The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume IV of IV

R >> R.V. Russell >> The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume IV of IV

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[155] This article is based principally on Mr. Low's description of
the Marars in the _Balaghat District Gazetteer_ and on a paper by
Major Sutherland, I.M.S.

[156] _C.P. Census Report_ (1891), para. 180.

[157] Schroeder, _Prehistoric Antiquities_, 121, quoted in Crooke's
_Tribes and Castes_, art. Mali.

[158] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 483.

[159] _Ibidem_, para. 484.

[160] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_, para. 59.

[161] Mr. Napier's _Bhandara Settlement Report_, quoted in article
on Kohli.

[162] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Mali.

[163] _Brief View of the Caste System_, p. 15.

[164] _La Cite antique_, 21st ed., p. 181.

[165] _The Antiquity of Oriental Carpets_, Sir G. Birdwood (Society
of Arts, 6th November 1908).

[166] The derivations of chaplet and rosary are taken from Ogilvy's
_Dictionary_.

[167] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_ (C.E. Low), para. 59.

[168] _Ibidem, loc. cit._

[169] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_, para. 59.

[170] _Hindu Castes_, vol. i. p. 327.

[171] _Balaghat District Gazetteer, loc. cit._

[172] This article is based on papers by Mr. Shyamacharan, B.A.,
B.L., Pleader, Narsinghpur, and Pyare Lal Misra, Ethnographic clerk.

[173] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes of the N. W. P. and Oudh_,
art. Mallah.

[174] This article is based on papers by Mr. Hira Lal and G. Padaya
Naidu of the Gazetteer Office.

[175] _Papers on the Aboriginal Tribes of the Central Provinces_, p. 6.

[176] Rev. A. Wood in _Chanda District Gazetteer_, para. 96.

[177] This article is compiled from notes on the caste drawn up
by Colonel Mackenzie and contributed to the _Pioneer_ newspaper by
Mrs. Horsburgh; Captain Mackintosh's _Account of the Manbhaos_ (India
Office Tracts); and a paper by Pyare Lal Misra, Ethnographic clerk.

[178] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 62.

[179] Dattatreya was a celebrated Sivite devotee who has been deified
as an incarnation of Siva.

[180] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 62.

[181] This article is based partly on a paper by Mr. Achyut Sitaram
Sathe, Extra Assistant Commissioner.

[182] P. 389.

[183] See also separate article Mang-Garori.

[184] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 147.

[185] _Lectures on the Criminal Tribes of the Central Provinces_,
p. 79.

[186] _Cynodon dactylon_.

[187] Dr, Murray Mitchell's _Great Religions of India_, p. 63.

[188] From a note by Mr. Hira Lal.

[189] Times Press, Bombay, 1882.

[190] Kennedy, _Criminal Classes of the Bombay Presidency_, p. 122.

[191] _Lectures on some Criminal Tribes of India_.

[192] This passage is quoted by Mr. Gayer from the Supplement to the
Central Provinces Police Gazette of 24th January 1905.

[193] Hutton's _Thugs, Dacoits and Gang-robbers of India_ (1857),
pp. 164-168, quoting an account by Captain Barr.

[194] This article is based on papers by Rai Sahib Nanakchand, B.A.,
Headmaster, Saugor High School, and Munshi Pyare Lal Misra of the
Gazetteer office.

[195] _Brief View_, p. 30.

[196] The _tazias_ are ornamental representations of the tomb of
Hussain, which the Muhammadans make at the Muharram festival.

[197] This article is based on a note furnished by Mr. M. Aziz,
Officiating Naib-Tahsildar, Sironcha.

[198] From a glossary published by Mr. Gupta, Assistant Director of
Ethnology for India.

[199] Generally the paternal aunt's son.

[200] _Bassia latifolia_.

[201] Sir H. Risley's _India Census Report_ (1901), Ethnographic
Appendices, p. 93.

[202] P. 48, footnote.

[203] _Nasik Gazetteer_, _ibidem_. Elphinstone's _History_, p. 246.

[204] The proper spelling is Bhosle, but Bhonsla is adopted in
deference to established usage.

[205] _Bombay Census Report_ (1901), pp. 184-185.

[206] _Rajasthan_, i. 269.

[207] _Ibidem_, ii. 420.

[208] _Sholapur Gazetteer_, p. 87.

[209] _Satara Gazetteer_, p. 64.

[210] _Ibidem_, p. 75.

[211] _Bombay Census Report_ (1907), _ibidem_.

[212] _Letter on the Marathas_ (India Office Tracts).

[213] _Satara Gazetteer_, p. 75.

[214] Grant-Duff, 4th edition (1878), vol. i. pp. 70-72.

[215] Forsyth, _Nimar Settlement Report_.

[216] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xviii. part i. pp. 413-414.

[217] Elliott, _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_.

[218] The following description is taken from the Ethnographic
Appendices to Sir H.H. Risley's _India Census Report_ of 1901.

[219] Irvine's _Army of the Mughals_, p. 82.

[220] _Ibidem_, p. 232. Gopal is a name of Krishna.

[221] Lit. armour-bearers. Colonel Tone writes: "I apprehend from the
meaning of this term that it was formerly the custom of this nation,
as was the case in Europe, to appear in armour. I have frequently
seen a kind of coat-of-mail worn by the Maratha horsemen, known as a
_beuta_, which resembles our ancient hauberk; it is made of chain work,
interlinked throughout, fits close to the body and adapts itself to
all its motions."

[222] In order to obtain redress by Dharna the creditor or injured
person would sit starving himself outside his debtor's door, and if
he died the latter would be held to have committed a mortal sin and
would be haunted by his ghost; see also article on Bhat. The account
here given must be exaggerated.

[223] Elphinstone's _History_, 7th ed. p. 748.

[224] _Ibidem_, p. 753.

[225] Some information has been obtained from a paper by Mr. Harbans
Rai, Clerk of Court, Damoh.

[226] Rajendra Lal Mitra, quoted in art. on Beria.

[227] Greeven, op. cit. pp. 29, 33.

[228] Op. cit p. 334.

[229] Greeven, p. 66, quoting from _Echoes of Old Calcutta_.

[230] Crooke, _op. cit._

[231] Crooke, _op. cit._ para. 52.

[232] Ibbetson, _op. cit._ para. 227.

[233] Greeven, _op. cit._ p. 21.

[234] The fruit of the _achar_ (_Buchanamia latifolia_).

[235] _Acacia arabica_.

[236] _Acacia catechu_.

[237] Some writers consider that Balmik, the sweeper-saint, and
Valmiki, the author of the Ramayana, are not identical.

[238] Page 38.

[239] Page 8.

[240] Page 54.

[241] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 599.

[242] Sir H. Risley, _l.c._, art. Dom.

[243] _Institutes_, x. 12-29-30.

[244] _Ibidem_, iv. 239, quoted by Mr. Crooke, art. Dom.

[245] Probably not within the house but in the veranda or courtyard.

[246] _Ibidem_.

[247] Crooke, _Tribes and Castes_, art. Dom, para. 34.

[248] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _l.c._

[249] _Ibidem_.

[250] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), and _Bombay Gazetteer_, _l.c._

[251] _Hindu Tribes and Castes_, quoted by Sir H. Risley, art. Dom.

[252] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _l.c._

[253] Ibbetson, _l.c._ para. 596.

[254] _Ibidem_, para. 601.

[255] _L.c._ pp. 25, 26.

[256] _Rajputana Gazetteer_, vol. i. p. 165.

[257] A Muhammadan form of marriage.

[258] Elliott's _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_, p. 63.

[259] Cunningham's _Archaeological Survey Reports_, xx. p. 24.

[260] _Ibidem_.

[261] General Cunningham's enumeration of the _pals_ is as follows:
Five Jadon clans--Chhirkilta, Dalat, Dermot, Nai, Pundelot; five
Tuar clans--Balot, Darwar, Kalesa, Lundavat, Rattawat; one Kachhwaha
clan--Dingal; one Bargjuar clan--Singal. Besides these there is one
miscellaneous or half-blood clan, Palakra, making up the common total
of 12 1/2 clans.

[262] Ibbetson's _Punjab Census Report_, para. 582. Sir D. Ibbetson
considered it doubtful, however, whether the expression referred to
the Mina caste.

[263] Major Powlett, _Gazetteer of Alwar_.

[264] _Asiatic Studies_, vol. i. p. 162.

[265] Quoted in Dowson's _Elliott's History of India_, iii. p. 103.

[266] Dowson's _Elliott_, iv. pp. 60, 75, 283, quoted in Crooke's
_Tribes and Castes_.

[267] _Census Report_ (1881), para. 582.

[268] _Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P._ art. Meo.

[269] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 589.

[270] _Archaeological Reports_. vol. xx. p. 26.

[271] _Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces_,
vol. iii. p. 496.

[272] Baden Powell's _Land Systems of British India_, vol. iii. p. 116.

[273] _Punjab Ethnography_, p. 289.

[274] _Brief View_, p. 43.

[275] Crooke, _loc. cit._

[276] This article is partly based on papers by Mr. Gopal Parmanand,
Deputy Inspector of Schools, Saugor, and Mr. Shamsuddin, Sub-Inspector,
City Police, Saugor.

[277] _Brief View_.

[278] _Bombay Ethnographic Survey Draft Monograph on Jingar_.

[279] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Mochi.

[280] _Eastern India_, vol. iii. p. 105.

[281] Rajendra Lal Mitra, _Indo-Aryans_, vol. i. pp. 222, 223.

[282] _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 326.

[283] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bind.

[284] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bind.

[285] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, _loc. cit._

[286] The clever writer referred to in the preceding line.

[287] Breast-cloth.

[288] This article is mainly compiled from papers by Mr. Hira Lal
and Babu Gulab Singh, Superintendent of Land Records, Betul.

[289] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 158.

[290] _Butea frondosa_.

[291] _Phyllanthus emiblica_.

[292] This article is compiled from papers by Mr. Chatterji, retired
E.A.C., Jubbulpore; Professor Sadashiva Jairam, M.A., Hislop College,
Nagpur; and Mr. C. Shrinivas Naidu, First Assistant Master, Sironcha,
Chanda; and from the Central Provinces District Gazetteers.

[293] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes,_ art. Nai.

[294] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Nai, para. 5.

[295] The following account is largely taken from Mr. Nesfield's
_Brief View of the Caste System_, pp. 42, 43.

[296] _Eighteenth Century Middle-Class Life_, by C.S. Torres, in the
_Nineteenth Century and After_, Sept. 1910.

[297] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, p. 17.

[298] _Ibidem_, p. 107.

[299] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, p. 330.

[300] In the _Balaghat District Gazetteer_.

[301] D.B. Pandian, _Indian Village Life_, under Barber.

[302] Quoted in Malcolm's _Sketch of the Sikhs, Asiatic Researches_,
vol. xi., 1810, p. 289.

[303] Quoted in Sir D. Ibbetson's account of the Sikhs in _Punjab
Census Report_ (1881).

[304] _Sketch of the Sikhs_, _ibidem_, pp. 284, 285.

[305] Professor Bluemners, _Home Life of the Ancient Greeks_,
translation, p. 455.

[306] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. iii. p. 370.

[307] Hendley, _Account of the Bhils_, _J.A.S.B._ vol. xxxiv., 1875,
p. 360.

[308] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 528.

[309] S.C. Roy, _The Mundas and their Country_, p. 369.

[310] W. Kirkpatrick in _J.A.S.B._, July 1911, p. 438.

[311] _Golden Bough_, 3rd ed. vol. viii. p. 153.

[312] _G.B._, 3rd ed., _Balder the Beautiful_, vol. ii. p. 103.

[313] Dr. Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 45.

[314] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 234.

[315] _Ibidem_, vol. i. p. 242.

[316] _Ibidem_, vol. i. pp. 368, 369.

[317] Dalton, _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 270.

[318] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Parsis of Gujarat_, p. 226.

[319] _Religion of the Semites_, note i. pp. 483, 484.

[320] _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Muhammadans of Gujarat_, p. 52.

[321] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 368.

[322] Yule's ed. i. 50, quoted in _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Hindus of
Gujarat_, p. 470.

[323] Mr. V.A. Smith, _Early History of India_, 2nd ed. p. 128.

[324] _Religion of the Semites_, p. 33.

[325] Lev. xiv. 9 and Deut. xxi. 12.

[326] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 371.

[327] _Ibidem_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 370.

[328] _Ibidem_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 371.

[329] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Sarwaria.

[330] _Occult Review_, October 1909.

[331] _Orpheus_, p. 99, and _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Parsis of Gujarat_;
p. 220.

[332] Hanuman is worshipped on this day in order to counteract the
evil influence of the planet Saturn, whose day it really is.

[333] Pots in which wheat-stalks are sown and tended for nine days,
corresponding to the Gardens of Adonis.

[334] _Religion of the Semites_ p. 324.

[335] _Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 203.

[336] In 1911 the Naodas numbered 700 persons in the Central
Provinces. About 1000 were returned in Central India in 1891, but in
1901 they were amalgamated with the Mallahs or Kewats. This article
is based on a paper by Mr. P.R. Kaipitia, Forest Ranger.

[337] This article is partly compiled from notes furnished by
Mr. Aduram Chaudhri and Mr. Jagannath Prasad, Naib-Tahsildars.

[338] See art. Kanjar.

[339] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 588.

[340] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Beria.

[341] _Asiatic Researches_, vol. vii., 1803, by Captain Richardson.

[342] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Nat.

[343] Crooke, _l.c._, art. Nat.

[344] _Ibidem._

[345] Ibbetson, _Punjab Census Report_ (1886), para. 588.

[346] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xx. p. 186, quoted in Mr. Crooke's
article.

[347] Temple and Fallon's _Hindustani Proverbs_, p. 171.

[348] _As. Res._ vol. xvi., 1828, p. 213.

[349] _Melia indica_.

[350] _Bengali Festivals and Holidays_, by the Rev. Bihari Lal De,
_Calcutta Review_, vol. v. pp. 59, 60.

[351] Based on papers by Munshi Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer Office,
and Mr. Mir Patcha, Tahsildar, Bilaspur.

[352] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Lunia.

[353] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Lunia.

[354] _Papers relating to the Aboriginal Tribes of the C.P._, p. 6.

[355] Note by Mr. Tawney as Deputy Commissioner of Chhindwara, quoted
in _Central Provinces Census Report_ of 1881 (Mr. Drysdale).

[356] Sir C.A. Elliott's _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_, p. 70.

[357] _Linguistic Survey_, vol. iv. p. 406.

[358] _Bengal Census Report_ (1901).

[359] _Ethnography_, p. 248.

[360] _Tribes and Castes_, vol. ii. p. 141.

[361] Panna Lal, Revenue Inspector.

[362] _Sorghum halepense_.

[363] _Shorea robusta_.

[364] In Bilaspur the men have an iron comb in the hair with a circular
end and two prongs like a fork. Women do not wear this.

[365] _Jungle Life in India_, p. 134.

[366] This article is compiled from papers by Pyare Lal Misra,
Ethnographic clerk, and Hazari Lal, Manager, Court of Wards, Chanda.

[367] The basil plant.

[368] _Bilaspur Settlement Report_ (1868), p. 49.

[369] From a note by Mr. Gauri Shankar, Manager, Court of Wards, Drug.

[370] With the exception of the historical notice, this article
is principally based on a paper by Mr. Muhammad Yusuf, reader to
Mr. C.E. Low, Deputy Commissioner of Balaghat.

[371] Tod's _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 407.

[372] Foreign elements in the Hindu population, _Ind. Ant._ (January
1911), vol. xl.

[373] _Early History of India_ (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 3rd ed.,
p. 303.

[374] _Ibidem_, 2nd ed., p. 288.

[375] _Ibidem_, p. 316.

[376] _Early History of India_ (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 3rd ed.,
p. 319.

[377] _Garret's Classical Dictionary of Hinduism_, _s.v._ Jamadagni
and Rama.

[378] The following extract is taken from Mr. V.A. Smith's _Early
History of India_, 3rd ed. pp. 395, 396. The passage has been somewhat
abridged in reproduction.

[379] Malcolm, i. p. 26.

[380] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 215.

[381] A similar instance in Europe is related by Colonel Tod,
concerning the origin of the Madrid Restaurant in the Bois de Boulogne
at Paris. After Francis I had been captured by the Spaniards he was
allowed to return to his capital, on pledging his parole that he would
go back to Madrid. But the delights of liberty and Paris were too
much for honour; and while he wavered a hint was thrown out similar
to that of destroying the clay city. A mock Madrid arose in the Bois
de Boulogne, to which Francis retired. (_Rajasthan_, ii. p. 428.)

[382] _Rajasthan_, ii. pp. 264, 265.

[383] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Panwar.

[384] _Memoir of Central India_, i. 96.

[385] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Panwar.

[386] Blockmann, i. 252, quoted by Crooke.

[387] Ibbetson, P.C.R., para. 448.

[388] His name, Lakshma Deva, is given in a stone inscription dated
A.D. 1104-1105.

[389] The inscription is said to be in one of the temples in Winj
Basini, near Bhandak, in the Devanagri character in Marathi, and
to run as follows: "Consecration of Jagnarayan (the serpent of the
world). Dajianashnaku, the son of Chogneka, he it was who consecrated
the god. The Panwar, the ruler of Dhar, was the third repairer of
the statue. The image was carved by Gopinath Pandit, inhabitant of
Lonar Mehkar. Let this shrine be the pride of all the citizens, and
let this religious act be notified to the chief and other officers."

[390] A few Panwar Rajputs are found in the Saugor District, but they
are quite distinct from those of the Maratha country, and marry with
the Bundelas. They are mentioned in the article on that clan.

[391] March.

[392] Rice boiled with milk and sugar.

[393] Village headman.

[394] Patwari or village accountant.

[395] _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 59.

[396] _Diospyros tomentosa_.

[397] Gamble, _Manual of Indian Timbers_, p. 461.

[398] _Balaghat District Gazetteer_.

[399] P. 62, quoting from Bringand, _Les Karens de la Birmanie,
Les Missions Catholiques_, xx. (1888), p. 208.

[400] _Tod's Rajasthan_, i. p. 165. But Johar is a common term of
salutation among the Hindus.

[401] _Seoni Settlement Report_ (1867), p. 43.

[402] From a collection of notes on Patharis by various police
officers. The passage is somewhat abridged in reproduction.

[403] _Ficus R._

[404] _Bassia latifolia_.

[405] _Ficus glomerata_.

[406] Note already quoted.

[407] This article is partly compiled from papers by Mr. Aduram
Chaudhri and Pandit Pyare Lal Misra of the Gazetteer Office,
and extracts from Mr. Kitts' _Berar Census Report_ (1881), and
Mr. Sewell's note on the caste quoted in Mr. Gayer's _Lectures on
the Criminal Tribes of the Central Provinces_.

[408] _Lectures on Criminal Tribes of the C.P._, p. 19.

[409] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 135.

[410] _Bombay Ethnographic Survey_, art. Pardhi.

[411] _Jungle Life in India_, pp. 586-587.

[412] _Peasant Life in Bihar_, p. 80.

[413] See Jerdon's _Mammals of India_, p, 97. The account there given
is quoted in the _Chhindwara District Gazetteer_, pp. 16-17.

[414] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, p. 75.

[415] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, pp. 69, 71.

[416] _Private Life of an Eastern King_, pp. 39-40.

[417] _Bombay Ethnographic Survey_, _ibidem_.

[418] This article is based on papers by Mr. Panda Baijnath and other
officers of the Bastar State.

[419] By Dr. Cornish.

[420] _Linguistic Survey_; vol. ix, p. 554; vol. ii. part ii. pp. 434
ff.

[421] In the article on Gond it is suggested that the Gonds and
Khonds were originally one tribe, and the fact that the Parjas have
affinities with both of them appears to support this view.

[422] _Eugenia jambolana_.

[423] Hareli, _lit._ 'the season of greenness.'

[424] Nawakhani, _lit._ 'the new eating.'

[425] _Folklore as a Historical Science_ (G.L. Gomme), pp. 191, 192.

[426] Based principally on Mr. Crooke's article on the caste in his
_Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh_.

[427] Quoted in Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bhar.

[428] Art. Pasi, para. 3.

[429] Art. Bhar, para. 4.

[430] A pulse of a black colour (_Phaseolus radiatus_).

[431] These sentences are taken from Dr. Grierson's _Peasant Life in
Behar_, p. 79.

[432] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Pasi.

[433] The following passage is taken from Mr. Crooke's article
on Pasi, and includes quotations from the _Sitapur_ and _Hardoi
Settlement Reports_.

[434] _Lectures on Criminal Tribes of the Central Provinces_.

[435] The word Rakshabandhan is said to mean literally, 'the bond
of protection.' Another suggested derivation, 'binding the devil,'
is perhaps incorrect.

[436] The historical account of the Pindaris is compiled from Malcolm's
_Memoir of Central India_, Grant-Duff's _History of the Marathas_,
and Prinsep's _Transactions in India_ (1825). Some notes on the modern
Pindaris have been furnished by Mr. Hira Lal, and Mr. Waman Rustom
Mandloi, Naib-Tahsildar, Harda.

[437] _Memoir of Central India_, i, p. 433.

[438] _Indian Antiquary_, 1900.

[439] _Transactions in India_, 1813-23, by H.T. Prinsep.

[440] _Maratha and Pindari Campaigns_.

[441] The above is compiled from the accounts given by Prinsep and
Malcolm.

[442] That is when Malcolm wrote his _Memoir_.

[443] This account is copied from Prinsep's _Transactions_.

[444] _Memoir_, ii. p. 177.

[445] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 674.

[446] Malcolm, ii. p. 177.

[447] The Pindari's childhood is recalled here, _vide_ poem.

[448] Pamphlet published in connection with the Ethnographic Survey.

[449] _A Prabhu Marriage_, p. 3 _et seq._

[450] _A Prabhu Marriage_, pp. 26-27.

[451] _Bombay Ethnographic Survey_, art. Prabhu.

[452] _Bombay Gazetteer_, ix. p. 68, footnotes.

[453] _Hoshangabad Settlement Report_ (1807), p. 60.

[454] _Nagpur Settlement Report_.

[455] _Settlement Report_.

[456] Preserved butter.

[457] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Raghuvansi.

[458] Kitts' _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 157.

[459] About 400 lbs.

[460] _Early History of India_ (Oxford, Clarendon Press), 3rd edition,
p. 414.

[461] _Early History of India_, pp. 252, 254.

[462] _Ibidem_, p. 210.

[463] _Ibidem_, p. 227.

[464] Colonel Tod states that, the proper name of the caste was Jit
or Jat, and was changed to Jat by a section of them who also adopted
Muhammadanism. Colonel Tod also identifies the Jats or Jits with the
Yueh-chi as suggested in the text (_Rajasthan_, i. p. 97).

[465] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 42. Mr. Crooke points out that the Buddha
here referred to is probably the planet Mercury. But it is possible
that he may have been identified with the religious reformer as the
names seem to have a common origin.

[466] See also separate articles on Panwar, Rajput and Gujar.

[467] _J.A.S.B._, 1909, p. 167, _Guhilots_. See also annexed article
on Rajput Sesodia.

[468] _Ibidem_, i. p. 105.

[469] See also article Bhat.

[470] _Rajasthan_, i. pp. 231, 232.

[471] _Butea frondosa_. This powder is also used at the Holi festival
and has some sexual significance.

[472] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 159.

[473] _Melia indica_.

[474] _Ficus R._

[475] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 123.

[476] _Rajasthan_, i. pp. 267, 268.

[477] _Rasmala_, ii. p. 261.

[478] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 553.

[479] _Reminiscences of Lady Dorothy Nevill_, Nelson's edition, p. 367.

[480] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 3.

[481] Mrs. Postans, _Cutch_, p. 35.

[482] Mrs. Postans, _Cutch_, p. 138.

[483] _Rajasthan_, i. pp. 543, 544.

[484] _Ibidem_, i. p. 125.

[485] _Ibidem_, ii. p. 52.

[486] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 552.

[487] Vol. ii. p. 227.

[488] A ceremony of smearing vermilion on the bride before a wedding,
which is believed to bring good fortune.

[489] The basil plant, sacred to Vishnu.

[490] A round black stone, considered to be a form of Vishnu.

[491] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 555.

[492] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_. art. Rajput.

[493] Quoted in Sir D. Ibbetson's _Punjab Census Report_ (1881),
para. 456.

[494] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Baghel.

[495] Vol. i. part i. p. 198.

[496] See also a history of the Baghels, called _Pratap Vinod_,
written by Khan Bahadur Rahmat Ali Khan, and translated by Thakur
Pratap Singh, Revenue Commissioner of Rewah.

[497] Article Baghel, quoting Forsyth's _Highlands of Central India_.

[498] _Memoir of Central India_, vol. ii. p. 479.

[499] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 445.

[500] This article consists entirely of extracts from Mr. Crooke's
article on the Bais Rajputs.

[501] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Banaphar.

[502] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 88, and _Supplementary Glossary_, _s.v._

[503] _Tribes and Castes_, _s.v._

[504] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bundela.

[505] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 106.

[506] _Imperial Gazetteer_, articles Bundelkhand and Panna.

[507] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, pp. 390-394.

[508] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Chandel.

[509] Sherring's _Castes and Tribes_, i. pp. 359, 360.

[510] _Supplemental Glossary_, art. Bhar.

[511] See art. Pasi.

[512] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, art. Chandel.

[513] _Ibidem_.

[514] _J.A.S.B._ vol. xlvi. (1877), p. 232.

[515] _Ibidem_, p. 233.

[516] _J.A.S.B._ vol. xlvi. (1877), p. 233.

[517] _Rajasthan_, i. pp. 86, 87.

[518] _Archaeological Reports_, ii. 255, quoted in Mr. Crooke's
art. Chauhan.

[519] _Imperial Gazetteer, India_, vol. ii, p. 312.

[520] _Early History of India_ and _Imperial Gazetteer, loc. cit._

[521] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 419.

[522] The above particulars are taken from Mr. Crooke's article
Dhakara in his _Tribes and Castes_.

[523] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 391.

[524] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 385.

[525] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Gaharwar.

[526] _Tribes and Castes_, i. p. 75.

[527] _Supplementary Glossary_, p. 33.

[528] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 105.

[529] Quoted in Mr. Crooke's article on Gaharwar.

[530] See art. Rajput, Bundela.

[531] Quoted in Mr. Crooke's article Gaur Brahman.

[532] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 105.

[533] _Supplemental Glossary, s.v._

[534] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 36.

[535] The above notice of the Kalachuri or Haihaya dynasty of Tripura
is taken from the detailed account in the _Jubbulpore District
Gazetteer_, pp. 42-47, compiled by Mr. A.E. Nelson, C.S., and Rai
Bahadur Hira Lal.

[536] _Early History of India_, 3rd edition, p. 390. This, however,
does not only refer to the Jubbulpore branch, whose territories
did not probably include the south and east of the present Central
Provinces, but includes also the country over which the Ratanpur
kings subsequently extended their separate jurisdiction.