., 17, 263, 264.
Aurelius, Marcus, 206.
Avian limb, 106.
Avicularia, 80.
Axolotl, 165.
Aye-Aye, 107.
Aylesbury ducks, 234.

B.
Backbone, 135, 162.
Bacon, Roger, 266.
Baleen, 40.
Bamboo insect, 33.
Bandicoot, 67.
Bartlett, Mr. A. D., 126, 234.
Bartlett, Mr. E., 192.
Basil, St., 17.
Bastian, Dr. H. Charlton, 115, 219, 237, 266.
Bat, wing of, 64.
Bates, Mr., 29, 85, 87.
[Page 290]
Bats, 108.
Beaks, 83.
Beasts, sufferings of, 260.
Beauty of shell-fish, 54.
Bee orchid, 55.
Bird, wings of, 64.
Birds compared with reptiles, 70.
Bird's-head processes, 80.
Birds of Paradise, 90.
Birth of individual and species, 2.
Bivalves, 79.
Black sheep, 122.
Black-shouldered peacock, 100.
Bladebone, 70.
Blood-vessels, 182.
Blyth, Mr., 100, 181.
Bones of skull, 153.
Bonnet, M., 217.
Borwick, Mr., 198.
"Boots" of pigeons, 181.
Breathing, modified power of, 99.
Breeding of lions, 234.
Brill, 37.
Broccoli, variety of, 100.
Bryozoa, 81.
Buchner, Dr., 273.
Budd, Dr. W., 183.
Buffon, 217.
Bull-dog's instinct, 260.
Burt, Prof. Wilder, 180, 184.
Butterflies, 29.
Butterflies, Amazonian, 85.
Butterflies, American, 29.
Butterflies of Indian region, 83.
Butterflies, tails of, 85.
Butterfly, Leaf, 31.

C.
Cacotus, 149.
Caecum, 83.
Calamaries, 77.
Cambrian deposits, 137.
Cape ant-eater, 174.
Care of aged, 192.
Carinate birds, 70.
Carnivora, 68.
Carnivorous dentition, 110.
Carp fishes, 146.
Carpal bones, 106, 178.
Carpenter, Dr., 115.
Carpus, 177, 178.
Cases of conscience, 201.
Cassowary, 70.
Catasetum, 56.
Causes of spread of Darwinism, 10.
Cebus, 226.
Celebes, butterflies of, 85.
Centetes, 148.
Centipede, 66, 159.
Cephalopoda, 74.
Ceroxylus laceratus, 36.
Cetacea, 42, 83, 105, 108, 174.
Chances against few individuals, 57.
Characinidae, 146.
Cheirogaleus, 158.
Chetahs, 234.
Chickens, mortality of hybrids, 124.
Chioglossa, 165.
Chiromys, 107.
Cholera, 192.
Choroid, 76.
Chronic rheumatism, 183.
Circumcision, 212.
Clarias, 146.
Climate, effects of, 98.
Climbing plants, 107.
Clock-thinking illustration, 249.
Cobra, 50.
Cockle, 79.
Cod, 39.
Colloidal matter, 266.
Conceptions, symbolic, 251.
Connecticut footsteps, 131.
Connecting links, supposed, 107.
Conscience, cases of, 201.
Conscientious Papuan, 197.
Cope, Professor, 71, 130.
Coracoid, of birds and reptiles, 70.
Cornea, 77.
Cornelius a Lapide, 265.
Correlation, laws of, 173.
Corti, fibres of, 53, 279.
Coryanthes, 56.
Costa, M., 88.
Cranial segments, 172.
Creation, 245, 252.
Creator, 15, 252.
Creed, Apostles', 245.
Crocodile, 43.
Croll, Mr., 137.
Crustacea, 79, 160.
Cryptacanthus, 146.
Crystalline matter, 266.
Crystals of snow, 186.
Cuttle-fishes, 74, 75.
Cuvier, 109.
Cyprinoids, 146.
Cytheridea, 79.
[Page 291]

D.
Dana, Professor, 149.
Darwin, Mr. Charles, 2, 10, 12, 14-21, 23, 27, 34, 35, 43, 45, 47, 48,
55-57, 59, 65, 88, 94, 98-100, 107, 118-126, 129, 138, 142, 145, 149,
150, 181, 188-190, 196, 208, 209, 214-216, 218, 223, 233, 234, 252,
254, 258, 259, 275, 276.
Datura tatula, 101.
Delhi, days at, 98.
Delpino, Signor, 212, 213, 215.
Democritus, 217, 275, 288.
Density of air for breathing, 99.
Dentition, carnivorous, 110.
Derivation, 238.
Derivative creation, 252, 282.
Design, 259.
Devotion, 193.
Dibranchiata, 74.
Difficulties of problem of specific origin, 1.
Digits, supernumerary, 122, 181.
Digits, turtle's, 106.
Dimorphodon, 71.
Dinornis, 70.
Dinosauria, 71.
Diseased pelvis, 182.
Dissemination of seeds, 65.
Doris, 170.
Dotheboys' Hall, 272.
Dragon, the flying, 64, 158.
Dragon-fly, 77.
Droughts, 25.
Duck-billed platypus, 175.
Dugong, 41, 175.
Duke of Argyll, 14, 276.
Dyspepsia, 201.

E.
Ear, 74.
Ear, formation of, 51.
Early specialization, 111.
Echinodermata, 44.
Echinoidea, 44.
Echinops, 148.
Echinorhinus, 172.
Echinus, 43.
Economy, Fuegian political, 192.
Eczema, 183.
Edentata, 174.
Egyptian monuments, 138.
Elasmobranchs, 140.
Elbow and knee affections, 183.
Empedocles, 288.
Eocene ungulata, 110.
Eolis, 170.
Equus, 97.
Ericulus, 148.
Ethics, 188.
Eudes Deslongchamps, 99.
Eurypterida, 141, 171.
Eutropius, 147.
Everett, Rev. R., 98.
Evolution requires geometrical increase of time, 139.
Eye, 76.
Eye, formation of, 51.
Eye of trilobites, 135.

F.
Fabre, M., 46.
Feather-legged breeds, 181.
Feejeans, 199.
Fertilization of orchids, 55.
"Fiat justitia, ruat coelum," 195.
Fibres of Corti, 53, 279.
Final misery, 194.
Finger of Potto, 105.
Fish, flying, 64.
Fishes, fresh-water, 145.
Fishes, thoracic and jugular, 39, 140.
Fixity of position of limbs, 39.
Flat-fishes, 37, 166.
Flexibility of bodily organization, degrees of, 119.
Flexibility of mind, 267.
Flies, horned, 93.
Flight of spiders, 65.
Flounder, 37.
Flower, Professor, 163, 232, 283.
Fly, orchid, 55.
Flying-dragon, 64, 158.
Flying fish, 64.
Foetal teeth of whales, 7.
Food, effects on pigs, 99.
Footsteps of Connecticut, 131.
Foraminifera, 186.
Formally moral acts, 195.
Formation of eye and ear, 51.
Forms, substantial, 186, 272.
Four-gilled Cephalopods, 76.
Fowls, white silk, 122.
French theatrical audience, 198.
Fresh-water fishes, 145.
Frogs, Chilian and European, 149.
Fuego, Terra del, 192.
[Page 292]

G.
Galago, 158.
Galaxias, 147.
Galeus vulgaris, 172.
Galton, Mr. F., 97, 113, 228.
Gascoyen, Mr., 182.
Gavials, 43.
Gegenbaur, Prof., 176-178.
Gemmules, 208.
Generative system, its sensitiveness, 235.
Genesis of morals, 201.
Geographical distribution, 144.
Geographical distribution explained by Natural Selection, 6.
Geometrical increments of time, 139.
Geotria, 147.
Giraffe, neck of, 24.
Gizzard-like stomach, 83.
Glacial epoch, 150.
Glyptodon, 110.
Godron, Dr., 101.
Goose, its inflexibility, 119.
Goeppert, Mr., 101.
Gould, Mr., 88.
Grasshopper, Great Shielded, 89.
Gray, Dr. Asa, 253, 255, 261.
Great Ant-eater, 83.
Great Salamander, 172.
Great Shielded Grasshopper, 89.
Greyhounds in Mexico, 99.
Greyhounds, time for evolution of, 138.
Guinea-fowl, 120.
Guinea-pig, 126.
Guenther, Dr., 145, 146, 172.

H.
Hairless Dogs, 174, 175.
Hamilton, Sir Wm., 267.
Harmony, musical, 54, 279.
Heart in birds and reptiles, 158.
Hegel, 217.
Heliconidae, 29.
Hell, 194.
Heptanchus, 172.
Herbert Spencer, Mr., 20, 28, 67, 72, 163-166, 168, 170-172, 184, 187,
202, 203, 205, 218, 228, 245, 246, 248, 251.
Hessian flies, 170.
Heterobranchus, 146.
Hewitt, Mr., 124, 181.
Hexanchus, 172.
Hipparion, 97, 134.
Homogeny, 158.
Homology, bilateral or lateral, 156, 164.
Homology, meaning of term, 7, 156.
Homology, serial, 159.
Homology, vertical, 165.
Homoplasy, 159.
Honey-suckers, 90.
Hood of cobra, 50.
Hook-billed ducks, 100.
Hooker, Dr., 150.
Horned flies, 93.
Horny plates, 40, 42.
Horny stomach, 83.
Human larynx, 54, 278.
Humphry, Professor, 163.
Hutton, Mr. R. Holt, 202, 203.
Huxley, Professor, 67-69, 71, 72, 95, 103, 109, 130, 131, 137, 141, 163,
172, 173, 231, 247, 273.
Hybrids, mortality of, 124.
Hydrocyonina, 146.
Hyperphysical action, 253.
Hyrax, 179.

I.
Ichthyopsida, 109.
Ichthyosaurus, 78, 106, 132, 177.
Ichthyosis, 183.
Iguanodon, 71.
Illegitimate symbolic conceptions, 251.
Illustration by clock-thinking, 249.
Imaginal disks, 46, 170.
Implacental mammals, 67, 68.
Independent origins, 152.
Indian butterfly, 30.
Indian region's butterflies, 83.
Indians and cholera, 192.
Individual, meaning of word, 2.
Infirm, care of, 192.
Influence, local, 83.
Insect, walking-leaf, 35.
Insects, walking-stick and bamboo, 33.
Insectivora, 68.
Insectivorous mammals, 148.
Insectivorous teeth, 68.
Instinct of bull-dog, 260.
Intermediate forms, 128.
Intuitions, primary, 251.
Irregularities in blood-vessels, 182.
Isaria felina, 115.
[Page 293]

J.
Japanned Peacock, 100.
Jews, 212.
Joints of backbone, 157, 162.
Jugular fishes, 39, 141.
Julia Pastrana, 174.

K.
Kallima inachis, 31.
Kallima paralekta, 31.
Kangaroo, 42, 67.
Kowalewsky, 81.
Knee and elbow affections, 183.
Koelliker, Professor, 104.

L.
Labyrinthici, 146.
Labyrinthodon, 104, 134.
Lamarck, 3.
Lankester, Mr. Ray, 152, 158.
Larynx of kangaroo, 42.
Larynx of man, 54, 278.
Lateral homology, 164.
Laws of correlation, 173.
Leaf butterfly, 31.
Legitimate symbolic conceptions, 251.
Lens, 76.
Lepidosteus, 172.
Lepra, 183.
Lewes, Mr. G. H., 94, 212, 214, 216.
Lewis, St., 206.
Lewis XV., 206.
Lewis XVI., 206.
Limb genesis, 176.
Limb muscles, 180.
Limbs, fixity of position of, 39.
Limbs of lobster, 161.
Links, supposed connecting, 107.
Lions, breeding, 234.
Lions, diseased pelvis, 182.
Llama, 109.
Local influences, 83.
Lobster, 160.
Long-tailed bird of Paradise, 91.
Lubbock, Sir John, 193, 204.
Lyell Sir, Charles, on dogs, 99, 106.

M.
Machairodus, 110.
Macrauchenia, 109.
Macropodidae, 69.
Macroscelides, 68.
Madagascar, 148, 152.
Magnificent Bird of Paradise, 93.
Maize, American, 100.
Mammals, 67.
Mammary gland of kangaroo, 42.
Mammary gland, origin of, 47.
Man, origin of, 277.
Man reveals God, 267.
Man, voice of, 54.
Manatee, 41, 175.
Manchamp breed of sheep, 100.
Manis, 175.
Man's larynx, 54.
Many simultaneous modifications, 57.
Marcus Aurelius, 206.
Martineau, Mr. James, 200, 245.
Mastacembelus, 145.
Materially moral acts, 195.
Matter, crystalline and colloidal, 266.
Meaning of word "individual," 2.
Meaning of word "species," 2.
Mechanical theory of spine, 164.
Mediterranean oyster, 88, 98.
Meehan, Mr., 88.
Mexico, dogs in, 99.
Mill, John Stuart, 15, 189, 193, 194.
Mimicry, 8, 29.
Miracle, 287.
Molars, 111.
Mole, 176.
Moliere, 230.
Mombas, cats at, 98.
Monkeys, American, 226.
Monster proboscis, 123.
Moral acts, 195.
Mordacia, 147.
Murphy, Mr. J. J., 52, 53, 76, 103, 114, 115, 137, 185, 221, 276, 281.
Murray, Mr. Andrew, 83.
Mus delicatulus, 82.
Muscles of limbs, 180.
Mussel, 79.
Myrmecophaga, 83.

N.
Nasalis, Semnopithecus, 139.
Nathusius, 99.
Natural Selection, shortly stated, 5.
Naudin, M. C., 101.
Nautilus, 76.
Nebular evolution, 273.
Neck of giraffe, 24.
Newman, the Rev. Dr., 260, 268, 270, 286.
[Page 294]
New Zealand crustacea, 149.
New Zealand fishes, 147.
Niata cattle, 100.
Nile fishes, 146.
Normandy pig, 99.
North American fish, 147
Nycticebus, 179.

O.
Object of book, 5.
Objections from astronomy, 136.
Octopods, 77.
Offensive remarks of Prof. Vogt, 13.
Old, care of the, 192.
Old Fuegian women, 192.
Omygena exigua, 115.
Ophiocephalus, 146.
Optic lobes of pterodactyls, 71.
Orchids, 92.
Orchids, Bee, &c., 55.
Organ of hearing, 74.
Organ of sight, 76.
Organic polarities, 185.
Origin of man, 277.
Orioles, 90.
Ornithoptera, 84.
Ornithorhynchus, 175.
Orthoceratidae, 170.
Orycteropus, 174.
Ostracods, 79.
Ostrich, 70.
Otoliths, 74.
Outlines of butterflies' wings, 86.
Owen, Professor, 74, 102, 123, 217, 238, 274.
Oyster of Mediterranean, 88, 98.
Oysters, 79.

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