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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

Three People

P >> Pansy >> Three People

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Ah, Tode, if only wiser heads than yours would remember that important
item.

"Well," said this young logician, rising at last from the edge of his
bed, and heaving a bit of a sigh as he did so, "the long and short of it
is, it can't be done--never, any more; and then there comes a thing that
has got to be done right straight, and I've got to go and do it, and
that's the worst of it, and I don't know what to do next, that's a fact;
but that's neither here nor there."

With this extremely lucid explanation of his decision and his
intentions, Tode put on his hat and went to the post-office.

Thus it happened that when Mr. Hastings mail had been delivered as
usual, the boy hesitated, and finally asked with an unusual falter in
his voice:

"Can I see Mr. Hastings a minute?"

"Well, sir," said that gentleman, whirling around from his table, and
putting himself in a lounging attitude. "Well, sir, what can I do for
you this evening? Anything in the line of business?"

This he said with the serio-comic air which he seemed unable to avoid
assuming whenever he talked with this traveling companion of his.

Tode plunged at once into the pith of the matter.

"Yes, sir, I've come to talk about business. I've got to leave your
hotel, and I thought I'd better come and let you know."

"Indeed! Have you decided to change your occupation? Going to study law
or medicine, Tode?"

"I haven't made up my mind," said Tode. "I've just got to the leaving
part."

"Bad policy, my boy. Never leave one good foothold until you see just
where to put your foot when you spring."

"Ho!" said Tode, "I have stepped in a bog and sunk in; now I've got to
spring, and trust to luck for getting on a stone."

Mr. Hastings leaned back in his chair and laughed.

"You'll do," he said at length. "But seriously, my boy, what has
happened at the hotel? I heard good accounts of you, and I thought you
were getting on finely. Does Jim leave all the boots for you to black,
or what is the matter? You musn't quarrel with a good business for
trifles."

"It's not Jim nor boots, sir, it's bottles."

"Bottles!"

"Yes, sir, bottles. I'm not going to put 'em to my neighbors any more;
and I don't see what any of you mean by it. Like enough, though, you
never noticed that figure?"

"Are you sure you know what you are talking about, Tode?" inquired Mr.
Hastings, with a curious mixture of amusement and dignity. "Because I
certainly do not seem able to follow your train of thought."

"Why, that Habakkuk; he's the one who says it, sir. But then you know
it's in the Bible, and I've made up my mind not to do it."

"Ah, I begin to understand. So you came up here to-night for the purpose
of delivering a temperance lecture for my benefit. That was kind,
certainly, and I am all ready to listen. Proceed."

Never was sarcasm more entirely lost. Tode was as bright and sharp as
ever, and had never been taught to be respectful.

"No, sir," he answered, promptly, "I didn't come for that at all. I came
to tell you that I had got to quit your business; but if you want to
hear a temperance lecture there's Habakkuk; he can do it better than
anybody _I_ know of."

Mr. Hastings' dignity broke once more into laughter.

"Well, Tode," he said at last, "I'm sorry you're such a simpleton. I had
a higher opinion of your sharpness. I think Mr. Roberts meant to do well
by you. Who has been filling your head with these foolish ideas?"

"Habakkuk has, sir. Only one who has said a word."

There was no sort of use in talking to Tode. Mr. Hastings seemed
desirous of cutting the interview short.

"Very well," he said, "I don't see but you have taken matters entirely
into your own hands. What do you want of me?"

"Nothing, sir, only I--" And here Tode almost broke down; a mist came
suddenly before his eyes, and his voice seemed to slip away from him.
The poor boy felt himself swinging adrift from the only one to whom he
had ever seemed to belong. A very soft, tender feeling had sprung up in
his heart for this rich man. It had been pleasant to meet him on the
street and think, "I belong to him." The feeling was new to the
friendless, worse than orphan boy, and he had taken great pride and
pleasure in it; so now he choked, and his face grew red as at last he
stammered:

"I--I like you, and--" Then another pause.

Mr. Hastings bowed.

"That is very kind, certainly. What then?"

"Would you let me bring up the mail for you evenings just the same? I
wouldn't want no pay, and I'd like to keep doing it for you."

Mr. Hastings shook his head.

"Oh no, I wouldn't trouble a man of your position for the world. Jim, or
some other _boy_, will answer my purpose very well. Since you choose to
cut yourself aloof from me when I was willing to befriend you, why you
must abide by your intentions, and not hang around after me in any way."

Tode's eyes flashed.

"I don't _want_ to hang around you," he began as he turned to go. Then
he stopped again; he was leaving the house for the last time. This one
friend of his was out of sorts with him, wouldn't let him come again;
and the little Dora, who had showed him about making all the letters and
figures, he was to see no more. All the tender and gentle in his heart,
and there was a good deal, swelled up again. There were tears in his
eyes when he looked back at Mr. Hastings with his message.

"Would you please tell your little girl that I'm glad about the letters
and figures, and I'll never forget 'em; and--and--if I can ever do some
little thing for you I'll do it."

Someway Mr. Hastings was growing annoyed. He spoke in mock dignity.

"I shall certainly remember your kindness," he said, bowing low. "And if
ever I should be in need of your valuable assistance, I shall not
hesitate to send for you."

So Tode went out from the Hastings' mansion feeling sore-hearted,
realizing thus early in his pilgrimage that there were hard places in
the way. He walked down the street with a troubled, perplexed air. What
to do next was the question. That is, having settled affairs with Mr.
Roberts, and slept for the last time in his little narrow bed, whither
should he turn his thoughts and his steps on the morrow? Tode had been
earning his living, and enjoying the comforts of a home long enough to
have a sore, choked feeling over the thought of giving them up. A sense
of desolation, such as he had not felt during all his homeless days,
crept steadily over him; and as he walked along the busy street, with
his hands thrust drearily into his pockets, he forgot to whistle as was
his wont.

Mr. Stephens was hastening home from his office with quick business
tread. He was just in front, and instinctively the boy quickened his
step to keep pace with the rapid one. Tode knew him well, had waited on
him at table when there came now and then a stormy day, and he sought
the hotel at the dining hour instead of his own handsome home. He halted
presently before a bookstore and went in. Tode lounged in after him.
Already the old careless feeling that he might as well do that as any
thing had begun to control him again. Mr. Stephens made his purchase,
gave a bill in payment and waited for his change, and from his open
pocket-book, all unknown to him, there fluttered a bit of paper, and
lodged at Tode's feet. Tode glanced quickly about him, nobody else saw
it. Mr. Stephens was already deep in conversation with an acquaintance,
and might have dropped a dozen bits of paper without knowing it. The
paper might be of value, and it might not. Tode composedly put his foot
over it, put his hands in his pockets, and stood still. Mr. Stephens
departed. There was a bit of brown paper on the floor. Tode stooped and
carefully picked that and the other crumpled bit up, and busied himself
apparently in wrapping something carefully up in the brown paper. Then
he waited again. Presently a clerk came toward him.

"Well, sir, what will you have?"

"Shoe-strings," answered Tode, gravely.

"We don't keep them in a bookstore, my boy."

"Oh, you don't. Then I may as well leave." And Tode vanished.

"Who's the wiser for that, I'd like to know?" he asked himself aloud as
soon as the door was closed. Then he started for the hotel in high glee.
He stopped under a street lamp to discover what his treasure might be,
and behold, it was a ten dollar bill! Now indeed Tode was jubilant; a
grand addition that would make to his little hoard, and visions of all
sorts of wished for treasures danced through his brain. His spirits rose
with every step; he sung and whistled and danced by turns. Had this
strange boy then forgotten the errand which had taken him out that
evening? Not by any means. He went directly to the office as soon as he
reached the house and made known to Mr. Roberts his intention of leaving
him. He stood perfectly firm under Mr. Roberts' questioning persuasions
and rather tempting offers. He squarely and distinctly gave his reasons
for leaving, and endured with a good-natured smile the laugh and the
jeers that were raised at his expense. He endured as bravely as he could
whatever there was to endure for conscience' sake that evening, and
finally went up to his room triumphant--triumphant not only in that, but
also over the fact that he had successfully stolen a ten dollar bill.
Oh, Tode, Tode! And yet there was the teaching of all his life in favor
of that way of getting money, and he knew almost nothing against it. He
had only three leaves of a Bible; he had never heard the eighth
commandment in his life. He knew in a vague general way that it was
wrong, not perhaps to steal, but to be _found_ stealing. Just why he
could not have told, but he knew positively this much, that it
generally fared ill with a person who was caught in a theft, but his
ideas were very vague and misty; besides he did not by any means call
himself a thief. He had not gone after the money, it had come to him. He
was very much elated, and as he went about making ready for sleep he
discussed his plans aloud.

"I'll go into business, just as sure as you live, I will. I'll keep a
hotel myself; I'll begin to-morrow; I'll have cakes and pies and
crackers and wine. Oh bless me, no, I can't have wine, but coffee.
_Jolly_, I can make tall coffee, I can, and that's what I'll have
_prezactly_. This ten dollar patch will buy a whole stock of goodies,
and I won't clerk it another day, _see_ if I do."

By and by he quieted down, so that by the time his candle was blown out
and he was settled for the night, graver thoughts began to come.

"'Tain't right to steal," he said aloud. "I know 'tain't right, 'cause a
fellow always feels mean and sneaking after it, and 'cause he's so awful
afraid of being found out. When I've done a nice decent thing, I don't
care whether I'm found out or not; but then I didn't steal. I didn't go
into his pocket-book, it blew down to me--no fault of mine; all I did
was just to pick a piece of paper off the floor, no harm in that. How
did _I_ know it was worth anything? What's the use of me thinking about
it anyhow? He'll never miss it in the world; he's rich--my! as rich as
the President."

Tode turned uneasily on his pillow, shut his eyes very tight, and
pretended to himself that he was asleep. No use, they flew open again.
He began to grow indignant.

"I hope I'll never have another ten dollars as long as I live, if it's
got to make all this fuss!" he said in a disgusted tone. "I wish I'd
never picked up his old rag--I don't like the feeling of it. I didn't
steal it, that's sure; but I've got it, and I wish I hadn't."

"The eyes of the Lord are in every place, beholding the evil and the
good." That verse again, coming back to him with great force, beholding
the evil and the good. Which was this? Was it good? Tode's uneducated,
undisciplined conscience had to say nay to this. Well, then, was it
evil?

"I feel mean," he said, reflectively. "As mean as a thief, pretty near.
I wouldn't like to have anybody know it. I wouldn't tell of it for
anything. S'pose I go down there to that prayer-meeting and tell it.
Would I do _it_? No, _sir_--'cause why? I'm ashamed of it. But then I
didn't _steal_ it; I didn't even know it was money. Oh bah! Tode Mall,
don't you try to pull wool over your own eyes that way. Didn't you
s'pose it was, and would you have took the trouble to get it if you
hadn't s'posed so? Come now. And then see here, I wouldn't have anybody
know about it; and after all there's them eyes that are in every place,
looking right at me. 'Tain't right, that is sure and certain. I didn't
steal it, but I've got it, and it ain't mine, and I oughtn't to have it.
I could have handed it back easy enough if I'd wanted to. So I don't see
but it looks about as mean as stealing, and feels about as mean, and
maybe after all it's pretty much the same thing. Now what be I going to
do?"

And now he tumbled and tossed harder than ever. That same miserable fear
of those pure eyes began to creep over him again, accompanied by a
dreary sense of having lost something, some loving presence and
companionship on which he had leaned in the darkness.

"I'll never do it again," he said at last, with solemn earnestness. "I
_never will_, not if I starve and freeze and choke to death. I'll let
old rags that blow to me alone after this, I will."

Then, after a moment's silence, he clasped his hands together and said
with great earnestness:

"O Lord Jesus, forgive me this once, and I'll never do it
again--never."

After that he thought he could go to sleep but the heavy weight rested
still on his heart. He was not so much afraid of those solemn eyes as he
was sorry. An only half understood feeling of having hurt that one
friend of his came over him.

"What be I going to do?" he said aloud and pitifully. "I _am_ sorry--I'm
sorry I did it, and I'll never do it again."

Still the heavy weight did not lift. Presently he flounced out of bed,
and lighted his candle in haste.

"I'll burn the mean old rag up, I will, so," he said with energy. "See
if I'm going to lie awake all night and bother about it. I ain't going
to use it, either. I don't believe I've got any right to, 'cause it
ain't mine."

By this time the ten dollar bill was very near the candle flame. Then it
was suddenly drawn back, while a look of great perplexity appeared on
Tode's face.

"If it ain't mine what right have I got to burn it up, I'd like to know?
I never did see such a fix in my life. I can't use it, and I can't burn
it, and the land knows I don't want to keep it. Whatever be I going to
do? I wish he had it back again; that's where it ought to be. What if I
should--well, now, there's no use talking; but s'pose I ought to, what
then?"

And there stood the poor befogged boy, holding the doomed bill between
his thumb and finger, and staring gloomily at the flickering candle. At
last the look of indecision vanished, and he began rapid preparations
for a walk.

[Illustration]




CHAPTER XII.

THE STEPPING STONE.


Thus it was that Mr. Stephens, sitting in his private room running over
long rows of figures, was startled, somewhere near midnight, by a quick
ring of the door-bell. His household were quiet for the night, so he
went himself to answer the ring, and encountered Tode, who thrust a bit
of paper toward him, and spoke rapidly.

"Here, Mr. Stephens, is your ten dollars. I didn't steal it, but it blew
to me, and I kept it till I found I couldn't, and then I brought it."

"What is all this about?" asked bewildered Mr. Stephens. "Come in, my
boy, and tell me what is the matter."

And presently Tode was seated in one of the great arm-chairs in Mr.
Stephens' private room.

"Now, what is it, my lad, that has brought you to me at this hour of the
night?" questioned that gentleman.

"Why, there's your money," said Tode, spreading out the ten dollar bill
on the table before them. "You dropped it, you see, in the bookstore,
and I picked it up. It blew to me, I didn't steal it, leastways I didn't
think I did; but I don't know but it's just about as bad. At any rate
I've brought it back, and there 'tis."

"Why!" said Mr. Stephens, "is it _possible_ that I dropped a bill?" And
he drew forth his pocket-book for examination. "Yes, that's a fact.
Really, I deserve to lose it for my carelessness. And so you decided to
bring it back? Well, I'm glad of that; but how came you to do it?"

"Oh," said Tode, "I couldn't sleep. The eyes of the Lord, you know, were
looking at me, and I tumbled about, and thought maybe it wasn't right,
and pretty soon I knew it wasn't, and then I asked the Lord Jesus to
forgive me, and I didn't feel much better; and then I got up and thought
I'd burn the mean thing up in the candle, and then I thought I musn't,
'cause it wasn't mine; and by that time I hated it, and didn't want it
to be mine; and then after awhile I thought I ought to bring it to you,
but I didn't want to, but I thought I ought to, and there 'tis."

Mr. Stephens watched the glowing face of his visitor during this
recital, and said nothing. After he finished said nothing--only
suddenly at last:

"Where do you live, my boy?"

"I live at one of the hotels--no, I don't, I don't live no where. I did
till to-night, and to-night I sleep there, and after that I don't belong
nowhere."

"Have you been employed in a hotel?"

"Yes, sir."

"Why do you leave?"

"'Cause I can't be putting bottles to my neighbors any longer. You know
what Habakkuk says about that, I suppose?"

Tode was ignorant, you see. He made the strange mistake of supposing
that every educated man was familiar with the Bible. Again Mr. Stephens
said nothing. Presently, with a little tremble to his voice, he asked
another question:

"Have you given yourself to the Lord Jesus, my boy?"

"Yes, sir," Tode answered, simply.

"That is good. Do you know I think you have pleased him to-night? You
have done what you could to right the wrong, and done it for his sake."

And now Tode's eye shone with pleasure. After a moment's silence he
asked:

"What are you going to do with me, sir?"

"Do with you? I am going to be much obliged to you for returning my
property."

"Yes, but I didn't do it straight off, and at first I meant to keep it."

"Which was bad, decidedly, and I don't think you will do it again. Can
you write?"

"Yes, sir," Tode answered him, proudly.

"You may write your name on that card for me."

Tode obeyed with alacrity, and wrote in capitals, because he had a dim
notion that capitals belonged especially to names:

T O D E M A L L.

"What are you going to do for a living after this?" further questioned
Mr. Stephens, thoughtfully fingering the ten dollar bill.

"Going to keep a hotel of my own."

"Oh, you are? In what part of the town?"

"Don't know. Down by the depot somewhere, I reckon."

Mr. Stephens folded the ten dollar bill and put it in his pocket. Tode
rose to go.

"Now, my friend," said Mr. Stephens, "shall you and I kneel down and
thank the Lord Jesus for the care which he has had over you to-night,
and for the help which he has given you?"

"Yes, sir," answered Tode, promptly, not having the remotest idea what
kneeling down meant, but he followed Mr. Stephens' movement, and was
commended to God in such a simple, earnest prayer that he had never
heard before. He went out from the house in a sober though happy mood.
He felt older and wiser than he did when he entered; he had heard a
prayer offered for him, and he had been told that the Lord Jesus was
pleased with his attempt to do right. Instead of going home he went
around by the depot, and bestowed searching glances on each building as
he passed by. Directly opposite the depot buildings there were two
rum-shops and an oyster-saloon.

"This spot would do," said Tode, thoughtfully, halting in front of the
illest looking of the rum-shops. "If I can set up right here now, why
I'll do it."

A very dismal, very forbidding spot it seemed to be, and why any person
should deliberately select it as a place for commencing business was a
mystery; but Tode had his own ideas on the subject, and seemed
satisfied. He looked about him. The night was dark save for street
lamps, and there were none reflecting just where he stood. There was a
revel going on down in the rum-cellar, but he was out of the range of
their lights; elsewhere it was quiet enough. It was quite midnight now,
and that end of the city was in comparative silence.

What did Tode mean to do next? and why was he peering about so
stealthily to see if any human eye was on him? Surely with so recent a
lesson fresh in mind, he had not already forgotten the All-seeing Eye?
Was he going to offend it again? He waited until quite certain that no
one was observing him, then he went around to the side of an old barrel
and kneeled down, and clasped his hands together as Mr. Stephens had
done, and he said: "O Lord Jesus, if I come down here to live I'll try
to do right all around here, every time." Then he rose up and went home
to his room and his bed. He had been down in the midnight and selected
the spot for his next efforts, and consecrated it to the Lord. Another
thing, he had found out how people did when they talked with God. After
that Tode always knelt down to pray.

It was not yet eight o'clock when Tode, his breakfast eaten, his bundle
packed, himself ready to migrate, sat down once more on the edge of that
bed, and began to calculate the state of his finances. He had been at
work in the hotel for his board and clothing; but then there had been
many errands on which he had run for those who had given him a dime, or,
now and then, a quarter, and his expenditures had been small; so now as
he counted the miscellaneous heap, he discovered himself to be the
honest owner of six dollars and seventy-eight cents.

"That ain't so bad to start on," he told himself, complacently. "A
fellow who can't begin business on that capital, ain't much of a fellow.
I wonder now if ever I'll take a peak at this little room of mine again;
'tain't a bad room; I'll have one of my own just like it one of these
days. I'll have a square patch of carpet just that size, red and green
and yellow, like that, and I'll have a patchwork quilt like this one;
who'll make it for me though? Ho, I'll find somebody. I wonder who'll
sleep in this bed of mine after this? Jim won't, 'cause Jim sleeps with
his brother. I reckon it's fun to have a brother. Maybe there'll be some
fellow here that I can come and see now and then. Well, come Tode, you
and I must go, we must, there's business to be done."

So the boy rose up, put away his money carefully, slung his bundle over
his shoulder, took a last, long, loving look at the familiar
surroundings, coughed once or twice, choked a little, rubbed his eyes
with the sleeve of his jacket, and went out from his only home. On the
stairs he encountered Jim.

"Jim," said he, "I'm going now; if you only _wouldn't_, you know."

"Wouldn't what?"

"Give your neighbor drink."

"Pooh!" said Jim, "_You're_ a goose; better come back and be decent."

"Good-by," was Tode's answer, as he vanished around the corner. He went
directly to the spot opposite the depot, which he had selected the night
before, and descended at once to the cellar.

"Want to rent that stone out down there, between your building and the
alley?" he questioned of the ill-looking man, who seemed to be in
attendance.

"Um, well, no, I reckon not; guess you'd have a time of getting it
away."

"Don't want to get it away; it's just in the right spot for me."

"What, for the land's sake, do you mean to do?"

"I mean to set up business right out there on that stone."

This idea caused a general laugh among the loungers in the cellar; but
Tode stood gravely awaiting a decision.

"What wares might you be going to keep, youngster?" at last queried one
of the red-nosed customers.

"Cakes and coffee."

"Oh, ho!" exclaimed the proprietor, eyeing him keenly. "And whisky, too,
I wouldn't be afraid to bet."

"Not a bit of it; you keep enough of that stuff for you and me, too."

"And where might you be going to make your coffee?"

"I ain't going to make it until I get a place to put it," was Tode's
brief reply.

"Do you want to rent that stone, or not, that's the question? and the
quicker you tell me, the quicker I'll know."

"Well, how much will you pay for it?"

"Just as little as I can get it for." This caused another laugh from the
listeners.

"You're a cute one," complimented the owner. "Well, now, seeing it's
you, you can have it on trial for two dollars a week, I reckon."

"I reckon it will be after this when I do," said Tode, turning on his
heel.

"Hold up. What's the matter? Don't the terms suit? Why that's _very_
reasonable!"

"All right. Then rent it to the first chap who'll take it for two
dollars; but _I_ ain't acquainted with him."

"How much _will_ you give then?"

"How much will you take?"

"Well, now, I like to help the young, so I'll take a dollar a week."

"Not from me," said Tode, promptly.

"Do hear the fellow! As generous as I've been to him, too. Well, come,
now, its your turn to make an offer."

"I'll give you fifty cents a week, and pay you every Saturday night at
seven o'clock."

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