The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume I (of 3)

S >> Sir James George Frazer >> The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, Volume I (of 3)

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Ghosts and spirits, distinction between, in Central Melanesia, 343, 363;
regulate the weather, 384 _sq._

---- of women dying in childbed, special fear of, 458 _sqq._;
special treatment of, 358.
_See also_ Dead _and_ Spirits

Giant, mythical, thought to appear annually with the south-east monsoon,
255

Gifford, Lord, 2, 3

Girdle made from hair of dead, 138

Gnanji, the, of Central Australia, 92

Goat in story of the origin of death, 64

God, the question of his existence, 2;
defined, 9 _sq._;
knowledge of, how acquired, 11 _sqq._;
inferred as a cause, 22 _sq._;
and the origin of death, 61 _sqq._;
in form of serpent, 445, 462

Gods created by man in his own likeness, 19 _sq._;
of nature, 20;
human, 20, 23 _sqq._;
unknown among aborigines of Australia, 91;
often developed out of ghosts, 289 _sq._;
ancestors worshipped as, 340, 369;
ancestral, sacrifice of foreskins to, 427;
ancestral, libations to, 438;
two classes of, in Fiji, 440

---- and spirits, no certain demarcation between, 441

Goldie, Rev. Hugh, 52

Good crops given by ghosts, 247 _sq._

---- spirit, 143

---- and bad, different fate of the, after death, 354

Gran Chaco, in Argentina, 165

Grandfather, soul of, reborn in grandchild, 417;
his ghost dazed, 416

Grandfather and grandchild, their relation under exogamy and female
kinship, 416, 418

Grandidier, A., 49

Grass for graves, euphemism for human victims buried with the dead, 425
_sq._

---- -seed, magical ceremony for increasing, 102

Grave, food placed on, 144, 145;
property of dead deposited in, 145 _sqq._;
hut erected on, 203;
of worshipful dead a sanctuary, 347;
stones heaped on, 360;
sacrifices to ghost on, 382

Gravediggers, purification of, 314;
secluded, 327;
secluded and painted black, 451

Graves, huts built on, for use of ghosts, 150 _sq._;
under the houses, 274.
_See also_ Huts

Great Woman, the, 464

Greek tragedy, W. Ridgeway on the origin of, 189

Greeks, purificatory rites of ancient, 206

Greenlanders, burial custom of the, 454

Grey, Sir George, 41;
taken for an Australian aboriginal, 131 _sqq._

Grief, extravagant demonstrations of grief in mourning, their motives,
135 _sq._

---- at a death, extravagant demonstrations of, dictated by fear of the
ghost, 271 _sqq._

_Grihya-Sutras_, 163

Ground drawings in magical or religious ceremony, 112 _sq._

Groves, sacred, the dead buried in, 326

Guadalcanar, one of the Solomon Islands, 350, 372

Guardian spirits, 227

Guiana, Indians of, their ideas as to the cause of death, 35 _sqq._;
their offerings to the dead, 165

Gullet of pig sacrificed, 368

Gulu, king of heaven, 78

Gypsies, European, burial custom of, 455

Haddon, Dr. A. C., 171, 172 _sq._, 175, 176, 180

Hagen, Dr. B., 230, 231

Haida, burial custom of the, 455

Hair burnt as charm, 43;
cut in mourning, 135, 320, 451;
of widow unshorn, 184;
of dead child worn by mother, 315;
of gravediggers not cut, 327;
used as amulet, 332

---- of the dead, magical virtue attributed to, 137 _sq._;
worn by relatives, 249;
divination by means of, 319

---- of mourners offered to the dead, 183;
cut off, 183, 204

Hakea flower totem, dramatic ceremony concerned with, 119, 121

Hands, gravediggers and persons who have handled a corpse not to touch
food with their, 327, 450 _sq._

Hanged, ghosts of the, specially feared, 212

Hare in myth of the origin of death, 65

Harumae, a warrior ghost, 365 _sq._

Hasselt, J. L. van, 305

Hauri, a worshipful ghost, 372

Head-dress of gravediggers, 327

Head-hunters, 352

Head of corpse cut off in order to disable the ghost, 153;
removed and preserved, 178.
_See also_ Skulls

Heads of mourners shaved, 208

----, human, cut off in honour of the dead, 352

Heaps of stones on grave, 360

Heart supposed to be the seat of human spirit, 129

---- of pig sacrificed, 368

Heavenly Dog, 460

Hebrew prophets, 14

Hen in myth of the origin of death, 79

Highlands of Scotland, burial custom in the, 453, 458

Hindoos, burial custom of the, 453, 458

Historical method of treating natural theology, 2 _sq._

History of religion, its importance, 3

Hiyoyoa, the land of the dead, 207

Hole in the wall, dead carried out through a, 452 _sqq._

Holy of Holies, 430, 431, 433, 437, 438

Homer on blood-drinking ghosts, 159

Homicides, precautions taken by, against the ghosts of their victims,
205 _sq._;
purification of, 206;
honours bestowed on, in Fiji, 447 _sq._
_See also_ Manslayers

Homoeopathic magic, 288, 376

---- or imitative magic, 335, 336, 338

Honorary titles of homicides in Fiji, 447 _sq._

Hood Peninsula of British New Guinea, 47, 202, 203

Hos of Togoland, their myth of the origin of death, 81 _sqq._

Hose, Ch., and McDougall, W., quoted, 265 _n._, 417

Hottentots, their myth of the origin of death, 65;
burial custom of the, 454

House deserted after a death, 195, 196 _n._ 1, 248, 275, 349, 400;
deserted or destroyed after a death, 210;
dead buried in the, 236, 347, 352, 397, 398, 399;
dead carried out of, by special opening, 452 _sqq._

Houses, native, at Kalo, 202;
communal, 304

Howitt, Dr. A. W., 44 _sq._, 139, 141

Human gods, 20, 23 _sqq._

---- nature, two different views of, 469 _sqq._

---- sacrifices to ghosts, 371 _sq._;
in Fiji, 446 _sq._

Hume's analysis of cause, 18 _sq._

Hunt, Mr., his experience in Fiji, 423 _sq._

Hunters supposed to be helped by ghosts, 274, 284 _sq._

Huon Gulf, in German New Guinea, 242, 256

Hut built to represent mythical monster at initiation, 251, 290, 301
_sq._

Huts erected on graves for use of ghosts, 150 _sq._;
erected on graves, 203, 223, 248, 259, 275, 293, 294

Hypocritical lamentations at a death, 273

---- indignation of accomplice at a murder, 280 _sqq._

Idu, mountain of the dead, 193, 194 _sq._

Iguana in myth of origin of death, 70

Ilene, a worshipful ghost, 373

Ill-treatment of ghost who gives no help, 285

Illusion of the external world, 21

Images of the dead, wooden (_korwar_ or _karwar_), 307 _sqq._, 311, 315,
316 _sq._, 321, 322;
of sharks, 373;
in temples, 442

Imitation of totems by disguised actors, 119 _sqq._;
of totemic animals, 177

Imitative magic, 335, 336, 338, 376

Immortality, belief in, among the aborigines of Central Australia, 87
_sqq._;
among the islanders of Torres Straits, 170 _sqq._;
among the natives of British New Guinea, 190 _sqq._;
among the natives of German New Guinea, 216 _sqq._;
among the natives of Dutch New Guinea, 303 _sqq._;
among the natives of Southern Melanesia, 324 _sqq._;
among the natives of Central Melanesia, 343 _sqq._;
among the natives of Northern Melanesia, 393 _sqq._;
among the Fijians, 406 _sqq._;
strongly held by savages, 468

Immortality, limited sense of, 25;
origin of belief in, 25 _sqq._;
belief in human, almost universal among races of mankind, 33;
rivalry between men and animals for gift of, 74 _sq._;
question of the truth of the belief in, 469 _sqq._;
destruction of life and property entailed by the belief in, 468 _sq._

---- in a bundle, 77 _sq._

Impecunious ghosts, hard fate of, 406

Impurity, ceremonial, of manslayer, 229 _sq._

Im Thurn, Sir Everard F., 38 _sq._

Incantations or spells, 385

Inconsistencies and contradictions in reasoning not peculiar to savages,
111 _sq._

Inconsistency of savage thought, 143

Indians of Guiana, their ideas about death, 35 _sqq._;
their beliefs as to the dead, 165

---- of North-West America, burial custom of the, 455, 460

Indifference to death, 419;
a consequence of belief in immortality, 422 _sq._

Indo-European burial custom, 453

Infanticide as cause of diminished population, 40

Influence of European teaching on native beliefs, 142 _sq._

Initiation at puberty regarded as a process of death and resurrection,
254, 261

---- of young men, 233;
in Central Australia, 100;
among the Yabim, 250 _sqq._;
among the Bukaua, 260 _sq._;
among the Kai, 290 _sq._;
in Fiji, 429 _sqq._

Insanity, influence of, in history, 15 _sq._

---- and inspiration not clearly distinguished, 388

Insect in divination as to cause of death, 44, 46

Inspiration, theory of, 14 _sq._;
of medium by ancestral spirits, 308 _sqq._;
by spirits of the dead, 322;
by ghosts in Central Melanesia, 388 _sq._;
attested by frenzy, 443, 444 _sq._

---- and insanity not clearly distinguished, 388

Insufflations, magical, to heal the sick, 329

_Intichiuma_, magical ceremonies for the multiplication of totems, 122
_sq._

Intuition and experience, 11

Invocation of ghosts, 288 _sq._;
of the dead, 329 _sq._, 332 _sqq._, 377, 378, 401, 441

Island, dead buried in, 319

---- of the dead, fabulous, 175

Islands, ghosts live in, 350, 353

Isle of Pines, 325, 330, 337

Israelites forbidden to cut themselves for the dead, 154

Ivory Coast, 52

Jackson, John, quoted, 419 _sqq._, 447

Jappen or Jobi, island, 303

Jawbone of husband worn by widow, 204;
lower, of corpse preserved, 234 _sq._, 236, 274;
of dead king of Uganda preserved and consulted oracularly, 235

Jawbones of the dead preserved, 351 _sq._;
of dead worn by relatives, 404

Journey of ghosts to the land of the dead, 286 _sq._, 361 _sq._, 462
_sqq._

Juices of putrefaction received by mourners on their bodies, 167, 205,
403

---- of putrefying corpse drunk by widow, 313;
drunk by women, 355

Kachins of Burma, burial custom of the, 459

Kafirs, their beliefs as to the causes of death, 56

Kagoro, the, of Northern Nigeria, 28 _n._ 1, 49

Kai, the, of German New Guinea, 71, 262 _sqq._;
theory of the soul, 267

Kaikuzi, brother of Death, 80

Kaitish, the, 68, 158, 166

Kalo, in British New Guinea, 202 _sq._

_Kalou_, Fijian word for "god," 440

_Kalou vu_, "root gods," 440

_Kalou yalo_, "soul gods," 440

_Kami_, the souls of the dead, 297 _sq._

Kamilaroi tribe of New South Wales, 46, 155

_Kanaima_ (_kenaima_), 36, 38

_Kani_, name applied to ghosts, to bull-roarers, and to the monster who
is thought to swallow lads at circumcision, 301

Kaniet islands, 401

_Kava_ offered to ancestral spirits, 440

Kavirondo, burial custom of the, 458

Kaya-Kaya or Tugeri, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 255

Kayans, the, of Borneo, 417;
burial custom of, 456 _sq._, 459

Kemp Welch River, 202

_Keramo_, a fighting ghost, 370

Keysser, Ch., 262, 263 _sq._, 267, 269 _n._ 3

Kibu, the land of the dead, 175

Kibuka, war-god of Uganda, 366

Kidd, Dudley, 55

Kidney-fat, extraction of, 43

Killer of Souls, the, 465 _sq._

Killing a ghost, 415 _sq._

King, mourning for a, 451 _sq._

King's corpse not carried out through the door, 452, 461

Kings, divinity of, 16;
sanctity of Fijian, 407 _sq._

Kintu and the origin of death, 78 _sqq._

Kiwai, beliefs and customs concerning the dead in island of, 211 _sqq._

Koita or Koitapu, of British New Guinea, 193

Kolosh Indians, 163

Komars, the, 163

_Koroi_, honorary title of homicides in Fiji, 447 _sq._

_Korwar_, or _karwar_, wooden images of the dead, 307 _sqq._, 315, 316
_sq._, 321, 322

Koryak, burial custom of the, 455

Kosi and the origin of death, 76 _sq._

Knowledge, natural, how acquired, 11

---- of God, how acquired, 11 _sqq._;
of ghosts essential to medical practitioners in Melanesia, 384

Kulin, the, 138

Kurnai tribe of Victoria, 44, 138

Kweariburra tribe, 153

_Kwod_, sacred or ceremonial ground, 179

Lambert, Father, 325, 327, 328, 332, 339

Lamboam, the land of the dead, 260, 292, 299

Lamentations, hypocritical, at a death, 271 _sqq._, 280 _sqq._

Land burial and sea burial, 347 _sq._

---- cleared for cultivation, 238, 242 _sq._, 256, 262 _sq._, 304

---- ghosts and sea ghosts, 348

---- of the dead, 175 _sq._, 192, 193, 194 _sq._, 202, 203, 207, 209
_sq._, 211 _sqq._, 224, 228 _sq._, 244, 260, 286 _sq._, 292, 299, 305
_sq._, 307, 322, 326, 345, 350 _sq._, 353 _sq._, 404 _sqq._, 462
_sqq._;
journeys of the living to the, 207, 355;
way to the, 212 _sq._, 462 _sqq._

Landtman, Dr. G., 214

Lang, Andrew, 216 _sq._

Laos, burial custom in, 459

Leaf as badge of a ghost, 391

Leaves thrown on scene of murder, 415

Leg bones of the dead preserved, 221, 249

Legs of corpse broken in order to disable the ghost, 153

Lehner, Stefan, 256

Lepchis of Sikhim, burial custom of the, 455

Le Souef, A. A. C., 40 _sq._

Libations to ancestral gods, 430, 438

Licence, period of, following circumcision, 427 _sq._;
following initiation, 433, 434 _n._ 1, 436 _sq._

Licentious orgy following circumcision, 427 _sq._

Life in the other world like life in this, 286 _sq._

Lightning, savage theory of, 19

Lights, phosphorescent, thought to be ghosts, 198, 258

Lime, powdered, used to dust the trail of a ghost, 277 _sq._

_Lio'a_, a powerful ghost, 346

Liver extracted by magic, 50;
divination by, 54

Livers of pigs offered to the dead, 360 _sq._

Lizard in divination as to cause of death, 44;
in myths of the origin of death, 60 _sq._, 70, 74 _sq._

Lizards, ghosts in, 380

Local totem centres, 97, 99, 124

Long soul and short soul, 291 _sq._

Lost souls, recovery of, 270 _sq._, 300 _sq._

Luck, bad, in fishing and hunting, caused by ghosts, 197

Luck of a village dependent on ghosts, 198

_Lum_, men's clubhouse, 243, 250, 257

Mabuiag, island of, 174

Macassars, burial custom of the, 461

Macluer Gulf in Dutch New Guinea, 317, 318

Mad, stones to drive people, 335

Madagascar, ideas as to natural death in, 48 _sq._

Mafulu (Mambule), the, of British New Guinea, 198 _sqq._

Maggots, appearance of, sign of departure of soul, 292

Magic as a cause of death, 34 _sqq._;
Age of, 58;
attributed to aboriginal inhabitants of a country, 193;
homoeopathic or imitative, 288, 335, 336, 338, 376;
combined with religion, 111 _sq._, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 376;
Melanesian conception of, 380 _sq._;
working by means of personal refuse, 413 _sq._
_See also_ Sorcery _and_ Witchcraft

---- and religion compared in reference to their destruction of human
life, 56 _sq._

Magical ceremonies for increasing the food supply, 102;
ceremonies for the multiplication of totems, 124 _sq._;
intention of dramatic ceremonies in Central Australia, 122 _sq._, 126;
virtues attributed to sacred stones in New Caledonia, 334 _sqq._

Magician or priest, 336, 338.
_See also_ Sorcerer

Magicians, their importance in history, 16;
but no priests at Doreh, 306

Malagasy, their ideas as to natural death, 48 _sq._

Malanta, one of the Solomon Islands, 350

Malayalis, the, of Malabar, 162

Malignity of ghosts, 212, 381

Malo, island of, 48

Man creates gods in his own likeness, 19 _sq._

----, grandeur and dignity of, 469 _sq._;
pettiness and insignificance of, 470 _sq._

_Mana_, supernatural or spiritual power, 346 _sq._, 352, 371, 380

_Manoam_, evil spirits, 321

Manoga, a worshipful ghost, 368

Manslayers, precautions taken by, against the ghosts of their victims,
205 _sq._, 258, 279, 323;
secluded, 279 _sq._,
consecration of, 448 _sq._;
restrictions imposed on, 449.
_See also_ Homicides

_Mari_ or _mar_, ghost, 173

_Mariget_, "ghost-hand," 177

Mariner, William, 411

Mariners, stones to help, 337

Markets, native, 394

Marotse, burial custom of the, 454

Marquesas Islands, 417

Married and unmarried, different modes of disposing of their corpses,
162

Masai, their myth of the origin of death, 65 _sq._

Masked men, dramatic representation of ghosts and spirits by, 176, 179
_sq._, 180 _sqq._, 185 _sqq._

---- dances, 297;
of the Monumbo, 228

Masks worn by actors in sacred ceremonies, 179;
used in dances, 233, 297

Masquerades, 297

Massim, the, of British New Guinea, 206

Master of Life, 163

Matacos Indians, 165

Mate, a worshipful spirit, 239

Material culture of the natives of New Guinea, 191;
of the natives of Tumleo, 219 _sq._;
of Papuans, 231;
of the Yabim, 242 _sq._;
of the Noofoor, 304 _sq._;
of the New Caledonians, 339;
of the North Melanesians, 393 _sqq._

Mawatta or Mowat, 47

_Mbete_, priest, 443, 445

Mea, a spiritual medium, 196

Mecklenburg, burial custom in, 457

Medicine-men, their importance in history, 16;
inspired by spirits of the dead, 322

Medium inspired by soul of dead, 308 _sq._

Mediums, spiritual, 196

Mediums who send their souls to deadland, 300

Megalithic monuments, 438

Melanesia, Central, belief in immortality among the natives of, 343
_sqq._

----, Northern, belief in immortality among the natives of, 393 _sqq._

----, Southern, belief in immortality among the natives of, 324 _sqq._

Melanesian myths of the origin of death, 69, 71 _sq._, 83 _sq._;
theory of the soul, 344 _sq._

Melanesians, their ideas as to natural deaths, 48, 54 _sq._;
Central, funeral customs of the, 347 _sqq._, 355 _sqq._;
and Papuans in New Guinea, 190 _sq._

Memorial trees, 225

Men sacrificed to support posts of new house, 446 _sq._;
whipped by women in mourning, 452

Men's clubhouses, 221, 225, 226, 243, 256 _sq._, 355

Mentras or Mantras of the Malay Peninsula, 73

Merivale on Dartmoor, 438

Messengers, the Two, myth of origin of death, 60 _sqq._

Messou, Indian magician, 78

Metals unknown in Northern Melanesia, 395

Metempsychosis, widespread belief in, 29

Methods of treating natural theology, 1 _sqq._

---- of natural knowledge, 11

Mexicans, the ancient, 163

Meyer, H. E. A., 42

Migration of villages, 339

Migratory cultivation, 243

Miklucho-Maclay, Baron N., 235

Milky Way, Central Australian belief as to the, 140;
souls of dead go to, 153

Milne Bay, 207

Mimika district in Dutch New Guinea, 318

Minnetaree Indians, 163

Misfortunes of all kinds caused by ghosts, 306 _sq._

Moanus, the, of the Admiralty Islands, 400

Monarchical government, rise of, 141 _sq._

Monsoon, south-east, festival at, 255

Monsoons, seasons determined by, 216

Monster supposed to swallow lads at initiation, 251 _sq._, 255, 260,
261, 290 _sq._, 301 _sq._

Monumbo, the, of German New Guinea, 227 _sq._

Monuments of the dead, 225

Moon, the waxing and waning, in myths of the origin of death, 60, 65
_sqq._

---- in relation to doctrine of resurrection, 67 _sq._;
worship of the, 68

Moral restraint afforded by a fear of ghosts, 175

---- depravity of the Fijians, 409

Morality, superstition a crutch to, 175

Mortuary dramas, 189

_Mos_, a disembodied soul, 224

Mota, island of, 387

Motlav, in the Banks' Islands, 357

Motu, the, of British New Guinea, 192

Mound erected in a totemic ceremony, 110 _sq._

Mounds on graves, 150, 164

Mourners, professional, 136

---- smeared with white clay, 158, 177;
painted black, 178, 293, 403;
garb of, 184, 198;
cut their hair, 183, 204, 320, 451;
abstain from certain foods, 198, 208, 209, 230, 314, 360, 452;
restrictions observed by, 313 _sq._;
tattooed, 314;
purified by bathing, 314, 319;
plastered with mud, 318;
cut or tear their ears, 183, 272, 327;
secluded, 360;
smeared with ashes, 361;
anoint themselves with juices of putrefying corpse, 403;
amputate their fingers, 199, 451;
burn their skin, 154, 155, 157, 327, 451.
_See also_ Cuttings _and_ Seclusion

Mourning, hair cut in, 135;
extravagant demonstrations of grief in, 135 _sq._;
for a father-in-law, 155;
amputation of fingers in, 199;
varying period of, 274, 293;
for a king, 451 _sq._

---- costume, 249, 274, 320;
a protection against ghosts, 241 _sq._;
of widower and widow, 259 _sq._

Mowat or Mawatta, 47

Mud, mourners plastered with, 318

Mukden, burial custom in, 460

Mukjarawaint tribe, 155

Mummies of dead preserved in houses, 188

Mummification of the dead, 184, 185, 313

_Mungai_, places associated with totems, 117, 124

Murder, leaves thrown on scene of, 415

---- highly esteemed in Fiji, 447 _sq._

Murdered man, ghost of, haunts murderer, 248

Murimuria, a second-rate heaven, 466

Murray Island, 174

Mutilations, bodily, at puberty, 303

Myth of the prelogical savage, 266

---- of the continuance of death, 472

Myths of the origin of death, 59 _sqq._

_Nai_, souls of the dead, 240

Nai Thombothombo, in Fiji, 463

Nails of dead detached, 145;
preserved, 339

Naindelinde in Fiji, 465

Naiteru-kop, a Masai god, 65

Namaquas, their myth of the origin of death, 65

Nambanaggatai, in Fiji, 465

Nambi and the origin of death, 78 _sqq._

Name of mythical water-snake not uttered, 105

Names of the dead not mentioned, 135, 210, 246

Nandi, their myth of the origin of death, 66

_Nanga_, sacred stone enclosure, 428 _sqq._;
description of, 437 _sq._

Nangganangga, the foe of unmarried ghosts, 464

_Nanja_ tree or stone, 98

---- spot, 164, 165

Narrinyeri tribe of South Australia, 43;
their beliefs as to the dead, 134 _sqq._

Nassau, Rev. R. H., 51

Native beliefs influenced by European teaching, 142 _sq._

Natural theology defined, 1, 8

---- death, disbelief of savages in, 33 _sqq._

---- causes of death recognised by some savages, 55 _sq._

---- features of landscape associated with traditions about the dead,
115 _sqq._

Nature, gods of, 20;
souls of the dead identified with spirits of, 130;
two different views of human, 469 _sqq._

Nayars, the, of Cochin, 162 _sq._

Ndengei, Fijian god in form of serpent, 445, 462, 464, 465, 466

Necklaces worn in mourning, 198

Negen Negorijen in Dutch New Guinea, 316, 317

Negrito admixture in New Guinea, 198

Nemunemu, a creator, 240

Nether world, the lord of the, 286;
abode of the dead in the, 292, 299, 322, 326, 353 _sq._;
descent of the living into the, 300;
_See also_ Land of the Dead

Nets worn by widows in mourning, 249, 260, 274, 293;
worn by women in mourning, 241

New birth at initiation, pretence of, 254

New Britain (New Pomerania), 48, 69, 393, 394, 402, 404

---- Caledonia, natives of, 324;
their beliefs and customs concerning the dead, 325 _sqq._;
their system of family prayers, 332 _sq._, 340;
material culture of the, 339

---- Georgia, 48

---- Guinea, aborigines of, their ideas as to natural death, 47;
the races of, 190 _sq._;
belief in immortality among the natives of British, 190 _sqq._;
belief in immortality among the natives of Dutch, 303 _sqq._;
belief in immortality among the natives of German, 216 _sqq._

New Hebrides, myth of the origin of death in, 71, 343, 353

---- Ireland (New Mecklenburg), 393, 397

---- South Wales, aborigines of, their ideas as to the causes of death,
45 _sq._;
as to the home of the dead, 133 _sq._

Newton, Alfred, 90 _n._ 1

Neyaux, the, of the Ivory Coast, 52

_Ngai_, human spirit, 129

Ngoc, the, of Annam, 69

Ngoni, the, 61

Nias, island of, 70

Nigeria, Northern, 28 _n._ 1, 49

Niggardly people punished in the other world, 405

Noblemen alone immortal, 33

Noofoor, the, of Dutch New Guinea, 303

Noomfor, island, 303

Norse burial custom, 453

Noses bored, ghosts should have their, 192, 194 _sq._

Novices presented to ancestral spirits at initiation, 432 _sq._, 434

Nukahiva, one of the Marquesas Islands, 417

Objects offered to the dead broken, 276

Offering, soul of, consumed by deity or spirit, 297, 298

Offerings of food and water to the dead, 174;
of food to the dead, 183, 201, 208, 211, 214, 232, 241, 332, 338,
364 _sq._, 367 _sq._, 372 _sq._, 396 _sq._, 429, 442, 467;
of blood and hair to the dead, 183;
of game and fish to the dead, 226;
to the dead, 239, 276, 292;
of first-fruits to the dead, 259;
to ancestors, 298;
of food to ghosts, 348 _sq._;
to ghosts, 364 _sq._;
of first-fruits to ancestral spirits, 429;
of cloth and weapons to ancestral spirits, 430 _sq._
_See also_ Sacrifices

----, burnt, to the dead, 294

_Oknanikilla_, local totem centre, 97, 99, 124

Old and young, difference between the modes of burying, 161, 162 _sq._

Old people buried alive, 359

Olympia, Pelops at, 159

Omens after a death, 319

Opening, special, for carrying dead out of house, 452 _sqq._

Oracles of dead kings, 151

---- of the dead, 151, 176, 179, 235

Oracular responses of Fijian priests, 443 _sqq._

Oranges, spirits of the dead play with, 326

Ordeal to detect sorcerer, 50 _sqq._

Orgy, licentious, following circumcision, 427 _sq._

Origin of belief in immortality, 26 _sqq._

---- of death, myths of the, 59 _sqq._

Orion's belt, 368

Ornaments of corpse removed before burial, 223, 234, 241

Pahouins, the, 54

Palsy, a Samoan god, 72

Pandanus, reason for planting, 362

---- and ghosts, 463

Panoi, Melanesian land of the dead, 83, 345, 353 _sq._, 355, 356

Papuan art, 220

Papuans, animistic views of the, 264

---- and Melanesians in New Guinea, 190 _sq._

_Paraks_, temples, 220

Parents deified, 439

Parkinson, R., 219, 221

Pelops, human blood offered on grave of, 159

Penates in New Guinea, 308, 317

Pennefather River, natives of the, their belief in reincarnation of the
dead, 128

Perche, burial custom in, 458

Personal refuse, magic working through, 386, 413 _sq._

Personification of natural phenomena, 20;
of death, 81

Phosphorescent lights supposed to be ghosts, 198, 258

_Physostigma venenosum_ in poison ordeal, 52

Piety, two types of, 23;
co-operative system of, 333

Pigs, blood of, smeared on skulls and bones of the dead, 200;
sacrificed to the dead, 201;
sacrificed to monster who swallows lads at initiation, 251, 253, 260,
290, 301;
sacrificed at grave, 356;
sacrificed at burial, 359;
sacrificed to ghosts, 365 _sq._;
sacrificed vicariously for the sick, 373, 374, 375;
sacred, 433