The Wonder Island Boys: Exploring the Island

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Within thirty feet of them was the edge of water, and the light threw a
beam beyond for a hundred feet or more.

"It seems as though we have reached the end of our explorations here."
As they looked, the water was agitated, and it was plain that some
aquatic animal was within the cave.

To return was the only thing to do, and as they went back the sides of
the cavern were examined, and the Professor took a number of samples, as
he said: "Don't lose the candle until we get where we can see daylight.
Although we are not more than two hundred feet from the mouth of the
cave, the remarkable bend or jog near the mouth of the cave makes it as
dark as though we were in a thousand feet."

"What sort of animal do you suppose that was?"

"Possibly a sea lion, or a seal."

After the open air was reached the Professor said: "I do not see how
this cave would account for the phenomena that George saw the other
day."

"Why not?"

"The cave is too deep. It is not a true air pocket, and----"

"What is this? Here is another one, still larger, and lower down. Here,
hold the candle." Harry was down in an instant.

"Probably this is what George saw."

True enough; it was an air pocket which extended in about fifty feet,
and had no passageway beyond.

CHAPTER VII

INVESTIGATING THE PROSPECTOR'S HOLE

The knowledge that some marine animal inhabited the cave was now a
constant topic, particularly with George, who was determined, sooner or
later, to find out something more about it. With this end in view he
made secret preparations, particularly in constructing a lamp which
would not be liable to overturn or be put out by wind or in falling.

Thus far the only light available was obtained from candles made from
the fat of the animals, and it was not the kind of illuminating material
they had been used to. When people knew nothing better than tallow
candles, that light was satisfactory, but when petroleum was once used
tallow candles were entirely unsuitable and too primitive.

The statement by the Professor that the hole into which George fell,
some months before, contained asphaltum, hinted at a possible source of
petroleum, and through the persistent efforts of George, the Professor
agreed to accompany him to the place to make an investigation.

The yaks were yoked, and a good luncheon put up, prepared for a day's
jaunt, the trip being planned for the day of the week which had been set
apart for exploration purposes. Within an hour the team was tethered at
the spot where Harry and George put up the team when they started out on
their former tour of investigation.

"Now, George, we shall have to depend on you to lead the way."

"When I left Harry we were on the little hill beyond that clump of
bushes."

"We must have been much farther away," was Harry's opinion.

"Let us go over at any rate, and we can probably get our bearings from
there."

The spot pointed out was just as much a mystery after reaching it as
before. It was suggested that, as neither knew how to determine the
direction of the "hole" from that point, time might be saved by each
taking a different direction, with the understanding that if anything
was discovered a shot should be fired as a signal.

After carefully noting the two large trees where the team was located,
they separated, Harry going to the north, George to the northwest and
the Professor directly west. The ridge on which they were ran north and
south, and to the west was a decline. It was considerably south of the
trail taken on their former trips, so it was really undiscovered
territory.

The Professor passed down the long incline, carefully noting every set
of bush, such as George declared he had passed through at the time he
was deposited in the "hole." When the bottom of the ravine was reached
he turned to the right, working his way diagonally up the hill.

George, on the other hand, made for some bush ahead of him, which looked
familiar, but in this he was disappointed, and going to the left,
considerably farther down the hill, was rewarded by the rediscovery of
the "hole." Without waiting he fired a shot, and to his surprise found
the Professor within a hundred feet.

"I have found it. See, that is the place I went through."

Harry was not far away, and he rushed up out of breath. The bushes were
swept aside and George went in, followed by the Professor and Harry. He
had not gone five feet when he stopped.

[Illustration: _Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Luxurious vegetation around stone and
hole._]

"This isn't the place. There is a big rock here; not a hole."

This was indeed the case.

George's countenance was a study. The Professor and Harry had a good
laugh at the discomfiture of George.

"So you think you fell into a hole? It must have been a pretty solid
hole." The rock was about ten feet across, and flat on top, and the bush
grew all around it, thus entirely screening it from observation.

"Well, we must try again."

"I would like to know why vegetation accumulates around a stone, or
around a hole, and gets so much larger than at other places?"

"It is accounted for by the little germs we talked about the other day.
Did you ever notice the musty smell that comes up from an overturned
stone?"

"Yes, and I have often wondered what it was."

"There is always more or less moisture under the stone, so that the
germs are readily bred, and as they form carbonic and nitrogenous gases,
which the plant must have, you can readily see why vegetation thrives
around the stones."

"But where there is a hole it is drier, and the same thing occurs
there?"

"That is a good observation. Two things are required to cultivate the
germs, aside from the food. One is moisture and the other is heat. The
earth is full of bacteria from which plants get their food; some places
the bacteria go down only one or two feet; at other places, where it is
warm, as in the tropics, they have been found five or six feet below the
surface. When a hole is made, and the sun strikes it, the bottom of the
hole gets warm, and thus facilitates the growth of the germs around the
hole, so that the plants in the immediate vicinity get an extra supply
of nitrogen."

"But where do they get the moisture?"

"That is another one of nature's great surprises, and shows how every
contingency seems to be provided for. I suppose you have both cultivated
corn--that is, have gone between the rows with a cultivator, and stirred
up the earth. You did this, as you were told, to keep down the weeds.
That was one reason, but it is not the principal one. A dry crust forms
over the surface of the ground, owing to the heat of the sun. When the
cultivator breaks up the crust the heat from the sun draws up the
moisture from below, and you are therefore watering your corn, and what
is more, you are breeding bacteria so as to supply food for the plants."

"After learning this I am glad we discovered the stone."

A more persistent search was now made, and George's "hole" was really
found to exist. It was just as he described it. Everywhere along the
hillside were rocks projecting out from the surface, but here was a
depression, or hole, fully fifteen feet square, with rocky sides, the
wall on the upper side of the hill being fully fifteen feet high,
whereas the lower margin of the hole had a wall not over four feet high,
so that it will be seen George had no difficulty in getting out after he
had recovered from his fall.

The Professor was in the hole in an instant. The growth about the
depression was so dense that it made the hole dark, but there was an
unmistakable odor of asphaltum. Some of the overhanging branches were
trimmed off, and every portion of the walls examined.

"What do you think made this? Was it washed out?"

"Some one dug this hole," was the Professor's response.

"What makes you think it was dug out?"

"There is plenty of evidence to show that. Look at the marks of tools on
the walls all about you."

"Do you suppose it was made to get oil?"

"No; but to get metals."

"What kinds, do you think?"

"Gold or silver; most likely silver."

"Do you think we have silver here?"

"Unquestionably; we have some samples of it at the Cataract now."

"When did you get it?"

"At the time we found the lead ore. Silver is usually a partner of lead,
and from my examination of the samples we have it is rich in silver. It
is likely that the indications of lead and silver all along this ridge
attracted the attention of a mining engineer, and this was a test hole
in prospecting for the ore."

"But if this hole was dug out, as you say, where did they put the dirt
and rock which came out of it?"

"Examine below and you will see."

Below the hole the side was rather steep, but when the surface of the
hill was examined there was no longer any doubt of the human agency
which made it.

It was with a certain sense of joy that the boys heard this news. The
island had been explored by white people; it might again be visited by
some wanderers on the sea. This was a comforting assurance. It had the
effect of giving new courage, as no other event had, since they reached
the rocky shore during that tempestuous night, nearly eight months
before.

"Don't you think we can get kerosene here?" was George's inquiry.

"I do not think it is likely. What we see here is a mere trace of
surface oozing, found in many places, and it generally indicates
petroleum at some depth, but whether in sufficient quantities to pay
cannot be determined without boring."

George's hope of a better light faded.

Under the direction of the Professor the balance of the day was spent in
gathering samples of minerals, and George, in one of his searches,
brought a sample of very peculiar greenish ore, interlaid with patches
of brown substance. The Professor was much delighted with this.

"You have found a fine sample of zinc, and if you direct us to the place
we must take a quantity of it. I have been specially looking out for
samples of this."

The ore was readily found, and a sufficient amount uncovered to complete
their load, and late that evening they reached home very tired, but
happy.

"Let us do some preliminary work with the furnaces to-day," was the
Professor's first observation. "The ore we found yesterday is too good a
thing to lie idle. You will remember I told you some time ago that we
want some of these metals to be working for us?"

"Just like the germs do?"

"Not just in that way, but nevertheless they must serve us."

"If people get to know so much and have the different things do all the
work there will not be much left for us to do?"

"Do you think so?"

"If one thing after the other is discovered, and it is found that one or
two elements can be made to do our work, the time may come when
everybody will know so much that man will do nothing but----"

"But direct?"

"Yes."

"Isn't that something? Working with the hands or thinking are not the
only things which man can do, in order to go forward and to advance."

"What I mean is this: We are told that idleness is wrong, and that
people are happier when they are busy at some useful occupation."

"If that is a good definition of happiness, then we should make
everything we use as crude and primitive as the people used to make them
a thousand years ago. There would be no object in learning, because
learning makes people discontented."

"I heard a story once about some wise man who offered his fortune to the
man who could prove he was contented. The first applicant wanted the
fortune, because he said he was contented. The wise man answered by
saying, that if he was contented he would not want the fortune."

"Quite true; the contented man does not exist, because it is not human
nature to be so. That is one of the qualities which distinguishes man
from the rest of the animal creation."

"But is it true that the invention of labor-saving tools has caused a
lot of misery to working people?"

"Do you know of any tools that are not labor-saving? The mason's trowel
is a labor-saving tool, invented to prevent him from using his hands to
put on the mortar; the bolo or the knife is just as much a labor-saving
tool as the planing machine; the sickle saves labor and so does the
reaper. The difficulty is that some people do not stop to think that the
saving of labor applies just as forcibly to a simple tool as to a
complicated one."

"What shall we try in our furnace to start with?"

"The ore you found yesterday. The first thing to do is to crush it up as
fine as possible. When that is done we can put it in the round furnace."

"You mean in the firebrick furnace?"

"Yes; although we do not need such a high heat. Almost any furnace would
do, as the roasting of the ore does not require a high heat."

"What is the best way to roast it?"

"It will be necessary to put it on one of the iron plates, and great
care must be taken to keep it a uniform heat, but not too intense."

The process of roasting is a very particular one and requires quite a
time to get the best results. When this was done the next step was to
take the roasted ore, and mix it with half its weight of powdered coke.
They had a good quantity of the coke on hand, which was also crushed.

"You remember, George, we had a crucible made with a hole at the bottom.
Get that and also some fire clay dust, and moisten the dust so we can
make a stiff mortar from it. We must make a tubular connection with the
hole in the bottom of the crucible."

When this was done the crucible was put into the furnace, after it had
been charged with the coke dust and crushed zinc ore.

"Why is it necessary first to crush the ore and roast it, and then
afterwards put it in the crucible with the crushed coke?"

"Zinc is not found in a native state. This ore is in the form of an
oxide, as it is called. In roasting, certain of the impurities are
driven off in gases, and mixing it with charcoal or coke and then
applying heat to the confined mass, causes the zinc to melt and finally
go off into a gas, as we shall presently see."

After the heat had been applied for some time a white smoke began to
appear at the mouth of the clay tube, and a little later a blue vapor
appeared.

"Now bring that pan here, so we can catch it."

Soon the dripping commenced, and as it ran out and came into contact
with the air, it turned into a solid, greyish color.

"This is what is called spelter, or the pig of zinc, and this is what is
sold to refiners, who take out all the dross or impurities so it can be
rolled or used for galvanizing iron, or for other purposes."

"I do not see how we can use this metal, now that we have it."

"You said the other night that you wished we had a better light."

"That was the reason I was so anxious to see whether we couldn't get
some kerosene at the 'hole.'"

"As we didn't succeed in finding petroleum we shall have to depend on
our zinc, I suppose."

"What, light out of zinc?"

"No; but by the zinc route."

That was another new development to the boys.

"Harry made a sage remark some months ago. It was to the effect that in
order to start to make anything we had to make something that made
something to make something with. In order to make electricity by means
of a battery, we had to go through all this process of turning out the
zinc, which we have just completed; then, if you have not forgotten it,
we had quite a time in converting our copper ore into a copper which we
could use. We were compelled to make charcoal, and then coke, with the
aid of the charcoal; and now that we have coke, we must again grind it
up and make a mortar, so we can form it into little plates or slabs.
From the copper we got a liquid, which I asked you to save, and that is
vitriol, or sulphate of copper. You see, all these things are necessary
before we could possibly attempt to set up a primary battery, and start
the first lighting plant."

Not an hour was lost at the Cataract home and factory. All took the
keenest delight in forwarding any new enterprise and in looking out for
new things to do which would contribute to their pleasure and comfort.
The boys now learned what they had never dreamed of before; that life is
a most complex problem; that to secure pleasures toil is necessary, and
that the greatest happiness comes from knowing you have succeeded.
Pursuit, not possession, is man's greatest joy. To the brute the reverse
is true.

"Where is the Professor? I have been bitten by a cat."

"A cat, Harry? Where did you find the cat?"

"Across the river, where I was cutting the oak log."

The Professor was soon at hand. "What is this? A cat, you say?"

"It looked just like a big cat, about two feet long?"

"Did it have a pointed nose?"

"Then it must have been a Zibet, a specie not unlike the American civet.
It is a cat, but not what is known as the 'wildcat,' and can be tamed."

"Do you think there is any danger from the bite?"

"Some animals have a species of rabies, like those possessed by mad
dogs, and cats have been known to be infected. I do not think we need to
have any fear from that source. The wound should, however, be cleansed."

CHAPTER VIII

THE BULL FIGHT

As the boys grew more and more familiar with the island the greater was
its store of abundance shown to them. Each journey to the interior
brought some surprise in the way of fruit, flower or vegetable. Some
were of species well known to them; others unknown, and most of such
came to them under names of chemicals only.

"There is one plant, at any rate," said Harry, "that makes this seem
like home, and that is the thistle."

"Yes, and it is the one common enemy of man in every part of the world.
It is the most successful business plant, in this particular, that it is
equipped to resist attacks from other plants and from animals as well."

"But donkeys and some cattle will eat them."

"For the reason that nature has given such animals the proper coating
and linings of mouth and stomach that the thorns do not affect them.
There is hardly a plant which is as nutritious as the thistle. In
England, the thistle leaves, in early days, were used as salads."

Harry was an ardent admirer of flowers, and was constantly bringing in
some specimen for examination. "Here is a very pretty flower which is
differently colored from any that I have seen before. It looks like the
wood sorrel."

"It is the sorrel, but if you should be in Ireland, the people there
would call it the shamrock. St. Patrick taught the people that it
typifies the trinity with its three leaves. The plant has some very
peculiar qualities. It actually goes to sleep at night. It folds up its
leaves. It is so sensitive to light that it has at least four different
methods by which it can adjust itself with the greatest nicety to the
amount of light which it receives."

[Illustration: _Fig. 21. Fruit and Flower of Vanilla._]

"I think I have found vanilla; or it is something that smells like it,
but I did not know that the vanilla was a climber."

"You have found the wild vanilla, the flowers of which have, as you see,
disappeared and the bean is the product."

"I have often wondered why it is that we are able to smell or to
recognize different odors."

"Smell, like everything else in nature, is produced by vibrations. So is
sound, and light, and taste. Each odor has its particular rate of
vibration. They resemble very much the notes of a musical instrument,
and, as in music, odors can be harmonized, or they may be so mixed
together as to produce discord. Some perfumes, when used on the
handkerchief, and are about to fade away, have a sickly and disagreeable
odor. This is due to the admixture of the wrong or discordant tones.
Thus, heliotrope, vanilla, orange blossom and almond blend together;
citron, lemon, vervain and orange peel belong together, but they produce
a stronger impression on the sense of smell, and are of a higher octave;
and so with a still higher class, as patchouly, sandal-wood and
vitavert."

"But what is it in the flowers or essences which make them smell as they
do?"

"Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It is one of the most remarkable things in
nature that many of the odors in plants are formed by the combination of
only carbon and hydrogen, and the wonderful thing about it is, that
while turpentine is composed of 88 parts of carbon and 12 parts of
hydrogen, the odors of oils of lemon, orange and juniper and rosemary
have the exact proportions of those elements."

It was one of the duties of the colony to preserve the seeds of
different vegetables and grain, because the Professor intended to put
out for their use, as soon as spring came, a garden, which would avoid
the necessity of constantly putting them on the alert to hunt the
different foods. Sometimes it was necessary to go considerable distances
to get the various foods. As long as they were on the island it was the
part of prudence to act like sensible business men, and prepare for the
future.

"We haven't a very big variety of vegetables, and I wish we could find
some real good sweet potatoes and peas; and tomatoes would come in
handy."

"Of course, variety, or the wish for different kinds, is largely a
matter of desire. It is not a necessity."

"But does not the desire for different kinds grow out of the need of man
to get the different substances which vegetables have?"

"To a certain extent, yes; but it is a singular thing that the world
over there seems to be a natural instinct to combine two or three
vegetables, and those vegetables, although they may be different in
different countries, make chemical combinations, when eaten, which are
almost identically similar. Thus, the Irishman mixes cabbages with his
potatoes; the Englishman bacon with his beans, and the Italian rich
cheese with macaroni."

One morning the boys were surprised to find a startling increase in
their herd of yaks. When the Professor arose and went out for his
regular morning stroll he noticed the unusual number, and was not slow
in informing the boys.

"I suppose," said the Professor, "that they are coming to board with us
for the season."

"Well, I am going to inform them, in a not very polite way, that we
don't need company."

He was off with a club, Harry following.

"Look at that immense fellow. Wouldn't he make good sole leather? What
is that on his side; that funny patch?"

Harry called to the Professor. "Did you see the peculiar mark on the
side of the big bull?"

The Professor was on hand at once. "That is certainly a mark of some
kind. See if you can get near enough to ascertain just what it is."

George, who had been so anxious to get rid of them, was now just as
eager to hold them. The bull was a magnificent specimen. Like all this
species he was a dark red, and had immense horns. All yaks, male and
female, have horns, and the Texas steer has no horns to compare with the
yaks in size and gracefulness of curve.

As George advanced there was no action on the part of the herd to
scatter. Their own stock took no notice as he walked among them, and
this, in all probability, gave the wild herd confidence. The bull paid
no attention, until George was within twenty-five feet, when, with a
deep-voiced roar and an ominous lowering and shaking of his shaggy head,
made a beeline for him. The Professor called out, and he and Harry both
sprang forward to aid him, but the bull's rush was a fierce one, and as
we have previously stated, they are very active creatures. George saw
his peril, and now realized that he could not possibly reach a place of
safety, so he sprang behind one of the cows, and from that point sought
to find a way through the herd. The warning voice of the bull, and his
mad rush, excited the entire herd, which started a stampede.

[Illustration: _"George saw his peril and now realized that he could not
possibly reach a place of safety"_]

In the meantime they had not noticed the presence of their own bull,
which was a fine animal, and was now thoroughly domesticated. The
Professor was the first to notice the appearance of their bull, who, it
seems, had been relegated to the background when their neighbors came to
town for their holiday.

Apollo was Harry's name for the bull, and when George got mixed up in
the herd, the strange bull made his charge and emitted the challenging
bellow, the scene was a truly terrific one. George was carried along
with the rush, and his only danger now was to escape being trampled
under foot.

Harry stopped suddenly: "Look at Apollo!" He was making a charge down
into the herd, and headed straight for the big bull.

"I thought it strange that we didn't hear our herd give them a welcome
during the night."

"Welcome! what do you mean?"

"It is singular that Apollo didn't dispute the governorship of the herd
when the new arrivals came, as that is one of the customs. One of them
must be master."

"Just look at him! Good old Apollo!"

At that moment Apollo was within ten feet of the wild bull. He did not
cease his onslaught. The wild animal saw his enemy attacking him from
the right quarter, but his rush had been so impetuous that when Apollo
struck him he rolled over, one of his large horns striking the earth and
serving as a fulcrumed lever to turn him around in his path. He was up
in an instant, and now began the battle for mastery.

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