Engineering Bulletin No 1: Boiler and Furnace Testing
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Rufus T. Strohm >> Engineering Bulletin No 1: Boiler and Furnace Testing
HEATING SURFACE.
The heating surface of a boiler is the surface of metal exposed to
the fire or hot gases on one side and to water on the other side.
Thus, the internal surface of the tubes of a fire-tube boiler is
the heating surface of the tubes, but the outside surface of the
tubes of a water-tube boiler is the heating surface of those tubes.
In addition to the tubes, all other surfaces which have hot gases
on one side and water on the other must be taken into account. For
instance, in a fire-tube boiler from one-half to two-thirds of the
shell (depending on how the boiler is set) acts as heating surface.
In addition to this, the surface presented by both heads, below the
water level, has to be computed. The heating surface of each head
is equal to two-thirds its area minus the total area of the holes
cut away to receive the tubes.
COST OF EVAPORATION.
The cost of evaporation is usually stated as the cost of fuel
required to evaporate 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212 deg. F. To
find it, multiply the price of coal per ton by 1,000 and divide the
result by the product of the equivalent evaporation per pound of
coal and the number of pounds in a ton.
Suppose that the cost of the coal used in the foregoing test was
$3.60 per ton of 2,000 pounds. The equivalent evaporation per pound
of coal was 7.5 pounds. Therefore the cost of evaporating 1,000
pounds of water from 180 deg. F. to steam at 100-pound gage, is--
$3.60 x 1,000
------------- = $0.24, or 24 cents.
7.5 x 2,000
TABLE OF TEST RESULTS.
After the test has been made and properly worked up, as heretofore
described, collect all the results of the test on one sheet, so
that they can be kept in convenient form for reference and for
comparison with later tests. A brief form of arranging the results
is as follows:
1. Date of test May 20, 1918
2. Duration of test hours 10
3. Weight of coal used pounds 5,000
4. Weight of water fed and evaporated do. 35,000
5. Average steam pressure, gauge do. 100
6. Average feed-water temperature deg.F. 180
7. Factor of evaporation 1.0727
8. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 deg. F. pounds 37,545
EFFICIENCY.
9. Efficiency of boiler and furnace per cent 54
CAPACITY.
10. Boiler horsepower developed 109
11. Builders' rated horsepower 150
12. Percentage of rated horsepower developed per cent 73
ECONOMIC RESULTS.
13. Actual evaporation per pound of coal pounds 7
14. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 deg. F.
per pound of coal as fired, pounds 7.5
15. Cost of coal per ton (2,000 pounds) $3.60
16. Cost of coal to evaporate 1,000 pounds from and at
212 deg. F. $0.24
HOW TO USE THE TEST RESULTS.
The object of working up a test is to obtain a clear idea as to the
efficiency of operation of the boiler or its operating cost.
Consequently, after the calculations have been made, they should be
used as a basis for study with the idea of improving the boiler
performance.
Take the matter of boiler efficiency, for example, as found from
the test mentioned. Its value was 54 per cent. This is altogether
too low and indicates wasteful operation. The efficiency of a
hand-fired boiler ought not to be less than 65 per cent, and it can
be increased to 70 per cent by careful management under good
conditions.
The chart in figure 3 can be used to indicate the evaporation that
should be obtained in order to reach a desired efficiency. Suppose,
for example, that it is desired to know how much water per pound of
coal must be evaporated to produce a boiler efficiency of 65 per
cent with coal having a heating value of 13,500 B. t. u. per pound.
Locate 13,500 at the bottom of the chart, follow the vertical line
until it meets the diagonal marked 65 per cent, and then from this
point follow the horizontal line to the left-hand edge, where the
figure 9 is found. This means that the equivalent evaporation from
and by 212 deg. F. per pound of coal must be 9 pounds of water. If the
steam pressure is 100 pounds gauge, and the feed-water temperature
is 180 deg. F. the factor of evaporation is 1.0727, then the actual
evaporation must be 9 / 1.0727 = 8.36 pounds per pound of coal. In
other words, to increase the efficiency from 54 per cent to 65 per
cent under the same conditions of pressure and feed-water
temperature, it would be necessary to increase the actual
evaporation from 7 pounds to 8.36 pounds. This would mean
practically 20 per cent more steam from the same weight of coal
used.
[Illustration: _Heating Value of Coal, in B. t. u. Per Pound_
FIG. 3.]
How to do this will require some study and experimenting on the
part of the fireman or engineer. The three most common reasons for
low-boiler efficiency are (1) excess air, (2) dirty heating
surfaces, and (3) loss of coal through the grates. _The first of
these items is the most important of the three._ In most cases the
greatest preventable waste of coal in a boiler plant is directly
due to excess air. Excess air simply means the amount of air which
gets into the furnace and boiler which is not needed for completing
the combustion of the coal. Very often twice as much air is
admitted to the boiler setting as is required. This extra or excess
air is heated and carries heat out through the chimney instead of
heating the water in the boiler to make steam. There are two ways
in which this excess air gets into the furnace and boiler setting.
First, by a combination of bad regulation of drafts and firing. The
chances are your uptake damper is too wide open. Try closing it a
little. Then, there may be holes in the fire. Keep these covered.
The second way excess air occurs is by leakage through the boiler
setting, through cracks in the brickwork, leaks around the frames
and edges of cleaning doors, and holes around the blow-off pipes.
There are also other places where such air can leak in.
Take a torch or candle and go over the entire surface of your
boiler setting--front, back, sides, and top. Where the flame of the
torch is drawn inward there is an air leak. Plaster up all air
leaks and repair the brickwork around door frames where necessary.
You should go over your boiler for air leaks once a month.
In regard to best methods of firing soft coal, see Technical Paper
No. 80 of the Bureau of Mines, which may be obtained from your
State Fuel Administrator.
Dirty heating surfaces cause low efficiency because they prevent
the heat in the hot gases from getting through into the water.
Therefore, keep the shell and tubes free of soot on one side and
scale on the other. Soot may be removed by the daily use of
blowers, scrapers, and cleaners. The problem of scale and pure feed
water is a big one and should be taken up with proper authorities
on the subject.
There are many things that may be done to increase the efficiency
of the boiler and to save coal. For convenience a number of these
points are grouped in the following list:
WHAT TO DO. | WHY.
|
1. Close up all leaks in the boiler | To prevent waste of heat due to
setting. | excess air admitted.
|
2. Keep shell and tubes free from | To allow the heat to pass easily
soot and scale. | into the water.
|
3. Use grates suited to the fuel | To prevent loss of unburnt coal
to be burned. | through air spaces.
|
4. Fire often, and little at a | To obtain uniform conditions and
time. | better combustion.
|
5. Cover all thin spots and keep | To prevent burning holes in bed
fire bed level. | and admitting excess air.
|
6. Do not allow clinkers to form | Because they reduce the effective
on side or bridge walls. | area of the grate.
|
7. Keep the ash pit free from ashes | To prevent warping and burning out
and hot clinkers. | of the grates.
|
8. Do not stir the fire except when | Because stirring causes clinker
necessary. | and is likely to waste coal.
|
9. Use damper and not ash-pit doors | Because less excess air is
to control draft. | admitted by so doing.
|
10. See that steam pipes and valves | Because steam leaks waste heat
are tight. | and therefore coal.
|
11. Keep blow-off valves tight. | Because leaks of hot water waste
| coal.
|
12. Cover steam pipes and the tops | To prevent radiation and loss of
of boilers. | heat.
Make a boiler test under the conditions of operation as they now
exist in your plant. Then make all possible improvements as
suggested in this bulletin, make another test afterwards and note
the increase in the equivalent evaporation per pound of coal used.
Remember that the _firing line_ in the boiler room can be just as
patriotic and helpful as the _firing line_ at the front.
_Table of factors of evaporation._
============================================================================
Feed | Steam pressure in pounds per square inch, gauge.
temperature,|---------------------------------------------------------------
deg.F. | 30 | 50 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 120
------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------
32 | 1.2073| 1.2144| 1.2195| 1.2216| 1.2234| 1.2251| 1.2266| 1.2279
35 | 1.2042| 1.2113| 1.2164| 1.2184| 1.2203| 1.2219| 1.2235| 1.2248
38 | 1.2011| 1.2082| 1.2133| 1.2153| 1.2172| 1.2188| 1.2204| 1.2217
41 | 1.1980| 1.2051| 1.2102| 1.2122| 1.2141| 1.2157| 1.2173| 1.2186
44 | 1.1949| 1.2020| 1.2071| 1.2091| 1.2110| 1.2126| 1.2142| 1.2155
47 | 1.1918| 1.1989| 1.2040| 1.2060| 1.2079| 1.2095| 1.2111| 1.2124
50 | 1.1887| 1.1958| 1.2009| 1.2029| 1.2048| 1.2064| 1.2080| 1.2093
53 | 1.1856| 1.1927| 1.1978| 1.1998| 1.2017| 1.2033| 1.2049| 1.2062
56 | 1.1825| 1.1896| 1.1947| 1.1967| 1.1986| 1.2002| 1.2018| 1.2031
59 | 1.1794| 1.1865| 1.1916| 1.1937| 1.1955| 1.1972| 1.1987| 1.2000
62 | 1.1763| 1.1835| 1.1885| 1.1906| 1.1924| 1.1941| 1.1956| 1.1970
65 | 1.1733| 1.1804| 1.1854| 1.1875| 1.1893| 1.1910| 1.1925| 1.1939
68 | 1.1702| 1.1773| 1.1823| 1.1844| 1.1862| 1.1879| 1.1894| 1.1908
71 | 1.1671| 1.1742| 1.1792| 1.1813| 1.1832| 1.1848| 1.1864| 1.1877
74 | 1.1640| 1.1711| 1.1762| 1.1782| 1.1801| 1.1817| 1.1833| 1.1846
77 | 1.1609| 1.1680| 1.1731| 1.1751| 1.1770| 1.1786| 1.1802| 1.1815
80 | 1.1578| 1.1650| 1.1700| 1.1721| 1.1739| 1.1756| 1.1771| 1.1785
83 | 1.1548| 1.1619| 1.1669| 1.1690| 1.1708| 1.1725| 1.1740| 1.1754
86 | 1.1518| 1.1588| 1.1638| 1.1659| 1.1678| 1.1694| 1.1710| 1.1723
89 | 1.1486| 1.1557| 1.1608| 1.1628| 1.1647| 1.1663| 1.1679| 1.1692
92 | 1.1455| 1.1526| 1.1577| 1.1597| 1.1616| 1.1632| 1.1648| 1.1661
95 | 1.1424| 1.1495| 1.1546| 1.1566| 1.1585| 1.1602| 1.1617| 1.1630
98 | 1.1393| 1.1465| 1.1515| 1.1536| 1.1554| 1.1571| 1.1586| 1.1600
101 | 1.1363| 1.1434| 1.1484| 1.1505| 1.1523| 1.1540| 1.1555| 1.1569
104 | 1.1332| 1.1403| 1.1453| 1.1474| 1.1492| 1.1509| 1.1525| 1.1538
107 | 1.1301| 1.1372| 1.1423| 1.1443| 1.1462| 1.1478| 1.1494| 1.1507
110 | 1.1270| 1.1341| 1.1392| 1.1412| 1.1431| 1.1447| 1.1463| 1.1476
113 | 1.1239| 1.1310| 1.1360| 1.1382| 1.1400| 1.1417| 1.1432| 1.1445
116 | 1.1209| 1.1280| 1.1330| 1.1351| 1.1369| 1.1386| 1.1401| 1.1415
119 | 1.1178| 1.1249| 1.1299| 1.1320| 1.1339| 1.1355| 1.1370| 1.1384
122 | 1.1147| 1.1218| 1.1269| 1.1289| 1.1308| 1.1324| 1.1340| 1.1353
125 | 1.1116| 1.1187| 1.1238| 1.1258| 1.1277| 1.1293| 1.1309| 1.1322
128 | 1.1085| 1.1156| 1.1207| 1.1227| 1.1246| 1.1262| 1.1278| 1.1291
131 | 1.1054| 1.1125| 1.1176| 1.1197| 1.1215| 1.1232| 1.1247| 1.1260
134 | 1.1023| 1.1095| 1.1145| 1.1166| 1.1184| 1.1201| 1.1216| 1.1230
137 | 1.0993| 1.1064| 1.1114| 1.1135| 1.1153| 1.1170| 1.1185| 1.1199
140 | 1.0962| 1.1033| 1.1083| 1.1104| 1.1123| 1.1139| 1.1154| 1.1168
143 | 1.0931| 1.1002| 1.1052| 1.1073| 1.1092| 1.1108| 1.1124| 1.1137
146 | 1.0900| 1.0971| 1.1022| 1.1042| 1.1061| 1.1077| 1.1093| 1.1106
149 | 1.0869| 1.0940| 1.0991| 1.1011| 1.1030| 1.1046| 1.1062| 1.1075
152 | 1.0838| 1.0909| 1.0960| 1.0980| 1.0999| 1.1015| 1.1031| 1.1044
155 | 1.0807| 1.0878| 1.0929| 1.0950| 1.0968| 1.0985| 1.1000| 1.1013
158 | 1.0776| 1.0847| 1.0898| 1.0919| 1.0937| 1.0954| 1.0969| 1.0982
161 | 1.0745| 1.0817| 1.0867| 1.0888| 1.0906| 1.0923| 1.0938| 1.0952
164 | 1.0715| 1.0786| 1.0836| 1.0857| 1.0875| 1.0892| 1.0907| 1.0921
167 | 1.0684| 1.0755| 1.0805| 1.0826| 1.0844| 1.0861| 1.0876| 1.0890
170 | 1.0653| 1.0724| 1.0774| 1.0795| 1.0813| 1.0830| 1.0845| 1.0859
172 | 1.0632| 1.0703| 1.0754| 1.0774| 1.0793| 1.0809| 1.0825| 1.0838
174 | 1.0611| 1.0683| 1.0733| 1.0754| 1.0772| 1.0789| 1.0804| 1.0817
176 | 1.0591| 1.0662| 1.0712| 1.0733| 1.0752| 1.0768| 1.0783| 1.0797
178 | 1.0570| 1.0641| 1.0692| 1.0712| 1.0731| 1.0747| 1.0763| 1.0776
180 | 1.0549| 1.0621| 1.0671| 1.0692| 1.0710| 1.0727| 1.0742| 1.0756
182 | 1.0529| 1.0600| 1.0650| 1.0671| 1.0690| 1.0706| 1.0721| 1.0735
184 | 1.0508| 1.0579| 1.0630| 1.0650| 1.0669| 1.0685| 1.0701| 1.0714
186 | 1.0488| 1.0559| 1.0609| 1.0630| 1.0648| 1.0665| 1.0680| 1.0694
188 | 1.0467| 1.0538| 1.0588| 1.0609| 1.0628| 1.0644| 1.0660| 1.0673
190 | 1.0446| 1.0517| 1.0568| 1.0588| 1.0607| 1.0623| 1.0639| 1.0652
192 | 1.0425| 1.0497| 1.0547| 1.0568| 1.0586| 1.0603| 1.0618| 1.0632
194 | 1.0405| 1.0476| 1.0526| 1.0547| 1.0566| 1.0582| 1.0597| 1.0611
196 | 1.0384| 1.0455| 1.0506| 1.0526| 1.0545| 1.0561| 1.0577| 1.0590
198 | 1.0363| 1.0435| 1.0485| 1.0506| 1.0524| 1.0541| 1.0556| 1.0570
200 | 1.0343| 1.0414| 1.0464| 1.0485| 1.0504| 1.0520| 1.0535| 1.0549
202 | 1.0322| 1.0393| 1.0444| 1.0464| 1.0483| 1.0499| 1.0515| 1.0528
204 | 1.0301| 1.0372| 1.0423| 1.0444| 1.0462| 1.0479| 1.0494| 1.0507
206 | 1.0281| 1.0352| 1.0402| 1.0423| 1.0441| 1.0458| 1.0473| 1.0487
208 | 1.0260| 1.0331| 1.0381| 1.0402| 1.0421| 1.0437| 1.0453| 1.0466
210 | 1.0239| 1.0310| 1.0361| 1.0381| 1.0400| 1.0416| 1.0432| 1.0445
212 | 1.0218| 1.0290| 1.0340| 1.0361| 1.0379| 1.0396| 1.0411| 1.0425
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
_Table of factors of evaporation_--Concluded.
============================================================================
Feed | Steam pressure in pounds per square inch, gauge.
temperature,|---------------------------------------------------------------
deg.F. | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 | 170 | 180 | 190 | 200
------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------
32 | 1.2292| 1.2304| 1.2315| 1.2324| 1.2333| 1.2342| 1.2351| 1.2358
35 | 1.2261| 1.2273| 1.2283| 1.2293| 1.2302| 1.2311| 1.2320| 1.2327
38 | 1.2230| 1.2242| 1.2252| 1.2262| 1.2271| 1.2280| 1.2288| 1.2296
41 | 1.2199| 1.2211| 1.2221| 1.2231| 1.2240| 1.2249| 1.2257| 1.2265
44 | 1.2168| 1.2180| 1.2190| 1.2200| 1.2209| 1.2218| 1.2226| 1.2234
47 | 1.2137| 1.2149| 1.2159| 1.2168| 1.2178| 1.2187| 1.2195| 1.2202
50 | 1.2106| 1.2118| 1.2128| 1.2137| 1.2147| 1.2156| 1.2164| 1.2171
53 | 1.2075| 1.2087| 1.2097| 1.2107| 1.2116| 1.2125| 1.2133| 1.2141
56 | 1.2044| 1.2056| 1.2066| 1.2076| 1.2085| 1.2094| 1.2102| 1.2110
59 | 1.2013| 1.2025| 1.2035| 1.2045| 1.2054| 1.2063| 1.2072| 1.2079
62 | 1.1982| 1.1994| 1.2005| 1.2014| 1.2023| 1.2032| 1.2041| 1.2048
65 | 1.1951| 1.1963| 1.1974| 1.1983| 1.1992| 1.2002| 1.2010| 1.2017
68 | 1.1920| 1.1933| 1.1943| 1.1952| 1.1961| 1.1971| 1.1979| 1.1986
71 | 1.1889| 1.1902| 1.1912| 1.1921| 1.1931| 1.1940| 1.1948| 1.1955
74 | 1.1859| 1.1871| 1.1881| 1.1890| 1.1900| 1.1909| 1.1917| 1.1924
77 | 1.1828| 1.1840| 1.1850| 1.1860| 1.1869| 1.1878| 1.1886| 1.1894
80 | 1.1797| 1.1809| 1.1820| 1.1829| 1.1838| 1.1847| 1.1856| 1.1863
83 | 1.1766| 1.1778| 1.1789| 1.1798| 1.1807| 1.1817| 1.1825| 1.1832
86 | 1.1735| 1.1748| 1.1758| 1.1767| 1.1776| 1.1786| 1.1794| 1.1801
89 | 1.1704| 1.1717| 1.1727| 1.1736| 1.1746| 1.1755| 1.1763| 1.1770
92 | 1.1674| 1.1686| 1.1696| 1.1705| 1.1715| 1.1724| 1.1732| 1.1739
95 | 1.1643| 1.1655| 1.1665| 1.1675| 1.1684| 1.1693| 1.1701| 1.1709
98 | 1.1612| 1.1624| 1.1635| 1.1644| 1.1653| 1.1662| 1.1671| 1.1678
101 | 1.1581| 1.1593| 1.1604| 1.1613| 1.1622| 1.1632| 1.1640| 1.1647
104 | 1.1550| 1.1563| 1.1573| 1.1582| 1.1592| 1.1601| 1.1609| 1.1616
107 | 1.1519| 1.1532| 1.1542| 1.1551| 1.1561| 1.1570| 1.1578| 1.1585
110 | 1.1489| 1.1501| 1.1511| 1.1521| 1.1530| 1.1539| 1.1547| 1.1555
113 | 1.1458| 1.1470| 1.1481| 1.1490| 1.1499| 1.1508| 1.1515| 1.1524
116 | 1.1427| 1.1439| 1.1450| 1.1459| 1.1468| 1.1478| 1.1486| 1.1493
119 | 1.1396| 1.1409| 1.1419| 1.1428| 1.1437| 1.1447| 1.1455| 1.1462
122 | 1.1365| 1.1378| 1.1388| 1.1397| 1.1407| 1.1416| 1.1424| 1.1431
125 | 1.1335| 1.1347| 1.1357| 1.1366| 1.1376| 1.1385| 1.1393| 1.1400
128 | 1.1304| 1.1316| 1.1326| 1.1336| 1.1345| 1.1354| 1.1362| 1.1370
131 | 1.1273| 1.1285| 1.1295| 1.1305| 1.1314| 1.1323| 1.1332| 1.1339
134 | 1.1242| 1.1254| 1.1265| 1.1274| 1.1283| 1.1292| 1.1301| 1.1308
137 | 1.1211| 1.1224| 1.1234| 1.1243| 1.1252| 1.1262| 1.1270| 1.1277
140 | 1.1180| 1.1193| 1.1203| 1.1212| 1.1221| 1.1231| 1.1239| 1.1246
143 | 1.1149| 1.1162| 1.1172| 1.1181| 1.1191| 1.1200| 1.1208| 1.1215
146 | 1.1119| 1.1131| 1.1141| 1.1150| 1.1160| 1.1169| 1.1177| 1.1184
149 | 1.1088| 1.1100| 1.1110| 1.1120| 1.1129| 1.1138| 1.1146| 1.1154
152 | 1.1057| 1.1069| 1.1079| 1.1089| 1.1098| 1.1107| 1.1115| 1.1123
155 | 1.1026| 1.1038| 1.1048| 1.1058| 1.1067| 1.1076| 1.1085| 1.1092
158 | 1.0995| 1.1007| 1.1018| 1.1027| 1.1036| 1.1045| 1.1054| 1.1061
161 | 1.0964| 1.0976| 1.0987| 1.0996| 1.1005| 1.1014| 1.1023| 1.1030
164 | 1.0933| 1.0945| 1.0956| 1.0965| 1.0974| 1.0984| 1.0992| 1.0999
167 | 1.0902| 1.0914| 1.0925| 1.0934| 1.0943| 1.0953| 1.0961| 1.0968
170 | 1.0871| 1.0883| 1.0894| 1.0903| 1.0912| 1.0922| 1.0930| 1.0937
172 | 1.0850| 1.0863| 1.0873| 1.0882| 1.0892| 1.0901| 1.0909| 1.0916
174 | 1.0830| 1.0842| 1.0853| 1.0862| 1.0871| 1.0880| 1.0889| 1.0896
176 | 1.0809| 1.0822| 1.0832| 1.0841| 1.0850| 1.0860| 1.0868| 1.0875
178 | 1.0789| 1.0801| 1.0811| 1.0820| 1.0830| 1.0839| 1.0847| 1.0854
180 | 1.0768| 1.0780| 1.0791| 1.0800| 1.0809| 1.0818| 1.0827| 1.0834
182 | 1.0747| 1.0760| 1.0770| 1.0779| 1.0788| 1.0798| 1.0806| 1.0813
184 | 1.0727| 1.0739| 1.0749| 1.0759| 1.0768| 1.0777| 1.0785| 1.0793
186 | 1.0706| 1.0718| 1.0729| 1.0738| 1.0747| 1.0756| 1.0765| 1.0772
188 | 1.0685| 1.0698| 1.0708| 1.0717| 1.0727| 1.0736| 1.0744| 1.0751
190 | 1.0665| 1.0677| 1.0687| 1.0697| 1.0706| 1.0715| 1.0723| 1.0731
192 | 1.0644| 1.0656| 1.0667| 1.0676| 1.0685| 1.0694| 1.0703| 1.0710
194 | 1.0623| 1.0636| 1.0646| 1.0655| 1.0664| 1.0674| 1.0682| 1.0689
196 | 1.0603| 1.0615| 1.0625| 1.0635| 1.0644| 1.0653| 1.0661| 1.0669
198 | 1.0582| 1.0594| 1.0605| 1.0614| 1.0623| 1.0632| 1.0641| 1.0648
200 | 1.0561| 1.0574| 1.0584| 1.0593| 1.0602| 1.0612| 1.0620| 1.0627
202 | 1.0541| 1.0553| 1.0563| 1.0572| 1.0582| 1.0591| 1.0599| 1.0606
204 | 1.0520| 1.0532| 1.0542| 1.0552| 1.0561| 1.0570| 1.0579| 1.0586
206 | 1.0499| 1.0511| 1.0522| 1.0531| 1.0540| 1.0550| 1.0558| 1.0565
208 | 1.0478| 1.0491| 1.0501| 1.0510| 1.0520| 1.0529| 1.0537| 1.0544
210 | 1.0458| 1.0470| 1.0480| 1.0490| 1.0499| 1.0508| 1.0516| 1.0524
212 | 1.0437| 1.0449| 1.0460| 1.0469| 1.0478| 1.0487| 1.0496| 1.0503
PUBLICATIONS ON THE UTILIZATION OF COAL AND LIGNITE.
A limited supply of the following publications of the Bureau of
Mines has been printed and is available for free distribution until
the edition is exhausted. Requests for all publications can not be
granted, and to insure equitable distribution applicants are
requested to limit their selection to publications that may be of
especial interest to them. Requests for publications should be
addressed to the Director, Bureau of Mines.
The Bureau of Mines issues a list showing all its publications
available for free distribution, as well as those obtainable only
from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
on payment of the price of printing. Interested persons should
apply to the Director, Bureau of Mines, for a copy of the latest
list.
PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION.
BULLETIN 58. Fuel briquetting investigations, July, 1904, to July,
1912, by C. A. Wright. 1913. 277 pp., 21 pls., 3 figs.
BULLETIN 76. United States coals available for export trade, by
Van. H. Manning. 1914. 15 pp., 1 pl.
BULLETIN 85. Analyses of mine and car samples of coal collected in
the fiscal years 1911 to 1913, by A. C. Fieldner, H. I. Smith, A.
H. Fay, and Samuel Sanford. 1914. 444 pp., 2 figs.
BULLETIN 89. Economic methods of utilizing western lignites, by E.
J. Babcock. 1915. 74 pp., 5 pls., 5 figs.
BULLETIN 119. Analyses of coals purchased by the Government during
the fiscal years 1908-1915, by G. S. Pope. 1916. 118 pp.
BULLETIN 135. Combustion of coal and design of furnaces, by Henry
Kreisinger, C. E. Augustine, and F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 144 pp., 1 pl.,
45 figs.
BULLETIN 136. Deterioration in the heating value of coal during
storage, by H. C. Porter and F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 38 pp., 7 pls.
BULLETIN 138. Coking of Illinois coals, by F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 71
pp., 11 pls. 1 fig.
TECHNICAL PAPER 34. Experiments with furnaces for a hand-fired
return tubular boiler, by S. B. Flagg, G. C. Cook, and F. E.
Woodman. 1914. 32 pp., 1 pl., 4 figs.
TECHNICAL PAPER 50. Metallurgical coke, by A. W. Belden. 1913. 48
pp., 1 pl., 23 figs.
TECHNICAL PAPER 76. Notes on the sampling and analysis of coal, by
A. C. Fieldner. 1914. 59 pp., 6 figs.
TECHNICAL PAPER 80. Hand-firing soft coal under power-plant
boilers, by Henry Kreisinger. 1915. 83 pp., 32 figs.
TECHNICAL PAPER 97. Saving fuel in heating a house, by L. P.
Breckenridge and S. B. Flagg. 1915. 35 pp., 3 figs.
TECHNICAL PAPER 98. Effect of low-temperature oxidation on the
hydrogen in coal and the change of weight of coal in drying, by S.
H. Katz and H. C. Porter. 1917. 16 pp., 2 figs.
TECHNICAL PAPER 123. Notes on the uses of low-grade fuel in Europe,
by R. H. Fernald. 1915. 37 pp., 4 pls., 4 figs.
TECHNICAL PAPER 133. Directions for sampling coal for shipment or
delivery, by G. S. Pope. 1917. 15 pp., 1 pl.
TECHNICAL PAPER 137. Combustion in the fuel bed of hand-fired
furnaces, by Henry Kreisinger, F. K. Ovitz, and C. E. Augustine.
1916. 76 pp., 2 pls., 21 figs. 15 cents.
TECHNICAL PAPER 148. The determination of moisture in coke, by A.
C. Fieldner and W. A. Selvig. 1917. 13 pp.
TECHNICAL PAPER 170. The diffusion of oxygen through stored coal,
by S. H. Katz. 1917. 49 pp., 1 pl., 27 figs.
TECHNICAL PAPER 172. Effects of moisture on the spontaneous heating
of stored coal, by S. H. Katz and H. C. Porter. 1917. 25 pp., 1
pl., 8 figs.
PUBLICATIONS THAT MAY BE OBTAINED ONLY THROUGH THE SUPERINTENDENT
OF DOCUMENTS.
BULLETIN 8. The flow of heat through furnace walls, by W. T. Ray
and Henry Kreisinger. 1911. 32 pp., 19 figs. 5 cents.