The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume I (of IV)

R >> R.V. Russell >> The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India Volume I (of IV)

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[104] 2nd ed. vol. i. pp. 169, 174. See also Sir E.B. Tylor's
_Primitive Culture_, i. pp. 282, 286, 295; ii. pp. 170, 181, etc.

[105] See also _Primitive Culture_, i. pp. 119, 121, 412, 413, 514.

[106] Messrs. Spencer and Gillan, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_
(London, Macmillan), p. 201.

[107] _Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian
Languages_, pp. 40, 41, 45.

[108] _Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian
Languages_, pp. 292, 294.

[109] Dr. A.H. Keane, _The World's Peoples_, London, Hutchinson,
1908, p. 50.

[110] _Nimar Settlement Report_.

[111] See also _Primitive Culture_, i. p. 408.

[112] _The Oraons_, pp. 408, 409.

[113] 2nd ed. vol. ii. p. 457 _et seq._

[114] For instances of omens see article Thug and Index. Also Miss
Harrison's _Themis_, pp. 98, 99.

[115] _La Cite Antique_, p. 225.

[116] W.W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 178, 571.

[117] _Early History of Mankind_, 3rd ed. p. 143.

[118] _Ibidem_, p. 125.

[119] See article Joshi for examples of Hindu names.

[120] _La Cite Antique_, p. 357.

[121] p. 182, _et seq._

[122] See para. 61.

[123] I. p. 430.

[124] See article on Nai.

[125] 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 57.

[126] _Native Tribes of Central Australia,_ Introduction, p. 25.

[127] Dr. A. H. Keane, _The Worlds Peoples,_ p. 62.

[128] For counting, see _Primitive Culture_, 5th ed. pp. 240, 254,
265, 266.

[129] _Account of the Mewar Bhils_, J.A.S.B., vol. xxiv. (1875) p. 369.

[130] _Early History of Mankind_, p. 293.

[131] _Ibidem_, p. 294.

[132] _Ibidem_, p. 295.

[133] See also _Primitive Culture_, i. p. 493, ii. p. 431.

[134] See article on Mochi for the Muhammadan reference. The Jewish
reference is of course to the Second Commandment.

[135] _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 176.

[136] _Ibidem_, pp. 181, 182.

[137] _The Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. ii. p. 120.

[138] _The Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. iii. p. 301.

[139] Section on the Kol tribe in Dalton's _Ethnology of Bengal_.

[140] Mr. S.C. Roy, _The Oraons_, p. 262.

[141] See also _Primitive Culture_, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244, 246.

[142] See article on Brahman.

[143] See article Bairagi.

[144] _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 185, 186.

[145] _Ibidem_, pp. 154, 155.

[146] _Primitive Culture_, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244.

[147] _Primitive Culture_, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244.

[148] Dr. A.W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_,
p. 146. In this case the reference seems to be to any one of several
totems of a sub-class.

[149] Dr. A.W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 145.

[150] _Ibidem_, pp. 148, 149.

[151] _The Religion of the Semites_, pp. 273, 274.

[152] _Primitive Paternity_, vol. i. pp. 272, 273.

[153] _The Religion of the Semites_, p. 265.

[154] See paragraph 80 below and the article on Kasai.

[155] _The Origin of Civilisation_, p. 240.

[156] See _The Golden Bough_, ii. p. 396 _et seq._

[157] This view of sacrifice was first enunciated by Professor
Robertson Smith in the article on Sacrifice in the _Encyclopaedia
Britannica_, and _The Religion of the Semites_.

[158] _History of Human Marriage_, p. 324.

[159] Many instances are also given by Mr. Hartland in _Primitive
Paternity_.

[160] _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 481.

[161] _Primitive Marriage_, p. 135, footnote.

[162] _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii. p. 473, iii. pp. 34, 76, 101,
225, 272, 308, 360. The Australians have secret Churinga names, the
Churingas apparently representing the spirits of ancestors which have
returned to the totem. (Spencer and Gillan, _ibidem_, Appendix A.)

[163] _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_, pp. 198, 200.

[164] _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 70; _Natives of
Australia,_ Mr. N.W. Thomas, p. 75.

[165] _Totemism and Exogamy_, iii. pp. 93, 120, 122, 124, 226,
ii. p. 6.

[166] _Totemism and Exogamy_, vol. iv.

[167] See article Lakhera for further discussion of the marking with
vermilion and its substitutes.

[168] _La Cite Antique_, Paris, Librairie Hachette, 21st ed. p. 4.

[169] _La Cite Antique_, p. 45.

[170] This word seems to mean elder sister, and is applied by the
girls to their sex-totem, the emu-wren.

[171] _Native Tribes of S.-E. Australia,_ p. 149.

[172] _History of Human Marriage_, pp. 418-420.

[173] _The People of India_ (Thacker & Co.), pp. 171, 173.

[174] _Tribes and Castes of the N.-W.P. and Oudh_, art. Nunia.

[175] _Religion and Customs of the Oraons, Memoirs_, As. Socy. of
Bengal, vol. i. No. 9.

[176] Mr. S.C. Roy, _The Oraons_, p. 247.

[177] See article on Rajput, para. 9.

[178] Professor W. E. Hearn's _Aryan Household_ (London, Longmans,
Green & Co.), p. 160.

[179] At first the whole _gens_ were the heirs, _Ancient Law_,
p. 221. The group of agnatic kinsmen are mentioned in _Early Law and
Custom_, pp. 238, 239, but not directly as heirs.

[180] _Aryan Household_, p. 28, quoting Becker's _Charicles_, p. 394.

[181] _Aryan Household_, p. 160, quoting Plutarch, _Quaestiones
Romanae_, c. 6.

[182] _La Cite Antique_, 21st ed. Paris, Hachette et Cie.

[183] _Aryan Household_, p. 215.

[184] _La Cite Antique_, p. 299.

[185] _La Cite Antique_, p. 304.

[186] _Ibidem_, pp. 128, 129.

[187] _Ibidem_, p. 318.

[188] _Ibidem_, p. 129.

[189] _Ibidem_, p. 273.

[190] _Ibidem_, p. 129.

[191] _Ibidem_, p. 320.

[192] _La Cite Antique_, p. 279.

[193] _Ibidem_, pp. 281, 282.

[194] _Ibidem_, p. 281.

[195] _Ibidem_, p. 320.

[196] _La Cite Antique_, p. 179.

[197] _Ibidem_.

[198] _Ibidem_.

[199] _Ibidem_, p. 181.

[200] _La Cite Antique_, p. 113.

[201] _Ibidem_, pp. 186-188.

[202] _La Cite Antique_, _ibidem_.

[203] Pp. 151, 154.

[204] The above account of the festival and pilgrimage is taken from
the Rev. T.P. Hughes' _Dictionary of Islam_, articles Idu-l-Azha
and Hajj.

[205] _La Cite Antique_, p. 134.

[206] _Ibidem_, p. 127.

[207] Para. 48 above.

[208] See article on Rajput, para. 9.

[209] _The Magic Art_, ii. p. 89, quoting Satapatha Brahmana.

[210] See article on Kasai.

[211] See account in article on Kasai.

[212] _Orpheus_, pp. 123, 125.

[213] 7th ed. p. 300.

[214] _Origin of Civilisation_, 7th ed. p. 299.

[215] _The Dasahra: an Autumn Festival of the Hindus_, Folk-lore,
March 1915. Some notice of the Dasahra in the Central Provinces is
contained in the article on Kumhar.

[216] Crooke, _loc. cit._ p. 41.

[217] See also article Mahar.

[218] _La Cite Antique_, pp. 202, 204.

[219] _Imperial Gazetteer of India_, ii. p. 312.

[220] _Totemism and Exogamy_, vol. ii. pp. 528, 530.

[221] _Ibidem_.

[222] _Totemism and Exogamy_, vol. ii. p. 608; _The Golden Bough_,
2nd ed. vol. iii. p. 407.

[223] Dr. A.H. Keane, _The World's Peoples,_ p. 138.

[224] Mr. L.D. Barnett's _Antiquities of India_, p. 171.

[225] _The Golden Bough_, 2nd ed. vol. i. pp. 234, 235.

[226] _Ibidem_, vol. ii. pp. 9, 10.

[227] Other features of the sacramental rite, strengthening this
hypothesis, are given in the article Kabirpanthi Sect. The account
is taken from Bishop Westcott's _Kabir and the Kabirpanth._

[228] See articles Dewar, Bhunjia, Gauria, Sonjhara, Malyar.

[229] Some instances are given in the article on Kalar and on Rajput,
para. 9.

[230] Dr. A.H. Keane, _The World's Peoples_, pp. 129, 130.

[231] Para. 11.

[232] For further notice of Vishnu and Siva see articles Vaishnava and
Saiva sects; for Devi see article Kumhar, and for Kali, article Thug;
for Krishna, article Ahir; for Ganpati, article Bania.

[233] See above, para. 13.

[234] _La Cite Antique_, p. 341.

[235] _Early History of Mankind_, pp. 259, 260. The needfire, as
described by Sir E.B. Tylor, had the character of a purificatory rite,
but it may be doubted whether this was its original form, any more
than in the case of the Suovetaurilia or Pola ceremonies.

[236] Mr. J.T. Marten's _Central Provinces Census Report_, p. 238.

[237] For further notice of this offence see article Sunar under
Ear-piercing.

[238] Para. 61.

[239] "Tarpeia" in M. Salomon Reinach's _Cults, Myths and Religions_
(English edition, London, David Nutt, 1912).

[240] _Cults, Customs_, p. 130.

[241] Maclagan, _Punjab Census Report_, p. 174.

[242] Burn, _United Provinces Census Report_, p. 82.

[243] _Cults, Customs_, p. 144.

[244] _Ibidem_, pp. 176, 177.

[245] _Cults, Customs_, pp. 148, 149.

[246] Maclagan, _l.c._

[247] _Ibidem_.

[248] J. T. Marten, _Census Report_ (1911).

[249] Lillingston, p. 45, on the authority of Max Mullet. Professor
Oman states, however, that he had but little acquaintance with the
Vedas (_Brahmans, Tkeists,_ p. 103), and if this was so it would seem
likely that his knowledge of the other ancient languages was not very
profound. But he published a book in Persian and knew English well.

[250] Oman, quoting from Dr. George Smith's _Life of Dr. Alexander
Duff_, vol. i. p. 118.

[251] Oman, quoting Mary Carpenter's _Last Days in England of the
Raja Ram Mohan Roy_, p. 67.

[252] Lillingston, p. 51.

[253] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 105.

[254] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 111.

[255] Lillingston, p. 73.

[256] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 116.

[257] _Ibidem_, p. 113.

[258] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 118.

[259] Lillingston, p. 96.

[260] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 133.

[261] _Brahmans, Theists_, pp. 131, 139, 140.

[262] _Brahmans, Theists_, p. 148.

[263] This article is compiled from the notices in Wilson's _Hindu
Sects, As. Res._ vol. xvi. pp. 79-81; Sir E. Maclagan's _Punjab
Census Report_, 1891; and Mr. Bhimbhai Kirparam's _Hindus of Gujarat_,
_Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix.

[264] Captain C.E. Luard, in _Central India Census Report_ (1901),
p. 88.

[265] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat_ (Mr. Bhimbhai Kirparam),
p. 545.

[266] This information was kindly furnished by the Diwan of Panna,
through the Political Agent at Bundelkhand.

[267] Barth, p. 148.

[268] Hopkins, p. 310, and _The Jains_, p. 40.

[269] Barth, p. 149.

[270] _The Jainas_, pp. 38-47.

[271] The writer is inclined to doubt whether either Buddhism or
Jainism were really atheistic, and to think that they were perhaps
rather forms of pantheism; but the above is the view of the best
authorities.

[272] _The Jainas_, p. 10.

[273] _The Jainas_, p. 6.

[274] _Ibidem_, p. 10.

[275] Moor's _Hindu Infanticide_, pp. 175-176.

[276] Marten, _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 67.

[277] Maclagan, _Punjab Census Report_ (1891), p. 183.

[278] Mr. Marten's _Central Provinces Census Report_, 1911.

[279] The particulars about the Tirthakars and the animals and trees
associated with them are taken from _The Jainas_.

[280] _Jonesia Asoka_.

[281] _Cedrela toona_.

[282] _Grislea tomentosa_.

[283] _Eugenia jambolana_.

[284] _Michelia champaka_.

[285] Crooke, _Things Indian_, art. Pinjrapol.

[286] Moor, _Hindu Infanticide_, p. 184.

[287] _Rajasthan_, vol. i. p. 449, and pp. 696, 697, App.

[288] _Central Provinces Census Report_, 1911.

[289] Westcott, _Op. cit._ p. 3.

[290] _Op. cit._ p. 12.

[291] _Kabir and the Kabirpanth_, pp. 115 and 116.

[292] Raipur District.

[293] The description of the Chauka service is mainly taken from
Bishop Westcott's full and detailed account.

[294] _Ficus glomerata_.

[295] Sherring, _Hindu Castes and Tribes,_ iii. pp. 96, 123.

[296] By Surgeon-Major Cornish.

[297] _Bombay Census Report_, 1901, pp. 181-183.

[298] _Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies_, p. 117.

[299] Mr. Marten's _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), Subsidiary Table,
ix., Occupation, p. 276.

[300] Short for Amir or Prince.

[301] Siddik means veracious or truthful, and he was given the name
on account of his straightforward character (_Bombay Gazetteer._)

[302] _Supplemental Glossary_, vol. i. p. 195.

[303] Mr. A. M. T. Jackson in _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj_;, p. 10.

[304] _Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem_.

[305] Hughes' _Dictionary of Islam, s. v._ Marriage.

[306] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ p. 166.

[307] _Ibidem_, p. 66.

[308] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 147,148, from which the whole
paragraph is taken.

[309] _Bomb. Gas. Muh. Guj._ p. 150.

[310] Temple's _Proper Names of the Punjabis_, pp. 41, 43.

[311] _Qanun-Islam_, p. 20.

[312] _Ibidem_.

[313] _Qanun-i-Islam_, pp. 26, 27.

[314] _Ibidem_, pp. 30, 35.

[315] Hughes, _Notes on Muhammadanism_, pp. 122, 131.

[316] _Qanun-i-Islam_, p. 286.

[317] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 168, 170.

[318] _Dictionary of Islam_, art. Inheritance.

[319] Hughes, _Notes on Muhammadanism_, pp. 63, 75.

[320] See _post_. The account is compiled mainly from the _Dictionary
of Islam,_ articles Idu-l-Azha and Hajj.

[321] _Bomb. Gas. Muh. Guj_. p. 138.

[322] Hughes, _Dictionary of Islam, s.v._ Idu-l-Azha.

[323] Hughes, _ibidem_.

[324] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj_. p. 131.

[325] Professor Margoliouth's _Muhammadanism._

[326] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj_. p. 131.

[327] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 132, 135.

[328] _Bomb. Gaz., ibidem_.

[329] Professor Margoliouth's _Muhammadanism_ and the _Dictionary
of Islam_.

[330] _Early Developments of Muhammadanism_, pp. 87, 97.

[331] _Notes on Muhammadanism_, p. 168.

[332] _Dictionary of Islam_, _s.v._ Food.

[333] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 100-103, and _Dictionary of Islam_,
art. Dress and Ornaments.

[334] Hughes, _Notes on Muhammadanism_.

[335] _Qanun-i-Islam, _ pp. 24, 25. This account is a very old one,
and the elaborate procedure may now have been abandoned.

[336] Hughes, _Dictionary of Islam, s.v._ Fitrah.

[337] _Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj._ pp. 143, 144.

[338] Hughes, _Dictionary of Islam_, _s.v._ Whistling.

[339] _C.P. Census Report_, 1911, p. 66.

[340] This article is compiled from Sir Denzil Ibbetson's _Punjab
Census Report_ of 1881, and Sir E.D. Maclagan's _Punjab Census Report_
of 1891.

[341] Ibbetson, para. 260.

[342] Maclagan, para. 88.

[343] Maclagan, _loc. cit._

[344] Ibbetson, para. 265.

[345] Maclagan, para. 95.

[346] _Tribes and Castes_, article Suthra Shahi.

[347] _C.P. Census Report_ (1911), p. 69.

[348] P. 276.

[349] _Orpheus_, p. 94.

[350] _Ibidem_.

[351] Haug, _loc. cit._ pp. 69, 70.

[352] _Orpheus_, pp. 91, 92.

[353] Haug, pp. 267, 268.

[354] Haug, p. 269.

[355] Haug, pp. 272, 273.

[356] _Great Religions of India_.

[357] _Great Religions of India_.

[358] _Orpheus_, p. 96.

[359] _Ibidem_, p. 98.

[360] Haug, p. 199.

[361] Sykes' _Persia and its People_, p. 180; _Great Religions of
India_, p. 173.

[362] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_
p. 190.

[363] _Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem._

[364] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_,
pp. 233, 237.

[365] P. 133.

[366] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_,
pp. 221-226.

[367] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_,
p. 231.

[368] _Ibidem_, pp. 239-242.

[369] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii., _Parsis of Gujarat_,
pp. 241, 243.

[370] _Bombay Gazetteer, Parsis of Gujarat_, pp. 205, 207, 219, 220.

[371] See also article on Kalar.

[372] _Aegle marmelos_.

[373] Dr. Bhattacharya's _Hindu Castes and Sects_, p. 371.

[374] See articles Kumhar, Thug and Sakta sect.

[375] See art. Sakta Sect.

[376] Mr. Marten's _C. P. Census Report_, 1911.

[377] _India Census Report_ (1901), p. 360.

[378] _Hindu Castes and Sects_ (Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta),
pp. 407-413.

[379] Sir E. Gait's note, _India Census Report_.

[380] _Hindu Castes and Sects_.

[381] This article is based principally on a paper by Mr. Durga Prasad
Pande, Tahsildar, Raipur.

[382] _Bilaspur Settlement Report_ (1888), p. 45.

[383] Some of Mr. Chisholm's statements are undoubtedly inaccurate. For
instance, he says that Ghasi Das decided on a temporary withdrawal
into the wilderness, and proceeded for this purpose to a small village
called Girod near the junction of the Jonk and Mahanadi rivers. But
it is an undoubted fact, as shown by Mr. Hira Lal and others, that
Ghasi Das was born in Girod and had lived there all his life up to
the time of his proclamation of his gospel.

[384] _Ibidem_.

[385] _Luffa acutangula_.

[386] _Solanum melangenum_.

[387] Some of the Bundela raids in the north of the Province were
made on the pretext of being crusades for the protection of the
sacred animal.

[388] From Mr. Durga Prasad Pande's paper.

[389] This text is recorded by Mr. Durga Prasad Pande as follows:

"Bhaji chhurai bhanta chhurdi
Gondli karat chhonka
Lai bhaji ke chhurawate
Gaon la marai chauka.
Sahib ke Satnamia; 'Thonka.'"

Or

"We have given up eating vegetables, we eat no brinjals: we eat
onions with more relish; we eat no more red vegetables. The _chauka_
has been placed in the village. The true name is of God; (to which
the pair replied) 'Amen.'"

[390] See article Nanakpanthi for an account of Nanak's creed.

[391] Here again, Sir D. Ibbetson notes, it is often the women who
are the original offenders: "I have often asked Sikhs how it is that,
believing as they do in only one God, they can put any faith in and
render any obedience to Brahmans who acknowledge a large number of
deities, and their answer in every case has been that they do not
themselves believe in them; but their women do, and to please them
they are obliged to pay attention to what the Brahmans say."

[392] _Punjab Census Report_ (1891), para. 107.

[393] Account of the Sikhs, _Asiatic Researches_.

[394] Apparently the Scripture of Govind, the tenth _guru_.

[395] 'Hurrah for the Guru's Khalsa, Victory to the Guru.'

[396] Sir Lepel Griffin's _Life of Ranjit Singh_.

[397] Based on the account of the sect in the volume, _Hindus of
Gujarat,_ of the _Bombay Gazetteer_, and _The Swami-Narayan Sect_
pamphlet, printed at the Education Society's Press, Bombay, 1887.

[398] Bishop Heber's _Narrative of a Journey through the Upper
Provinces,_ pp. 143, 153.

[399] _The Swami-Narayan Sect_, pp. 4, 22. The above details are given,
because in the _Bombay Gazetteer_ the Swami is said to have prohibited
the taking of food with low-caste people, and caste pollution; and
this appears incorrect.

[400] _The Swami-Narayan Sect_, p. 25.

[401] _Bombay Ducks_, p. 194.

[402] For a suggested explanation of the myth of Parasurama see
article Panwar Rajput.

[403] See also article Ahir.

[404] Kabirpanthi, Nanakpanthi, Dadupanthi, Swami-Narayan, etc.

[405] This article is based on Professor Wilson's _Hindu Sects_,
M. Chevrillon's _Romantic India_, and some notes collected by Munshi
Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer Office.

[406] _Dhatura alba_, a plant sacred to Siva, whose seed is a powerful
narcotic, and is used to poison travellers.

[407] This article consists entirely of extracts from the article on
the Wahhabi sect in the Rev. T. P. Hughes' _Dictionary of Islam_.

[408] Irvine, _Army of the Mughals_, p. 198.

[409] Irvine, _Army of the Mughals_, p. 232.

[410] _Summary of the Maratha and Pindari Campaigns_, p. 264.

[411] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. ix. part ii. p. 16.

[412] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 221.

[413] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 543.

[414] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 128.

[415] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 529.

[416] Khan Bahadur Lutfullah Faridi in _Bombay Gazetteer_, _Muh. Guj._

[417] _Berar Census Report_, _ibidem_.

[418] In 1911 about 3000 persons belonging to the caste were returned,
mainly from Bilaspur District, and the Korea and Sarguja States.

[419] Crooke, vol. i. p. 184.

[420] _Eastern India_, ii. p. 467.

[421] _North-West Provinces Gazetteer_, vol. xiv., Mirzapur, p. 365.

[422] _Ethnographic Notes in Southern India_, page 72.

[423] This article consists of extracts from Mr. Crooke's account of
the caste in his _Tribes and Castes_.

[424] _Eastern India_, ii. 248.

[425] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), para. 542.

[426] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Bhatia.

[427] _Rajasthan_, ii. p. 292.

[428] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bind.

[429] _Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P. and Oudh_, art. Bind.

[430] _Bauhinia scandens._

[431] _Ethnology of Bengal._ pp. 158, 221.

[432] See art. Bhunjia.

[433] _Linguistic Survey of India,_ vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian
Dialects,_ p. 102.

[434] Caldwell's _Dravidian Grammar_, pp. 123 and 134. Captain
Glasfurd says: 'The termination _war_ is a Telugu affix signifying
person or man' (_Settlement Report of the Upper Godavari District_
(1868), p. 26).

[435] This article consists only of extracts from the accounts of
Colonel Dalton and Sir H. Risley.

[436] Dalton's _Ethnology of Bengal_, pp. 126, 127.

[437] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Chero.

[438] See also art. Daharia for a discussion of the origin of that
caste.

[439] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Dhalgar.

[440] From a paper by Narayan Bohidar, Schoolmaster, Sonpur State.

[441] This article is based on papers by Mr. D.P. Kshirsagar,
Naib-Tahsildar, Buldana, and Mr. Khandekar, Headmaster, Nandura.

[442] _Madras Census Report_ (1901), p. 149.

[443] _Bhandara Settlement Report_ (Mr. A.B. Napier), p. 8.

[444] _Criminal Tribes of the C.P._, p. 61.

[445] Buchanan, i. p. 331.

[446] _B.G. Muh. Guj_., p. 84.

[447] This article is based on information collected by Mr. Hira Lai
in Betul.

[448] Art. Dom. in _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, and of the
_North-Western Provinces and Oudh_.

[449] See article Are.

[450] _Thana Gazetteer_, pp. 119, 120.

[451] _Sholapur Gazetteer_, p. 158.

[452] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 238.

[453] _Ibidem_, p. 280.

[454] _Satara Gazetteer_, p, 41.

[455] _Nasik Gazetteer_, p. 54.

[456] This account is taken from inquiries made by Mr. Hira Lal
in Patna.

[457] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Bauri.

[458] From a paper by Mr. Kripasindh Tripathi, Headmaster, Saria
Middle School, Sarangarh State.

[459] From _pag_, a foot.

[460] Malcolm, _Memoir of Central India_, ii. p. 21.

[461] This paper is compiled from notes taken by Mr. Hira Lal at
Raj-Nandgaon and Betul.

[462] Perhaps _Pandanus fascicularis_.

[463] This article is compiled from papers by C. Ramiah, Kanungo,
Sironcha, and W.G. Padaya Naidu, clerk, District Office, Chanda.

[464] _Mysore Census Report_ (1891), p. 205.

[465] This article is compiled from a paper by Mr. Ghasinam Dani,
Deputy Inspector of Schools, Bastar State.

[466] The caste numbered 85 persons in 1911. The above notice is
compiled from a paper by Mr. Krishna Sewak, Naib-Tahsildar, Bargarh.

[467] Based on inquiries made by Mr. Hira Lal, Assistant Gazetteer
Superintendent in Bhandara.

[468] _Madras Census Report_ (1901), p. 168.

[469] _Bombay Gazetteer, Guj. Mukh_. p. 18.

[470] Elliott's _Memoirs_, vol. i. p. 54.

[471] Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, vol. i. p. 161.

[472] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 303.

[473] _India Census Report_ (1891), p. 200.

[474] _Man_, November 1909.

[475] Tone, _Letter on the Marathas_ (1798), India Office Tracts,
p. 25.

[476] Lane, _Modern Egyptians_, p. 373.

[477] _Census Report_ (1891), p. 211.

[478] From a paper by Mr. Rajaram Gangadhar Deshpande, Tahsildar,
Wardha.

[479] _Settlement Report of the Upper Godavari District_ (1868),
quoted in Mr. Nunn's _Monograph on the Gold and Silver Industries of
the Central provinces_.

[480] _Monograph on the Gold and Silver Industries, loc. cit._

[481] _Berar Census Report_ (1881), p. 219.

[482] Based on a paper by Mr. Ali Mustafa, Naib-Tahsildar, Hatta.

[483] _Census Report_ (1891), p. 179.

[484] In the introduction to Firishta's History (Elliot, vi. p. 568),
it is stated that Roh is the name of a particular mountain (country)
which extends in length from Swat and Bajaur to the town of Siwi
belonging to Bhakar. In breadth it stretches from Hasan Abdul to
Kabul. Kandahar is situated in this country. (Crooke's _Hobson-Jobson_,
p. 766.)

[485] Mr. Crooke's _Tribes and Castes_, vol. iv. pp. 165, 166.

[486] _Proper Names of the Punjabis_, p. 74.

[487] _Indian Life and Sentiment_, p. 99.

[488] _Linguistic Survey_, vol. iv. p. 30.

[489] _Linguistic Survey_, vol. iv., _Munda and Dravidian Languages_,
p. 79.

[490] _Ibidem_, pp. 84, 85.

[491] _Ethnology of Bengal_, p. 235 _et seq._

[492] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, App. I.

[493] _Ibidem_, pp. 222, 223.

[494] This article is written from papers by Mr. G.A. Khan, Assistant
Commissioner, Venkatesh Tumaiya Ayawar, Schoolmaster, Chanda, and
Mr. G. Padaya Naidu, District Officer, Chanda.

[495] _North Arcot Manual_, i. p. 200.

[496] _North Arcot Manual_, i. p. 242.

[497] Based on a paper by G. Pydiah Naidu of the Gazetteer Office.

[498] Vol. xi. p. 433.

[499] Mr. Edwardes, _Byways of Bombay_, p. 79.

[500] _Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem_.

[501] _J.A.S.B._, No. 3 of 1903, p. 103.

[502] Partly based on a note by Mr. C.J. Irwin, Assistant Commissioner,
Jubbulpore.

[503] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xvii. (_Sholapur_), p. 234.

[504] _Bombay Gazetteer, Belgaum_, p. 250.

[505] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Sikligar.

[506] Based on a paper by Mr. Gokul Prasad, Naib-Tahsildar, Dhamtari.

[507] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Tanti.

[508] _Madras Census Report_ (1901), p. 153.

[509] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal, s.v._

[510] _Madras Census Report_ (1891), p. 243.