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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

Three People

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"Mother," interrupted Winny, impatiently drumming on the corner of the
Bible, "I thought you said it was bedtime. I could have learned two
grammar lessons in this time."

The mother gave a gentle little sigh.

"Well, deary, so it is," she said. "We'll just have a word of prayer,
and then we'll go."

Tode in his little room took his favorite position, a seat on the side
of the bed, and lost himself in thought. Great strides the boy had taken
in knowledge since tea time. Wonderful truths had been revealed to him.
Some faint idea of the wickedness of this world began to dawn upon him.
All his life hitherto had been spent in the depths, and it would seem
that if he were acquainted with anything it must be with wickedness, yet
a new revelation of it had come to him. "Ye _will_ not come unto me,
that ye might have life." He did not know that there was such a verse
in the Bible; but now he knew the fact, and it gave this boy, who had
come out of a cellar rum-hole, and had mingled during his entire life
with just such people as swarm around cellar rum-holes, a more distinct
idea of the total depravity of this world than he had ever dreamed of
before. It gave him a solemn old feeling. He felt less like whistling
and more like going very eagerly to work than he ever had before.

"There's work to do," he said to himself. "He's got a mansion ready for
me it seems. I won't ever want other folk's nice homes any more as long
as I live, 'cause it seems I've got a grander one after all than they
can even think of; but then there's other mansions, and he wants people
to come and fill them, and he let's us help." Then his voice took a more
joyful ring, like that of a strong brave boy ready for work. "There's
work to do, plenty of it, and I'll help--I'll help fill _some_ of them."

"The poor homeless boy," said the warm-hearted little mother down
stairs. "Deary me, my heart does just go out to him. And to think that
he owns one of them mansions, and never knew it! Well, now, he shan't
ever want for a home feeling on this earth if I can help it. I do
believe he's one of the Lord's own, and we must feel honored, Winny
dear, because we're called to help him. Don't you think he's a good
warm-hearted boy, deary?"

"Oh yes," Winny said, indifferently. "But, mother, he does use such
shocking grammar."

[Illustration]




CHAPTER XIV.

SIGNS AND WONDERS.


Tode bustled into the house half an hour earlier than usual. Before him
he carried a great sheet of pasteboard.

"Where's Winny?" he asked, sitting down on the nearest chair, out of
breath with his haste. "I've got an idea, and she must help me put it on
here."

"Winny's gone to the store, deary, for some tea. Whatever brought you
home so early? Isn't business brisk to-day?"

"It was until it came on to rain, and I had to put things under cover,
and then I had my idea, and I thought I'd run right home and tend to
it."

The door opened and Winny came in, tugging her big umbrella. Instinct,
it could not have been education, prompted Tode to take the dripping
thing from her and put it away.

"What on earth is that?" Winny said, pausing in the act of taking off
her things to examine the pasteboard.

"That's my sign--leastways it will be when your wits and my wits are put
together to make it. I got some colored chalk round the corner at the
painters, and he showed me how to use 'em."

"Tode, you said you would remember not to use ''em' and 'leastways' any
more."

"So I will one of these days. I keep remembering all the time. Say,
won't that make a elegant sign? I never thought of a sign in my life
till Pliny Hastings he came along to-day. Did you ever see Pliny
Hastings?"

"No. Tode, I _do wish_ you would begin to study grammar this very
evening. You're enough to kill any body the way you talk."

"Oh bother the grammar, I'm telling you about Pliny Hastings. He came
along, and says he, 'Halloo, Tode, here you are as large as life in
business for yourself. You ought to have a sign,' says he. 'What's your
establishment called?' And you may think I felt cheap as long as I lived
at the Euclid house, to have no kind of a name for my place. I thought
then I'd have a name and a sign before this time to-morrow. So when I
went for my dinner I bought this pasteboard, and I been studying the
thing out all this afternoon between the spells of arithmetic, and I've
got it all fixed now, and I've got another idea come of that I never see
how one thing starts another. There's going to come a piece of
pasteboard off this end, 'cause you see it's too long, and I'm going to
have a circle out of that."

"A circle. What for?"

"Oh you'll see when we get to it. But now don't you want to know what my
sign is?"

"I suppose I'll have to know if I'm to help you, whether I want to or
not."

"Well, I had to study on that for quite a spell. You see I want a name
for my house, and then my own name right under it, 'cause I like to see
a man stand by his business, name and all; and then I want every body to
know I stand up for temperance. I thought of 'Cold Water House,' but
then you see it _ain't_ a cold water house, cause coffee is my principal
dish. Then I thought of 'Coffee House,' but there's a coffee house not
more than two blocks away from my place, and they keep plenty of whisky
there, and _that_ wouldn't do. And I thought and _thought_, and by and
by it came to me. I wouldn't have no 'House' at all about it, 'cause
after all is said and done it's just a _box_; and I concluded to have a
out-and-out temperance sign. I'll print a great big NO, so big you can
see it across the street, and then we'll make two great big black
bottles, like they keep rum in, standing by the 'No.' And then, says
_I_, everybody will know where to find _me_ on _that_ question."

Even grave Winny laughed over this queer idea.

"I can't make bottles any more than I can fly away," she said at last
"And neither can you."

"I shan't say that till I've tried it about a month, _anyhow_," Tode
answered, positively. "I never _did_ like to give up a thing before I
began it."

The white cap frill nodded violently over this sentiment

"That's the way to talk," said the little mother. "There's more giving
up of good things before they're begun than there ever is afterward, I
do believe."

_Such_ an evening as they had! Winny, in spite of her discouraging
words, entered into the work with considerable heartiness; and the slate
first, and afterward pieces of brown paper covered over with grotesque
images of black bottles, looking most of them, it must be confessed,
like anything else in the world. Finally the sympathetic mother came to
the rescue. She mounted a high chair to reach the topmost shelf in her
little den of a pantry, where were congregated the few bottles that had
ensued from a quarter of a century of housekeeping. One after another
was taken down and anxiously examined, until at last, oh joyful
discovery! the label of one showed the picture of an unmistakable
bottle, over which a picture of the inventor of the bitters which it was
supposed to contain was fondly leaning, as if it were his staff of life.
The young artists greeted it with delight, and with it for a model
produced such delightful results that by half-past eight the sign shone
out in blue and black and red chalks.

"Now for my circle," said Tode, seizing upon the piece of pasteboard
which had been cut off. A large plate from the pantry did duty in the
absence of sufficient geometrical knowledge, and the circle was quickly
produced. Then did Tode's skill at making figures shine forth. In the
bright red chalks did he quickly produce a circle of the nine figures
around his pasteboard circle.

"Now what is all that for, I _should_ like to know?" Winny asked,
looking on half interestedly, half contemptuously.

"I'm just going to show you. You see, the lesson you gave me to-day is
the addition table, and that addition table is a tough, ugly job, I can
tell you. Well, I pelted away at it till dinner time, and I guess by
that time I knew almost as much as I did before I begun it; and I went
to Jones' after my dinner, and Mr. Jones he wanted me to take a note for
him to a man at the bank, just around the corner from there, you know.
Well I went, and the man I took the note to was busy counting money. He
wouldn't look at me, but just counted away like lightning. I never see
anything like it in my life, the way he did fly off them bills. It
wasn't a quarter of a minute when he said to a man who stood waiting,
'Nine hundred and seventy-eight dollars, sir. All right.' Now just think
of counting such a pile of money as that in about the time it would take
me to count seventy-eight cents? Well, I come back, and I pitched into
the addition table harder than ever, because, I thinks to myself,
there's no telling but that I may have some money to count one of these
days, and I guess I'll get ready to count it. But it was tough work. All
at once, while I was looking at my pasteboard, and wondering what I
should do with this end, it came to me. Now I'll explain. You see them
nine figures around there? Well, thinks I, now there ain't but nine
figures in this world, 'cause Pliny Hastings he told me that once, and
I've noticed it lots of times since, that you may talk about just as
many things as you're a mind to, and you'll just be using them same nine
figures over and over again, with a nothing thrown in now and then, you
know. Now, then, s'pose I begin at this one, and I say, 'one and two is
three, and three is six, and four is ten.'"

"For pity's sake say 'are ten,'" interposed Winny.

"Why?"

"Because it's right. Go on."

"Well, now, I could remember just as quick again if you'd give a fellow
a reason for it. Well, and four are ten, and so all around to the nine.
Well, I say that, and say it, and _say it_, till it goes itself, and
then I begin at two, and say two and three is--no, _are_ five, and on
round to the nine, only this time I take in the one at the other end.
Understand? Well, after I've learned that I begin with the three, and go
around to the two, and so on with them all; and then I mix them up and
say them every which way, and after I've put them a few different ways,
let's see you give me a line of figures that I can't add!"

"That is so," said Winny, at last, speaking slowly and admiringly. "It
is a very good way indeed. Tode, I shouldn't wonder if you would know a
great deal after awhile."

"Well now," answered Tode, gleefully, "I call this a pretty good
evening's work, painted a sign and made a new arithmetic, enough sight
easier than the other, so far as it goes; and you've helped me, so now
I'll help you, turn about is fair play. Bring out your grammar, and
let's see what it looks like, and to-morrow I'll go into the second-hand
bookstore and hunt one up. Then I'll pitch in and learn everything I
come to."

He was true to his word, and thereafter grammar was added to the
numerous studies to which he gave all his leisure time. Perhaps no motto
could have been given Tode that would have helped him so much in this
matter of study as did the one which he had overheard and adopted for
his own: "Learn everything I possibly can about everything that can be
learned." He was obeying its instructions to the very letter.

Sunday morning dawned brightly upon him. The first Sunday in his new
business. The air was balmy with the breath of spring.

"Oh, oh," said Tode, drawing long breaths and inhaling the perfume of
swelling buds and springing blades, "I just wish I could go to church
to-day, I do. Wouldn't it be nice now to put on my clean shirt, and make
myself look nice and spry, and step around there to Mr. Birge's church
and hear another preach? I'd like that first-rate; but now there's no
use in talking. 'Do everything exactly in its time,' that's one of my
rules, and I'm bound to live up to them; and it's time now for me to go
to my business. I'll go to church this evening, I will. I ought to be
glad that folks don't want coffee and cakes much of evening, instead of
grumbling about having to give 'em some this morning."

Now it so happened, in the multiplicity of things which the new
acquaintances had to talk over, that Sunday and church-going had not
been discussed; and owing to the fact that Tode did not breakfast with
the family, no knowledge of his intentions came to them, and no
knowledge of that old command, "Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it
holy," came to him. True, he knew that stores and shops were closed
quite generally on the Sabbath, but hotels were not, the Euclid House
had never been, and Tode, without reasoning about it at all, had imbibed
the idea that it was because they kept things to eat and drink. Now
these were the very things which he kept, and people must eat and drink
on Sundays as well as on any other days, so of course it was his duty to
supply them.

So he put a clean white cloth on the dry-goods box in honor of this new
bright day, arranged everything in the most tempting manner possible,
and waited for customers. They came thick and fast. The Sabbath proved
fair to be as busy a day at the dry-goods box as it used to be at the
Euclid House. One disappointment Tode had. When he trudged down to the
little house to have his great empty coffee-pot replenished, it was
closed and locked.

"Course," he said, nodding approvingly, "they've gone to church. I might
a known they wouldn't wash and iron and go to school Sunday. I ought to
remembered and took away my coffee. Well, never mind, I'll just run
around to the Coffee House and get my dish filled, and that will make it
all right."

So many customers came just at tea time that he found it impossible to
go home to tea, but took a cup of his own coffee and a few of his cakes,
and chuckled meantime over the fact that he was the only individual who
could take his supper from that dry-goods box without paying for it.

It was just as the bells were ringing for evening service that he
joyfully packed his nearly emptied dishes into the basket, shook the
crumbs from his little table-cloth, folded it carefully, and rejoiced
over the thought that he had done an excellent day's work, and could
afford to go to church. The brown house was closed again, so he left his
basket under a woodpile in the alley-way, and made all possible speed
for Mr. Birge's church. Even then the opening services were nearly
concluded, but he was in time for the Bible text, and that text Tode
never forgot in his life. The words were, "Remember the Sabbath day, to
keep it holy."

I can not describe to you the poor boy's bewildered astonishment as he
listened and thought, and gradually began to take in something of the
true meaning of those earnest words. Mr. Birge was very decided in his
opinions, very plain in his utterances. Milk wagons, ice wagons, meat
wagons, and the whole long catalogue of Sabbath-breaking wagons, to say
nothing of row-boats and steamboats, and trains of cars, were dwelt upon
with unsparing tongue--nay, he went farther than that, and expressed his
unmistakable opinion of Sabbath-breaking ice-cream saloons and coffee
saloons; then down to the little apple children, and candy children, and
shoestring children, who haunt the Sabbath streets. Tode listened, and
ran his fingers through his hair in perplexity.

"It must come in _somewhere_," he said to himself in some bewilderment.
"I don't quite keep a coffee house, and I don't--why, yes I do, sell
apples every now and then; and as to that, I suppose I keep a coffee
_box_. What if it ain't a house? I wonder now if it ain't right? I
wonder if there's lots of things that look right before you think about
them, that ain't right after you've turned 'em over a spell? And I
wonder how a fellow is going to know?"

Then he gave his undivided attention to the sermon again; and went home
after the service was concluded, with a very thoughtful face. Jim was
there making a visit, but Tode only nodded to him, and went abruptly to
the little shelf behind the stove in the corner, and took down the old
Bible.

"Grandma, where are the commandments put?" he asked eagerly, addressing
the old lady by the title which he had bestowed on her very early in
their acquaintance.

"Why they're in Exodus, in the twentieth chapter."

"And where's Exodus?"

"Ho!" said Jim. "You know a heap, Tode, don't you?"

Tode turned on him a grave anxious face.

"Do you know about them? Well, just you come and find them for me,
that's a good fellow. I'm in a powerful hurry."

Thus appealed to, Jim, nothing loth to display his wisdom, sauntered
toward the table, and speedily found and patronizingly pointed out the
commandments. Tode read eagerly until he came to those words, "Remember
the Sabbath day, to keep it holy." Then he read slowly and carefully,
"Six days shalt thou labor, and do all thy work: but the seventh day is
the Sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any work,
thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy
maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates."

Three times did Tode's astonished eyes go over this commandment in all
its length and breadth; then he looked up and spoke with deliberate
emphasis,

"This beats all creation! And the strangest part of it is that you
didn't tell me anything about it, grandma."

"Whatever is the boy talking about?" said grandma, wheeling her rocker
around to get a full view of his excited face; and then Tode gave a
synopsis of the evening sermon, and the history of his amazement,
culminating with this first reading of the fourth commandment.

"And so you've been at your business all day!" exclaimed the astonished
old lady. "Why, for the land's sake, I thought you had gone off to some
meeting away at the other end of the city."

"I never once knew the first thing about this in the Bible. How was I
going to know it was a mean thing to do?" questioned Tode, with
increasing excitement. "And it was the best day I've had, too, and that
makes it all the meaner."

And his voice choked a little, and his head went suddenly down on his
arm.

"Well, now, I wouldn't mind, deary," spoke the old lady in soothing
tones, after a few moments of silence. "If you didn't know anything
about it, of course you wasn't to blame. 'Tisn't as if you had learned
it in Sunday-school, and all that, and I wouldn't mind about the
business. Like enough you'll have more days just as brisk as Sunday."

"It isn't that," Tode answered, disconsolately, lifting his head. "It's
all them Sundays that I've been and wasted, when I might have gone to
meeting. Been righter to go than to stay away, it seems; and it's
thinking about lots of other things that's wrong maybe, just like this,
and a fellow not knowing it."

And as he spoke he listlessly turned over the leaves of the old Bible,
until his eye was arrested by the words, "Thou shalt guide me with thy
counsel."

"That's exactly it," he told himself. "I've got to have a Bible. I'll
get one little enough to go into my jacket pocket, and then, says I,
we'll see if I can't find out about things. And after this I'm to shut
up box and go to church, am I? Well, that's one good thing, anyhow."

Presently he and Jim climbed up to the little room over the kitchen. No
sooner were they alone than Tode commenced on a subject that had puzzled
him.

"I say, Jim, how comes it that you knew all about those things and never
told _me_? That's treating a fellow pretty mean, I think. I always
shared the peanuts and things I got with you."

"See here," answered Jim, in open-eyed wonder; "what are you driving
at?"

"Why, _things_ that you know and never told me. Here your mother has got
a Bible, and you know verses in it, and know about heaven, and all, and
you never told me a word."

Jim sat down on the foot of the bed and laughed, long and loud and
merrily.

"I don't know, Tode, whether you're cracked, or what is the matter with
you," he said at last, when he could speak, "but I never heard a fellow
mixing up peanuts and heaven before."

Tode was someway not in a mood to be laughed at, so he gave vent
somewhat loftily to a solemn truth.

"Oh well, if you're a mind to think that the peanuts is of the most
consequence after all, why I don't know as I object."

And then the boy deliberately knelt down and began his evening prayer.
He was too ignorant to know that there were boys who thought it unmanly
to pray. It never occurred to him to omit his kneeling. As for Jim he
felt himself in a very strange position. He kicked his heels against the
bedpost for awhile, but presently he grew ashamed of that, and
contented himself with very noisily making ready for bed. Tode, when he
rose, was in a softened mood, and as he blew out the light said:

"I wish you knew how to pray, Jim. I do, honestly, it's so nice."

"Praying and brandy bottles don't go together," answered his companion,
shortly.

"No more they don't," said Tode, emphatically. "I had to quit that
business myself."

If some of our respectable brandy-drinking, brandy-selling deacons
_could_ have heard those two ignorant boys talk!

[Illustration]




CHAPTER XV.

EXIT TODE MALL.


On went the brisk and busy days; the soft air of summer was upon them,
and still the business at the dry-goods box flourished, and was taking
on fresh importance with every passing day. The people were almost
numberless who grew into the habit of stopping at the little box, to be
waited on by the briskest and sharpest of boys to delicious coffee and
cookies, or as the days grew warmer to a glass of iced lemonade, or a
saucer of glowing strawberries. The matter was putting on the semblance
of a partnership concern, for the old lady rivaled the bakery with her
cookies, both as regarded taste and economy; and in due course of time
Winny caught the infection, studied half a leaf of an old receipt-book
which came wrapped around an ounce of alum, and finally took to
compounding a mixture, which being duly baked and carefully watched by
the mother's practiced eye, developed into distracting little cream
cakes, which met with most astonishing sales.

Meantime there were many spare half hours in the course of the long
days, which were devoted to the puzzling grammar and arithmetic, and
gradually light was beginning to dawn over not only the addition but the
subtraction table; or, more properly speaking, the addition circle. Tode
nightly chuckled over his invention as he started from a new figure and
raced glibly around to the climax, thereby calling forth the unqualified
approbation of Winny, not unmixed now and then with a certain curious
air of admiration at his rapid strides around the mystic circle. In
fact, things were progressing. Tode began to pride himself on making
change correctly and rapidly; began to wonder, supposing he had a one
hundred dollar bill to change, could he do it as rapidly _almost_ as
that man at the bank? Began to grow very ambitious, and in looking
through his arithmetic in search of nouns and verbs, chanced to alight
on the word "interest;" read about it, plied Winny with questions, some
of which she could answer and some not, went for further information to
the older brother who was at work at the livery stable. The result of
all of which was that our rising young street vagrant opened an account
at the savings bank, and had money at interest! By the way, his trip to
the livery stable revived his slumbering ambition in regard to horses,
and thenceforth he spent his regular "nooning" in that vicinity, or
mounted on one of the coach boxes with the "brother," who chanced to be
one of the finest drivers on the list. Not a very commendable locality
in which to spend his leisure, you think? That depends----. Tode's
happened, fortunately, to be much the stronger mind of the two; and
besides, you remember the guide which mounted guard in his jacket
pocket. He found it in accordance not only with one of the famous rules,
viz: "Learn everything that _is_ to be learned about everything that I
possibly can," but also in accordance with his inclination to learn to
drive; so learn he did, although his desire to become Mr. Hastings'
coachman had merged itself into a desire to own a complete little coffee
house like the one around the corner from him, with veritable shelves
and drawers, and a till to lock his money in.

You think it a wonder that Tode never fell back into his old wretched
street vagrant rum-cellar life. Well, I don't know. What was there to
fall back to? I can't think it so charming a thing to be kicked around
like a football, to be half the time nearly frozen, and all the time
nearly starved, that people should tumble lovingly back into the gutter
from which they have once emerged, unless indeed one resigns his will to
the keeping of that demon who peoples the most of our gutters, which
thing, you remember, Tode did not do. Besides, be it also remembered
that the loving Lord had called this boy, and made ready a mansion in
the Eternal City for him, and is it so strange a thing that the Lord can
keep his _own_?

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