The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume I (of 3)

S >> Sir James George Frazer >> The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume I (of 3)

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----, livers of, offered to the dead, 360 _sq._

Pines, Isle of, 325, 330, 337

Pirnmeheel, good spirit, 143

Place of sacrifice to ghosts, 370

Planting, sacrifices to ghosts at, 375

Platforms, dead laid on, 199, 203, 205

Plato, on death, 33

Pleiades, the, 368

Plum-tree people, 94

---- totem, dramatic ceremony connected with, 120, 121

Poison ordeal to detect sorcerers, 50 _sqq._

Political constitution of the Fijians, 407

Pollution, ceremonial, of gravediggers, 327

Polynesian blood, infusion of, in New Guinea, 291

---- race, 406

Polytheism and monotheism, 11

Polytheism discarded, 20 _sq._

Population, belief in sorcery a cause of keeping down the, 38, 40, 46
_sq._, 51 _sqq._

Port Lincoln tribe of S. Australia, 42

---- Moresby, 193, 195

Poso in Celebes, 72

Posts of new house, men sacrificed to support, 446 _sq._

Potsdam Harbour, in German New Guinea, 218, 227

Pottery, native, 220;
in New Guinea, 305

----, Fijian, 407

---- unknown in Northern Melanesia, 395

Practical character of the savage, 274

Prayer-posts, 333 _sq._

Prayers to the dead, 201 _sq._, 214, 222 _sq._, 259, 288, 307, 329
_sq._, 332 _sqq._, 340, 376 _sq._, 401, 403 _sq._, 427, 441;
to ghosts, 348

Precautions taken against ghosts, 152 _sq._, 258;
against a wife's ghost, 197;
against ghosts of the slain, 205 _sq._

Predominance of the worship of the dead, 297 _sq._

Prelogical savage, myth of the, 266

Pretence of attacking persons engaged in attending to a corpse, 177, 178

---- of avenging the dead, 136 _sq._, 282, 328
_See also_ Sham fight

Priest, family, 332, 340

----, chief or high, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434

---- or magician, 336, 338

Priests, Fijian, 433 _sqq._

Private or tame ghosts, 369 _sq._, 381, 382, 386

---- property, rights of, consolidated by taboo, 390

Problem of death, 31 _sqq._

Progress partly determined by competition, 89 _sq._

----, social, stimulated by favourable natural conditions, 148 _sq._

Promiscuity, temporary, 427 _sq._, 433, 434 _n._ 1, 436 _sq._

Property displayed beside the corpse, 397

----, rights of private, consolidated by taboo, 390;
temporarily suspended, 427 _sq._

Property of dead deposited in grave, 145 _sqq._, 359, 397;
motive for destroying, 147 _sq._;
hung up on trees, 148;
destroyed, 327, 459;
burnt, 401 _sq._

Prophecy inspired by ghosts, 388

Prophets inspired by ghosts, 388 _sq._

----, Hebrew, 14

Propitiation of the dead, 201, 307, 338;
of ghosts and spirits, 226, 239, 348

Puberty, initiation at, 254 _sq._;
bodily mutilations at, 303

Public ghosts, 367, 369

Purification of homicides, 206, 229

---- by bathing and shaving, 208

---- of mourners by bathing, 314, 319

Queensland, belief in reincarnation of the dead among the aborigines of,
127 _sqq._;
burial customs in, 147

Rain sent by a mythical water-snake, 112, 114;
prayers for, 288;
stones to make, 336 _sq._

---- and sunshine caused by a ghost, 375

---- -ghost, 375

---- -making, 288;
by the bones of the dead, 341

Rat in myth of the origin of death, 67

Rationality of the savage, 264 _sqq._

Rebirth of the dead, 93 _sq._, 107, 127 _sq._
_See also_ Reincarnation

---- of parents in their children, 315

Recovery of lost souls, 194, 270 _sq._, 300 _sq._

Red, skulls painted, 178

Red bark in poison ordeals, 50, 52

---- paint, manslayers smeared with, 448, 449

---- roses, corpse crowned with, 233, 234

Reflection or shadow, soul associated with, 207, 267

Refuse, personal, magic working by means of, 413 _sq._

Reincarnation, widespread belief in, 29.
_See also_ Rebirth

---- doctrine of, unknown in Torres Straits, 172

---- of the dead, belief of Central Australians in, 92 _sqq._, 107

---- of the dead, 124 _sq._, 127 _sq._;
of Australian aborigines in white people, 130, 131 _sqq._;
of parents in their children, 315;
of grandfather in grandchild, 417, 418

Relics of the dead as amulets, 332, 370;
preserved, 348

Religion, importance of the history of, 3;
embryology of, 88

Religion and magic compared in reference to their destruction of human
life, 57 _sq._;
combined in ritual, 111 _sq._, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 376

---- and theology, how related, 9

Resemblance of children to the dead, a source of belief in the
transmigration of souls, 28 _sq._

Restrictions observed by mourners, 313 _sq._;
ceremonial, laid on gravediggers, 327;
imposed on manslayers, 449

Resurrection, ceremony of, among the Akikuya, 254

---- from the dead after three days, 67 _sq._;
of the dead, steps taken to prevent the, 144;
as an initiatory rite at puberty, 254 _sq._, 261, 302, 431, 434 _sq._

Return of the ghosts, 195, 198, 246, 300

Revelation, the question of a supernatural, 8 _sq._

Revival, temporary, of primitive communism, 436 _sq._

Rheumatism attributed to sorcery, 45

Rhodesia, 77

Ribs of dead distributed among relatives, 400

Ridgeway, W., on the origin of Greek tragedy, 189

Rights of property temporarily suspended, 427 _sq._

Ritual combining elements of religion and magic, 111 _sq._

Rivalry between man and animals for gift of immortality, 74 _sq._

River crossed by souls of the dead, 299, 462

Rocking stone, 213

Roro-speaking tribes of British New Guinea, 47, 196, 198

Roth, W. E., 128

Run or Ron, island, 303, 311

Russia, burial custom in, 453

Saa, in Malanta, 350, 351, 372, 378

Sacrament of pork and water at initiation, 432 _sq._

Sacred stones in New Caledonia, magical virtues attributed to, 334
_sqq._

---- enclosure of stones (_Nanga_) in Fiji, 428 _sqq._, 437 _sq._

---- pigs, 433

Sacrifice, crude motives for, 298 _sq._;
place of, 332

---- of dogs in epidemics, 296;
of foreskins and fingers in honour of the dead, 426 _sq._

Sacrifices to the dead, economic loss entailed by, 149

---- to the dead, 239, 307, 338.
_See also_ Offerings

Sacrifices, burnt, reasons for, 348 _sq._;
burnt, to ghosts, 366, 367 _sq._, 373

---- to ghosts, 328; at planting, 375

----, human, to ghosts, 371 _sq._;
human, in Fiji, 446 _sq._

Sacrificial ritual in the Solomon Islands, 365 _sq._

Saddle Mountain in German New Guinea, 262

St. Joseph River in New Guinea, 196, 198

Sakalava, the, of Madagascar, 49;
burial custom of, 461

Saleijer, island of, burial custom in, 461

Samoa, 406

---- Harbour, in German New Guinea, 256

Samoan myth of the origin of death, 72

Samoyeds, burial custom of the, 457

Samu-yalo, the killer of souls, 465

San Cristoval, one of the Solomon Islands, 347, 376

Sanctuaries, primitive, 99

---- of ghosts, 377 _sq._

Sanctuary, grave of worshipful dead becomes a, 347

Sanitation based on fear of sorcery, 386 _sq._, 414

Santa Cruz Islands, 343

Santa Cruz, in the Solomon Islands, burial customs at, 352;
sacrifices to ghosts in, 374 _sq._

Savage, myth of the prelogical, 266

----, practical character of the, 274

----, rationality of the, 264 _sqq._

---- notions of causality, 19 _sq._;
conception of death, 31 _sqq._;
disbelief in death from natural causes, 33 _sqq._;
thought vague and inconsistent, 143

---- religion, the study of, 7

Savagery, importance of the study of, 6 _sq._;
a case of arrested or retarded development, 88 _sq._;
rise of monarchy essential to emergence from, 142

Savages pay little attention to the stars, 140;
strength and universality of belief in immortality among, 468

Savo, one of the Solomon Islands, 347

Scarf, soul caught in a, 412 _sq._

Scenery of Fiji, 409 _sq._

Schomburgk, Richard, 38

Schuermann, C. W., 42 _sq._

Scientific conception of the world as a system of impersonal forces, 20
_sq._

Scotland, burial custom in, 453, 458

Sea, land of the dead at the bottom of the, 307, 326

---- -burial, 397

---- -burial and land-burial, 347 _sq._

---- -ghosts and land-ghosts, 348

Seclusion of widow and widower, 204, 248 _sq._, 259, 275;
of relatives at grave, 209;
of mourners, 223 _sq._, 313 _sq._, 360;
of novices at circumcision, 251 _sq._, 260 _sq._, 302;
of manslayers, 279 _sq._;
of gravediggers, 327, 451;
of female mourners, 398

Seclusion and purification of manslayer, 229 _sq._

Second death of the dead, 195, 287, 299, 345, 350, 351, 354

Secret societies, 395

---- Society (_Asa_), 233

Seemann, Berthold, 439 _sq._

Seer describes ghosts, 204 _sq._

Seget Sele, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 317

Seligmann, Dr. C. G., 47, 191, 197, 206

Selwyn, Bishop, 363

Serpent and his cast skin in myths of the origin of death, 60, 69
_sqq._, 74 _sq._, 83

----, god in form of, 445, 462

Serpents, souls of the dead in the form of, 300

Setting sun, ghosts attracted to the, 175 _sq._

Sexual licence following initiation, 433, 434 _n._ 1, 436 _sq._

Shadow or reflection, human soul associated with, 129, 130, 173, 207,
267, 395, 412

Shadows of people seized by ghosts, 378, 383

Shaking of medium a symptom of inspiration, 308, 309, 311

Sham attack on men engaged in attending to a corpse, 177, 178

---- burial, 356

---- fight to appease ghost, 136 _sq._;
as a funeral ceremony, 235 _sq._, 327 _sq._;
as a ceremony to promote the growth of yams, 330.
_See also_ Pretence

Sharks animated by ghosts, 348

----, ghosts incarnate in, 373, 380;
images of, 373

Shaving heads of mourners, 208

Sheep in story of the origin of death, 64

Shell-money, 394;
laid on corpse and buried with it, 398

Shortlands Islands, 71

Shrine of warrior ghost, 365

Shrines for ancestral spirits, 316, 317

Siamese, burial custom of the, 456

Siasi Islands, 244

Sick and old buried alive in Fiji, 420 _sqq._

Sickness caused by demons, 194;
caused by ghosts, 56 _sq._, 195, 197, 222, 269 _sq._, 271, 279, 300,
305, 322, 372, 381 _sqq._, 389

---- supposed to be an effect of witchcraft, 35 _sqq._

Sickness and death set down to sorcery, 240, 257

---- and disease recognised by some savages as due to natural causes,
55 _sq._
_See also_ Disease

Sido, his journey to the land of the dead, 211 _sq._

Sins, confession of, 201

Skin cast as a means of renewing youth, 69 _sqq._, 74 _sq._, 83

Skull-shaped stones in rain-making, 336 _sq._

Skulls, spirits of the dead embodied in their, 338

---- and arm-bones, special treatment of the, 199 _sq._;
carried by dancers at funeral dance, 200

---- of the dead preserved, 199 _sqq._, 209, 249, 318, 328, 339, 347,
351 _sq._, 398, 400 _sq._, 403;
preserved and consulted as oracles, 176, 178 _sq._, 179;
used in divination, 213;
kept in men's clubhouses, 221, 225;
inserted in wooden images, 311 _sq._, 321;
religious ceremonies performed with the, 329 _sq._;
food offered to the, 339 _sq._, 352;
used to fertilise plantations, 340;
used in conjurations, 402

Sky, souls of the dead thought to be in the, 133 _sq._, 135, 138 _sq._,
141, 142

Slain, ghosts of the, especially dreaded, 205, 258, 279, 306, 323

Sleep, soul thought to quit body in, 257, 291, 395, 412

Smith, E. R., 53

Smyth, R. Brough, 43 _sq._

Snakes, ghosts in, 380

Sneezing, omens from, 194

Social progress stimulated by favourable natural conditions, 141 _sq._,
148 _sq._

---- ranks, gradation of, in Fiji, 408

Solomon Islands, 343, 346 _sqq._;
sacrificial ritual in the, 365 _sq._

Somosomo, one of the Fijian islands, 425, 441, 442

Sorcerers, their importance in history, 16

---- catch and detain souls, 267, 268 _sq._, 270

---- put to death, 35, 35 _sq._, 37 _sq._, 40 _sq._, 44, 50, 136, 250,
269, 277, 278 _sq._, 341 _sq._
_See also_ Magician

Sorcery as the supposed cause of natural deaths, 33 _sqq._, 136, 268,
270, 402;
sickness and death ascribed to, 257

---- a cause of keeping down the population, belief in, 38, 40, 46
_sq._, 51 _sqq._

---- Fijian dread of, 413 _sq._;
_See also_ Magic _and_ Witchcraft

Sores ascribed to action of ghosts, 257

_Soro_, atonement, 427

Soul, world-wide belief in survival of soul after death, 24, 25, 33

Soul of sleeper detained by enemy, 49;
human, associated with shadow or reflection, 173, 267, 395, 412;
pretence of carrying away the, 181 _sq._;
detained by demon, 194;
recovery of a lost, 194, 270 _sq._;
thought to quit body in sleep, 257, 291, 395, 412;
resides in the eye, 267;
thought to pervade the body, 267;
two kinds of human, 267 _sq._;
caught and detained by sorcerer, 267, 268 _sq._, 270;
long soul and short soul, 291 _sq._;
of offering consumed by deity or spirit, 297, 298;
thought to reside in the blood, 307;
Melanesian theory of the, 344 _sq._;
of sick tied up by ghost, 374;
North Melanesian theory of the, 395 _sq._;
in form of animals, 396;
Fijian theory of the, 410 _sqq._;
caught in a scarf, 412 _sq._;
of grandfather reborn in grandchild, 417;
of offerings consumed by gods, 443

---- -stuff or spiritual essence, 267 _sq._, 270, 271, 279.
_See also_ Spirit

Souls, recovery of lost, 300 _sq._;
River of the, 462;
the killer of, 464 _sq._

---- of animals, sacrifices to the, 239;
of animals offered to ghosts, 246

---- attributed by the Fijians to animals, vegetables, and inanimate
things, 410 _sq._

---- of the dead identified with spirits of nature, 130;
turned into animals, 229;
as falling stars, 229;
live in trees, 316

---- carried off by ghosts, 197, 383;
of sorcerers in animals, 39

---- of noblemen only saved, 33;
of those who died from home called back, 311

Spells or incantations, 385

Spencer and Gillen, 46 _sq._, 91 _sq._, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 116
_sqq._, 123 _sq._, 140, 148, 156, 157, 158

Spider and Death, 82 _sq._

Spirit, human, associated with the heart, 129;
associated with the shadow, 129, 130.
_See also_ Soul

Spirits, ancestral, help hunters and fishers, 226;
worshipped in the _Nanga_, 428 _sq._;
cloth and weapons offered to, 430 _sq._;
novices presented to, at initiation, 432 _sq._, 434

---- of animals go to the spirit land, 210

---- consume spiritual essence of sacrifices, 285, 287, 297, 298

---- of the dead thought to be strengthened by blood, 159;
reborn in women, 93 _sq._;
give information to the living, 240;
give good crops, 247 _sq._;
thought to be mischievous, 257

Spirits and ghosts, distinction between, in Central Melanesia, 343, 363

---- and gods, no certain demarcation between, 441

----, grand concert of, 340 _sq._;
represented by masked dancers, 297;
in tree-tops, 313

----, guardian, 227

---- of nature identified with souls of the dead, 130.
_See also_ Dead _and_ Ghost

Spiritual essence or soul-stuff, 267 _sq._, 279.
_See also_ Soul-stuff

Squatting posture of corpse in burial, 207

Stanbridge, W. E., 44

Stars associated with the souls of the dead, 134, 140;
little regarded by savages, 140;
falling, the souls of the dead, 229

Steinen, K. von den, 35

Sternberg, L., 15 _n._ 1

Stick, cleft, used in cure, 271

Stillborn children, burial of, 458

Stocks, wooden, as representatives of the dead, 374, 386

Stolz, Mr., 238, 239

Stomach, soul seated in, 291 _sq._

Stone, a rocking, 213

---- used in rain-making, 288

---- of Famine, 334

---- of the Sun, 336

Stonehenge, 438

Stones, sacred, in New Caledonia, magical virtues attributed to, 334
_sqq._;
sacred, in sanctuaries, 377 _sq._

---- used as altars, 379

Stones inhabited by ghosts, 383 _sq._

Store-houses, sacred, in Central Australia, 99, 101

Strangling the sick and aged in Fiji, 423 _sq._

_Sua_, human spirit or ghost, 193

Suicide to escape decrepitude of old age, 422 _sq._

Suicides, burial of, 164, 453, 458

Sulka, the, of New Britain, 398 _sq._

Sumatra, the Gajos of, 455

Sun and the origin of death, 77

----, ghosts attracted to the setting, 175 _sq._

----, Stone of the, 336

Sunshine, the making of, 336

---- and rain caused by a ghost, 375

Supernatural or spiritual power (_mana_) acquired from ghosts, 346
_sq._, 352, 371, 380

Superstition a crutch to morality, 175

Supreme Being unknown among aborigines of Central Australia, 91 _sq._;
among the Monumbo, 228

Survival of human soul after death, world-wide belief in, 24, 25, 33

Swallowed by monster, pretence that candidates at initiation are, 251
_sqq._, 260 _sq._, 290 _sq._, 301 _sq._

Swine sent to ravage fields by ghosts, 278

Symbolism of prayer-posts, 333 _sq._

Taboo, meaning of, 390;
in Central Melanesia based on a fear of ghosts, 390 _sq._;
a prop of monarchical power, 408

_Tabu_, demon, 194

Tago, spirits, 297

Tahiti, 439

Tamanachiers, an Indian tribe, 70 _sq._

Tami Islanders of German New Guinea, 291 _sqq._

Taming a ghost, 370

Tamos, the, of German New Guinea, 230

Tanna, one of the New Hebrides, 369, 439

Tanoa, king of Fiji, 425

Taplin, Rev. George, 43, 134 _sqq._

_Tapum_, guardian spirits, 227

Taro, prayer for good crop of, 289

Tasmanians, the, 89

Tattooing as sign of mourning, 314

Teeth of dead worn by relatives, 314 _sq._, 400, 404;
used as amulets, 332;
preserved as relics, 339;
used to fertilise plantations, 340

Temples (_paraks_) in Tumleo, 220 _sq._

----, Fijian, 439, 441 _sq._

Terer, a mythical being, 181

Thapauerlu, a pool, 105, 108

Theology, natural, defined, 1, 8

---- and religion, how related, 9

Thomson, Basil, 408, 414, 428 _n._ 1, 429 _n._ 1, 434 _n._ 1, 436

Threats of the dying, 273

Three days, resurrection after, 67 _sq._

Threshold, the dead carried out under the, 453, 457;
movable, 457

Thrush in story of the origin of death, 61 _sq._

Thunder the voice of a mythical being, 112, 114, 143

_Tindalo_, a powerful ghost, 346

Tinneh or Dene Indians, their ideas as to death, 39 _sq._

Tlaloc, Mexican rain-god, 163

Tlingit Indians, 163;
burial custom of the, 455

To Kambinana, 69

To Korvuvu, 69

Togoland, West Africa, 81

Toll exacted from ghosts, 224

Tollkeeper, ghostly, 224

Tonga, 406, 411

Tongans, their limited doctrine of immortality, 33

Torres Islands, 343, 353

---- Straits Islanders, their ideas as to sickness and death, 47;
their belief in immortality, 170 _sqq._;
their ethnological affinity and social culture, 170 _sqq._;
funeral ceremonies of the, 176 _sqq._

Totem, a dominant, 113;
design emblematic of, 168

Totemic ancestor developing into a god, 113;
ancestors, traditions concerning, 115 _sqq._

---- animals, imitation of, 177

---- clans, 104;
animals and plants eaten, 120 _sq._;
animals and plants dramatically represented by actors, 121 _sq._

Totemism, 95;
possibly developing into ancestor worship, 114 _sq._;
in Torres Straits, 172

Totems, dramatic ceremonies connected with, 119 _sqq._;
eaten, 120 _sqq._;
magical ceremonies for the multiplication of, 124 _sq._

Tracking a ghost, 277 _sq._

Traditions of the dead associated with conspicuous features of the
landscape, 115 _sqq._

Transmigration, widespread belief in, 29;
of dead into animals, 242, 245;
of souls, 322;
Fijian doctrine of, 467

Travancore, burial custom in, 456

Tree of immortality, 74

Tree-burial, 161, 166, 167, 199, 203;
of young children, 312 _sq._

---- -tops, spirits in, 313

Trees, property of dead hung up on, 148;
as monuments of the dead, 225;
huts built in, 263;
souls of the dead live in, 316

Tremearne, Major A. J. N., 28 _n._ 1

Truth of the belief in immortality, question of the, 469 _sqq._

Tsiabiloum, the land of the dead, 326

Tube inserted in grave, 277

Tubes, magical, 269, 270

Tubetube, island of, 206, 209, 210

Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 255

Tully River in Queensland, 130

Tulmeng, lord of the nether world, 286

Tumleo, island of, 218 _sqq._

Tumudurere, a mythical being, 207

Tumupasa, burial custom of the Indians of, 457

Turner, Dr. George, 325, 339, 369

Turrbal tribe, 146

Tuski of Alaska, burial custom of the, 456

Two Messengers, the, myth of the origin of death, 60 _sqq._

Uganda, first man in, 78;
dead kings of, worshipped, 151;
jawbones of dead kings of, preserved, 235;
war-god of, 366.
_See also_ Baganda

Unburied dead, ghosts of the, 349

Unfruitful wife, mode of impregnating, 417

Unkulunkulu, 60

Unmarried ghosts, hard fate of, 464

Umatjera tribe, 68, 166

Urabunna, the, of Central Australia, 95

Vagueness and inconsistency of savage thought, 143

_Vale tambu_, the Sacred House, 438

Vanigela River, 202, 203

Vanua Lava, mountain, 355

---- -levu, one of the Fijian Islands, 416, 417, 418, 426

Vate or Efat, one of the New Hebrides, 359, 376

Vengeance taken on enemies by means of a ghost, 258;
ghost calls for, 278, 310, 468

Vetter, Konrad, 242, 244, 245, 248, 255

Vicarious sacrifices of pigs for the sick, 372, 374, 375

Victoria, aborigines of, their ideas as to natural death, 40 _sq._, 42;
their beliefs as to the dead, 142;
their burial customs, 145, 145 _sq._;
cuttings for the dead among the, 154 _sq._

Views of human nature, two different, 469 _sqq._

Village of ghosts, 231 _sq._, 234

---- deserted after a death, 275

Viti Levu, one of the Fijian Islands, 419, 428, 435, 445

Vormann, Franz, 228 _sq._

Vuatom, island, 70

Wagawaga, in British New Guinea, 206 _sqq._

Wainimala in Fiji, 436

Wakelbura, the, 152

Wallace, Alfred Russel, on death, 85 _sq._

War, ancestral images taken to, 310, 315;
perpetual state of, 339

---- -god of Uganda, 366

Warramunga, the, of Central Australia, 94;
their totem the Wollunqua, 103 _sqq._, 108 _sqq._;
dramatic ceremonies connected with totems among the, 123 _sq._;
cuttings for the dead among the, 156 _sqq._;
burial customs of the, 167 _sq._

Warrior ghost, 363 _sq._

Warriors pray to ghosts, 288

Wars among savages undertaken to appease angry ghosts, 468

Wa-Sania, tribe of E. Africa, 66

Washing body a rain-charm, 375

Watch-an-die, tribe of W. Australia, 41

Watch at the grave, 293

---- of widow or widower on grave, 241

Water as a barrier against ghosts, 152;
poured as a rain-charm, 375 _sq._

---- great, to be crossed by ghosts, 224

---- -snake, great mythical (Wollunqua), 104 _sqq._, 108 _sqq._

Way to the land of the dead, 212 _sq._

Weakening of religious faith, 4

Weapons deposited with the dead, 145 _sqq._;
deposited at grave, 211;
of dead broken, 399

Weather regulated by ghosts and spirits, 384 _sq._

---- -doctors, 385 _sq._

Weaving in New Guinea, 305

Weismann, August, on death, 84 _sq._

Wemba, the, of Northern Rhodesia, 77

Western Australia, beliefs as to death among the natives of, 41 _sq._

Whale's teeth as offerings, 420, 421, 429, 443, 444

Whip of souls, 270

Whipping men in mourning, 452

White ants' nests, ghosts turn into, 351

---- clay smeared on mourners, 158, 177

---- men identified with the spirits of the dead, 342

---- people, souls of dead Australian aborigines thought to be reborn
in, 130, 131 _sqq._

Whitened with chalk, bodies of lads after circumcision, 302

Widow, mourning costume of, 184, 204;
seclusion of, 204;
killed to accompany the ghost of her husband, 249, 275;
drinks juices of putrefying corpse, 313

Widower exposed to attacks of his wife's ghost, 197;
costume of, 204;
seclusion of, 204, 248 _sq._, 259

Widows cut and burn their bodies in mourning, 176

Wigs worn by Fijians, 451

Wiimbaio tribe, 145

Wilkes, Charles, 424 _sq._

Williams, Thomas, 408, 412, 413, 452, 467

Williamson, R. W., 201

Wind, ghosts float down the, 176

Windessi, in Dutch New Guinea, burial customs at, 318 _sq._

_Wingara_, early mythical times, 116

Witchcraft, fear of, 244;
death ascribed to, 277, 402;
Fijian terror of, 413 _sq._;
benefits derived from, 414

Witchcraft or black magic in Central Melanesia, 386 _sq._

---- as a cause of death, 34 _sqq._
_See also_ Sorcery

Witchetty grub totem, dramatic ceremonies concerned with, 121 _sq._, 123

Wives of the dead killed, 399;
strangled or buried alive at their husbands' funerals in Fiji, 424
_sq._

Woibu, the land of the dead, 211

Wolgal tribe, 146

Wollunqua, mythical water-snake, totem of the Warramunga, 103 _sqq._,
108 _sqq._, 125;
ceremonies in honour of the, 108 _sqq._

Woman, old, in myths of the origin of death, 64, 71 _sq._

----, the Great, 464

Women thought not to have immortal spirits, 92;
cut and burn their bodies in mourning, 154 _sqq._, 196, 203;
excluded from circumcision ground, 291, 301;
dance at deaths, 293;
drink juices of putrefying corpse, 355;
not allowed to be present at sacrifices, 367;
whip men in mourning, 452;
burial of childless, 458;
the cause of death, 472

---- dying in childbed, special treatment of their ghosts, 358;
their ghosts specially feared, 212, 458 _sqq._

Wordsworth on immortality, 26 _n._ 1

Worship of ancestors, 221, 328 _sqq._, 338;
predominance of the, 297 _sq._;
possibly evolved from totemism, 114 _sq._
_See also_ Worship of the dead.

---- of ancestors in Central Australia, possible evolution of, 125
_sq._;
of ancestral spirits in the _Nanga_, 428 _sq._

---- of the dead, 23 _sqq._, 328 _sqq._, 338;
in part based on a theory of dreams, 27 _sq._;
elements of it widespread, 31;
in British New Guinea, 201 _sq._;
predominance of the, 297 _sq._

---- of the dead, incipient, in Australia, 149, 150, 168 _sq._

---- of the dead in Torres Straits, elements of a, 189;
among the Yabim, elements of a, 255