The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria

M >> Morris Jastrow >> The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria

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_Tammuz_, 4th month, sacred to Ninib, 462;
named for god Tammuz, 547, 682;
sacred to the servant of Gibil, 463.

_Tarbisu_, city north of Nineveh; temple of Nergal, 219.

_Tar-gul-le_, names of some demons let loose by Dibbarra in the deluge
story, 500.

_Tashmitum_, goddess in pantheon of Hammurabi, 130;
a new creation, 131-2;
consort of Nabu, 130-1, 228-9;
meaning of name, 131;
her quasi-artificial character, 131-2;
called Nana, 132;
shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241;
in the subscript to Ashurbanabal's tablets, 229-30;
shrine in E-Zida, 241.

_Tashritu_, see _Tishri_.

_Taylor, J. E._, excavations, 8.

_Tebet_, 10th month, sacred to Papsukal, Ishtar, and Anu, 463;
festival of En-meshara, 588.

_Tel-Id_, mound near Warka, site of ancient capital of Mar, 100.

_Tell-el-amarna_, see _El-amarna_.

_Tell-Ibrahim_ = Cuthah.

_Telloh_, excavations, 11;
temple records and legal documents, 165.

_Tell-Sifr_, temple records and legal documents, 165.

_Temple records_, see also _Literature_;
source of study of the deities, 167.

_Temples_, 612 ff.;
names of t., 638 ff.;
history of t., 642 ff.;
as financial establishments, 650;
minor part played by the temples in Assyria, 659.

_Terah_, _Terahites_, appearance in Palestine, 2;
migrations, 2;
home of, 9.

_Teraphim_, talismans parallel to Ass.-Bab. statuettes of gods, 674.

_Teumman_, king of Elam, 296.

_Thamud_, Arabic tribe destroyed, 496.

_The Brilliant House_, name of temple, 641.

"_The Lesser Light_," name of Ningal's ship, 655.

_Theology and popular belief_, 89, 114, 131, 180, 235, 249, 411, 414,
416, 458, 494, 527, 584, 614, 619, 629-30, 689;
Gudea's system, 108;
interaction betw. political fortunes and positions of divinities, 108,
110-11, 134-5, 201, 234, 235;
genealogical arrangement according to Amiaud, 108;
family theory according to Davis, 109;
its value, 109;
tendency towards recognition of certain great gods, 111, 147, 171,
190, 234-5, 696;
organization of cult and ritual, establishment of dogmas, 115, 133,
247, 690;
pedagogical activity, 135;
formation of the great triad, 147;
re-systematization of gods by Hammurabi, 171, 276;
systematization of spirits, 184;
attempts to systematize series of gods, 213, 216, 233;
theology in cosmology, 412 ff., 418, 443;
in the 12th tablet of the Gilgamesh epic, 512-3;
in the Etana legend, 527;
theology in the Zu epic, 542.

_Thomas, Felix_, excavations, 8.

_Thousand and One Nights_, 494.

_Threshold of Long Life_, name of zikkurat in Sippar, 641.

_Tiamat_, mythical monster, conquered by Marduk, 140, 197, 408;
fought by Anu, Ea, 197;
synonymous with Apsu, 411;
female principle, 411;
personified chaos, 411, 414;
dominion of T. and Apsu precedes that of the gods, 412;
gods product of the union of T. and Apsu, 413;
mythical monsters product of the union of T. and Apsu, 414;
associates of T., 419;
Ummu-Khubur, epithet of T., 419;
Kingu her consort, 420;
Tiamat epic compared with Zu myth, 543;
comparison with Nergal-Allat fight, 585.

_Tiglathpileser I._, king of Assyria, nomenclature of Bel, 146;
dedicates temple to Anu and Ramman, 154, 159;
as a hunter, 216;
rebuilds temple of Bel at Ashur, 225;
pantheon, 236;
dedicates captured gods, 675.

_Tiglathpileser II._, sacrifices in Babylonia, 664.

_Tigris_, course of, 28-9;
comparison with Euphrates, 30;
in garden of Eden, 2 (_cf._ 506);
one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506 (_cf._
2).

_Tishri_, 7th month, sacred to Shamash, 462 (_cf._ 681, 685);
7th day sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_Tombs_, see _Dead_.

_Triad_, the great, Anu, Bel, Ea, 107;
relationship of the members, 147;
product of theology, 147, 149;
development of, 148;
extraneous position, 149;
representative of the three kingdoms, 155;
punish the violator of monuments, 207;
fix the name of the months, 208, 236;
general position in Ass. pantheon, 236;
give victory, 236;
grant rule, 236;
associated with Ashur, Ishtar, and Igigi, and Anunnaki, 236;
in incantations, 273;
associated with fire-god, 279;
in Gudea, 418;
in the cosmology, 418;
ancestors of the triad, 418;
symbolizes the eternal laws of the universe, 432.

_Triad_, second, Sin, Shamash, Ramman, 163;
in incantations, 273.

_Tubal-cain_, biblical father of metal workers, 178.

_Tur-lil-en_, in Nebuchadnezzar's II. pantheon, 242.

_Tychsen, Gerhard_, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

_Ubshu-kenna_, council chamber of the gods, 423, 629, 687.

_Uddushu-Namir_, a divine servant, created by Ea, 571.

_Ud-zal_ = Nimib, 166.

_Ukhat_, in the Gilgamesh epic, 475, 476 ff.;
parallelism betw. U. and Eve, 511.

_Ukhati_, sacred harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

_Ul-mash-shi-tum_, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 170.

_Ululu_, 6th month, sacred to Ishtar, 462, 684;
sacred to Ashur, 463, 685;
sacred to Ninib, 215, 684;
3d day of U. sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_Ululu 2d_ (intercalated), sacred to Anu and Bel, 463.

_Umu_, goddess, 51;
priestess of Uruk, 102;
in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110.

_Umun-pa-uddu_ = Shul-pa-uddu, 99.

_Ur_, city, home of Terahites, 9;
dynasties, 36-7;
sacred to Sin or Nannar, 69-70, 75, 242, 640, 647;
sanctuary of Shamash, 70;
starting point of Hebrew migrations, 77;
association with Harran, 77;
temple of Nana, 81;
temple of Nin-gal, 97;
temple of Sin, 70, 242, 295, 640;
literary center, 245;
zikkurat at Ur, 617;
temple E-kharsag, 638;
temple E-gal-makh, 639.

_Ur-Bau_, patesi of Lagash,
builds sanctuary of Belit, 56;
builds sanctuary to Ea in Girsu, 61-3;
builds temple of Ninni in Gishgalla, 80;
builds temple to Nin-Mar in Mar, 100;
builds temple to Ku(?)-anna in Girsu, 102;
erects a zikkurat in Nippier, 645.

_Ur-Gur_, 2d dynasty of Ur,
builds sanctuary to Shamash in Larsa, 69;
preserves local cults in Larsa, Nippur, Uruk, 69;
builds temple to Sin in Ur, 76;
builds temple to Nana in Uruk, 81.

_Ur-Kasdim_ = Ur.

_Ur-Nin-Girsu_, of Lagash, priest of Anu, 90.

_Ur-Shul-pa-uddu_, ruler of Kish, 99.

_Uru-azagga_, quarter of Lagash, 57;
temple of Bau, 59, 103.

_Uru-gal_, "great city,"
designation of nether-world, 592;
Nin-azu, god of U., 592.

_Uruk_, ancient center, 9, 35, 245, 445, 472;
excavated, 9;
rulers, 37;
temple of Nin-shakh, 93;
temple of Lugal-banda, 95;
temple of Nin-gul, 96;
origin of cult of Nisaba, 102;
Nana, or Ishtar, the great goddess of Uruk, 81, 84, 103, 242, 311,
445, 473, 475, 645, 648;
importance of Uruk in Nippur inscriptions, 103;
worship of Nisaba, 111;
temple of Nana or Ishtar, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639;
Uruk supuri, 472;
city of the Kizreti, Ukhati, and Kharimati, 475, 531;
conquered by Gilgamesh, 473, 513;
attacked by Khumbaba, 430;
Uruk under Cassites (?), 480;
attacked by Dibbarra, 531;
dwelling of Anu and Ishtar, 531;
zikkurat at U., 619, 639.

_Uru-kagina_, patesi of Lagash, 53;
king of Girsu, 56;
erects temple of Bau at Uru-azagga, 103.

_Utu_, surname of Shamash, 72;
etymology, 73.

_Utukku_, a class of spirits, 260 (_cf._ 511).

_Vases_, sacred objects, 652, 674-5
comparison with vases in the Solomonic temple, 653.

_Venus_ = Ishtar, name of planet, 370.

_Votive inscriptions_, see _Religious Texts_.

_Votive offerings_, 51, 57, 660 ff.;
lists of, 165;
popular character, 668-9;
statues of kings votive offerings, 669;
occasions for, 670;
offered by kings and laymen, 671, 675;
various objects, 671, 675;
captured gods as offerings, 675.

_Warka_, see _Uruk_.

_Water_, see _Fire_ and _Ea_;
means of purification, 276, 279, 282, 289.

_Wedge writing_, styles and varieties, 19, 20;
origin, 21 ff., 454, 455.

_Witchcraft_, origin of belief in, 267;
relationship betw. w. and demons, 267;
the sex in w., 267, 342, 485;
means of w., 268;
protection against, 269;
release from, 285, 657;
causes of punishment by, 291.

_Worship_, tree worship compared with Hebrew-Phoenician Ashera cult,
689;
symbolical in Bab., 689.

_Xenophon_, contemporary of Ctesias, 1.

_Xisuthras_, 505;
see _Adra-Khasis_.

_Yakhin_, name of column in Solomon's temple, 624.

_Zab_, lower, tributary of Tigris, 192.

_Zabu_, king of Babylon, restores Shamash temple at Sippar, 117;
restores Anunit temple at Agade, 117.

_Zag-muk_, festival of Bau, 59, 677;
festival of Marduk, 127, 631, 678-9;
festival of En-lil, 678;
festival of Sin, 678;
festival of Nana, 678;
propitious time for asking oracles, 628-9;
spring and fall the time of the z., 678;
compared with Jewish New Year, 687.

_Zakar_, god, meaning of name, 172;
place of worship, 172;
"wall of Zakar," 172;
relationship to Bel and Belit, 172.

_Zamama_, god of the 2d Bab. period, 168;
sanctuary to Z. in Kish, 169;
god of battle (identified with Ninib, 640), 169;
Ninni his consort, 169;
in incantations, 273;
temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640.

_Zarmu_, son of Bau, 103.

_Za-za-uru_, son of Bau, 103.

_Zikkurat_, staged tower, 615;
imitation of mountain, 615;
house of oracle, 622;
names of zikkurats, 638 ff.

_Zodiac_, z. system outcome of religious thought, 247, 434;
zodiacal interpretation of the gods, 82, 310-1, 434, 462-3, 676;
almost the entire zodiac known to the Babylonians, 456.

_Zoroastrianism_, 45.

_Zu_, personification of storm, 525, 537;
myth of Zu, 537 ff.;
compared with Tiamat epic, 543;
explanation of name, 537;
the chief worker of evil, 538;
under the control of Shamash, 538;
robs the tablets of fate, 540;
conquered by Marduk, 542.

_Zurghul_, city in Babylonia, 578.

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