The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria

M >> Morris Jastrow >> The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria

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_Nisaba_, goddess, 51;
agricultural deity, 101;
traits in common with Ea, 101;
sister of Nina, 101;
centers of cult, 102;
in Gudea's pantheon, 111;
probably local in Uruk, 111.

_Nisan_, sacred to Anu and Bel, 462, 677;
sacred in Babylonia, 684;
7th day sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_Nisir_, mount on which the ship alights, 503.

_Nisroch_, Assyrian deity, 2.

_Noah_, resemblance to Parnapishtim less than is the case with Lot, 507.

_Nu-gim-mud_, title of Ea, 230.

_Nun-gal_, god of the 2d Bab. period, 168;
temple in Sippar, 168;
meaning of name, 168;
solar deity, 168;
becomes a demon, 168.

_Nur-Ramman_, of Ur, builder of Sin's temple in Ur, 76;
builder of temples to Nin-gal and Nannar at Ur, 97.

_Nusku_, fire-god, in Ass. pantheon, 188, 220-1;
in Bab. pantheon, 220;
amalgamated with Gibil, 220, 277;
identified with Nabu, 220-1;
ideographic writing of name and its explanation, 220;
solar deity, 220-1, 279;
shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241;
epithets, 221, 277, 280;
functions, 221;
shrine in E-Zida, 241;
in incantations, 271-3, 277, 286;
younger than Gibil, 277;
a mythological conception, 277, 279;
Gibil-N, god of civilization, 278;
medium betw. worshipper and deity, 279;
associated with Anu, 277, 286;
associated with Bel and Ea, 279, 286;
Ishum, messenger of, 280;
worship at Nippur, 635;
see _Gibil_.

_Oktanos_, see under _Ea_, 63.

_Old Testament_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 669 (_cf._ 696);
relations betw. the Hebrews and B.-A., 2, 611, 697-8;
contrast betw. Hebr. and B.-A. religion, 3, 668;
O. T. points of contact with Gilgamesh epic, 495;
with deluge story, 506 ff.;
parallels betw. Adam and Eabani, Eve and Ukhat, 511;
betw. Samson and Gilgamesh stories, 515-6;
3d chapter Genesis compared with Adapa legend, 551;
Hebr. Sheol || Bab. Shualu, 560;
Hebr. Shoel || Bab. Sha'ilu, 560;
Hebr.-Bab. custom of inquiring of the dead, 560;
parallelism betw. Sargon I. and Moses, 562;
conceptions of nether-world in O. T. and in Bab., 606;
parallels betw. temple of Solomon and Bab. temple, 623, 632, 652-3,
655;
libation of oil in O. T. and in Ass.-Bab., 665;
sacrifices in O. T. compared with Ass.-Bab., 667-8;
teraphim and Ass.-Bab. amulets, 674;
Hebr. and Bab. New Years, 681;
Purim compared with Bab. 15th Adar festival, 686;
Ashera and tree worship in Babylonia, 689.

_Omens_, division of religious literature, 247;
purposes of, 248, 331;
comparative age of, 253-4;
an indirect means of forecasting the future, 329;
directions for the priest in recognizing o., 330;
relationship betw. o. and prayers, 331;
part of magic element in the ritual, 331;
occasions for seeking an o., 331 ff.;
derived from offered animals, 332;
of a public character, 332 ff., 362, 364, 374, 401;
questions of an omen seeker, 333 ff., 369;
list of, 337, 362;
their relation to reports, 368, 372;
o. ritual, 338;
connecting link betw. incantations and o., 352;
variety of o. literature, 355, 362;
o. from stars, 356;
the more variety, the more significance--a principle of general
application in interpretation of o., 358;
other guiding principles, 358 ff., 388, 401;
private o., 362, 403, 405;
o. series and mode of their composition, 363;
omens deduced from observations of eclipses, 357, 364;
restricted application of o. no hindrance to their practical use, 366,
372;
vagueness of o. intentional, 367;
interrelation betw. reports and o., 368, 372-3;
importance of o. deduced from eclipses and more ordinary phenomena,
368-9;
omens deduced from observations of planets, esp. Ishtar, and of other
heavenly bodies, 371-3;
omen calendars, 375, 382;
omens from terrestrial phenomena, 383 ff.;
logical principle controlling the interpretation, 384;
offshoot of sympathetic magic, 384;
birth omens, 384;
partly public, partly private character, 386;
the rarer the phenomena, the greater the significance, 385;
ideas of sympathetic magic in the interpretation of o., 388;
omens from offsprings of animals, 391 ff.;
omens from the actions of animals, 397-402;
omens from dreams, 402-4;
o. of a private character, 403;
popular phase of augury, 403;
omens from individual experiences, 404;
dividing line betw. omens of individual and of public character, 405;
the practical working of the omen belief, 406.

_Ophites_, a gnostic sect, 699.

_Oppert, Jules_, expedition to Babylonia, 8.

_Oracles_, see also _Omens_ and _Witchcraft_, direct means of
forecasting the future, 329;
occasions for asking o., 338 ff.;
blank forms for o., 341;
form of, 341 ff.;
Marduk, god of, 342;
asked of the sun-god, 334 ff.;
of Ishtar of Arbela, 342;
ceremonies accompanying o., 345;
relationship to penitential psalms, 347;
practical purpose of, 349;
by means of dreams, 349 ff.;
generally vague language, 344;
occasionally definite language, 360;
objects with which o. are concerned, 360;
given by priestesses, 485, or priests, 329, 560, 657-8;
asked of the dead, 559-60, 657;
asked on the New Year's festival, 628-9.

_Pantheon_, divisions and development, 48-50;
sources, 51;
comparison betw. p. in historical and in incantation texts, 297;
comparison betw. B. and A. pantheon, 189, 201.

_Papakhu_, chamber of the god, 627;
cosmological significance, 629.

_Pap-sukal_, _i.e._, divine messenger, epithet of Nin-shakh, Nebo, and
Nusku, 93 (cf. 463, 571);
in incantations, 273;
10th month sacred to P., Ishtar, and Anu, 463.

_Pap-u_, god, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172;
offspring of E-sharra, 174;
function, 174.

_Paradise_, belief in, among Babylonians, 578.

_Parakku_, chamber of the god, 627.

_Parnapishtim_, immortal, 488, 577;
P. and Gilgamesh, 492 ff.;
son of Kidin-Marduk, 488, 496;
born in Shurippak, 496;
his epithet Adra-Khasis, 505;
bears more resemblance to Lot than to Noah, 507.

_Pa-sag_, god, 51;
"the leader of the land," 101;
identity with Ishum, 101;
lieutenant of Shamash, 107;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

_Patesi_, 198.

_Patron gods_, of persons, 216, 235;
Nabu, patron of Ramman-nirari III., 228;
of places, 49, 69-70, 106, 111.

_Penitential psalms_, points in common with and differences from
incantations, 312;
national origin of, 312;
marks relationship betw. god and man, 313;
purpose to appease the anger of the gods, 315, 688;
advanced religious conceptions, 314-5, 326;
dialogue form, 315;
language, 316-7;
age, 317;
anonymity of the deity addressed, 318;
p. for specific purposes, 324, 688;
relationship to oracles, 347.

_Persepolis_, wedge writings, 16.

_Persian Gulf_, sacred to Ea, 497;
not the source of the deluge, 497;
confluence of the streams, 577.

_Persian wedge writing_, 19.

_Personifications of human arts_, 178.

_Peters, John P._, explorer, 11.

_Pilgrimage_, 684.

_Place, Victor_, excavations, 8.

_Place of Fates_, name of temple, 641.

_Planets_, observations of, 370;
identifications of p. with deities, 370, 459 (_cf._ 619);
prominence of Ishtar-Venus, in astrological texts, 371;
regarded as auguries for the chiefs and the general welfare, 373;
planets and zikkurats, 619.

_Politics_, affecting religion and literature, 108, 110-1, 134-5, 201,
239, 690-1.

_Popular Belief_, see _Theology and Popular Belief_.

_Prayers_, see also _Hymns_, occasions, 663;
in connection with incantations, 293, 299;
without accompaniment of incantations, 294;
curses regarded as p., 296;
no line of demarcation betw. incantations and p., 297, 299, 307;
ethics in, 298;
power of words, 328;
no p. in its highest form, 329;
relationship betw. prayers and omen, 330;
efficacy dependent on their being uttered in the right manner and by
the right person, 353.

_Priestly codes_, 362.

_Priests and priestesses_, divisions of, 269, 241-2, 657-8;
p. as exorciser and his function, 271-2, 330, 657-8;
mediator betw. man and god, 315, 331, 353, 374, 560, 627, 692;
prognostication of future, 329, 560, 657;
importance of, 353;
"Priests of Ashur," association of priestly functions with early
kingship, 374;
priests and priestesses in their functions, 485, 655 ff., 692;
priests purifying the dead, 578, 602;
general name for priest, 657-8, 676;
priestesses as dirge singers, 604, 658;
as judges, 625, 658;
intellectual leaders, 693;
as sacrificers, 657-8;
eligibility to priesthood, 658-9;
women priests, 485, 659-60.

_Proper names_, see also _Names_, composition of, 165;
source of study of divinities, 166;
evidence of age of cult of gods (Ishme-Dagan), 208;
Samsi-Ramman, 209.

_Psalms_, see _Penitential Psalms_; also _Hymns_, _Prayers_.

_Ptolemy_, see _Claudius Ptolemaeus_.

_Pudilu_, builds temple of Shamash at Ashur, 209.

_Purat_ = Euphrates, 27.

_Purification_, see _Rituals_.

_Purim_, compared with the Bab. solar festival, 15th of Adar, 686;
not to be compared with Puru, 688.

_Puru_, a festival ceremony, 688.

_Puzur-Shadu-Rabu_, captain of the ship of Parnapishtim, 500.

_Ra_, Egyptian sun-god, 210.

_Rabbinical literature_, bearing upon B.-A. religion, 3, 697.

_Races_, of Mesopotamia, 24, 33.

_Ramman_, god, Shala his consort, 102, 161, 212;
associated with Anu, 154, 207, 212;
associated with Shamash, 145, 157-8, 160, 211;
associated with Sin and Shamash, 158, 163;
associated with Nergal and Nana, 159, 164;
rivals of Marduk, 158;
ideographic and other readings of the name, 156-7;
meaning of name, 156-7;
extent of his cult, 159;
cult by Aramaeans, 159;
indigenous to Assyria, 159;
rival of Ashur, 161;
his two aspects as storm-god, 160;
epithets, 156, 158, 160, 212, 498;
in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162;
in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
= Martu, 166, 212;
popular in Assyria, 211;
his instruments of destruction, 212;
"the mightiest of the gods," 212;
name of one of the eastern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
brings abundance, 237;
temple at Borsippa, 242;
temple at Kumari, 242;
11th month sacred to R., 463;
R. in the deluge, 500;
declines to fight Zu, 541.

_Ramman-nirari I._, king of Assyria, 155;
cult of Ramman, 159;
of Anunnaki and Igigi as spirits of earth and heaven resp., 185;
repels the Cassites, 199;
his pantheon, 237, 593.

_Ramman-nirari III._, king of Assyria, gives prominence to Nabu cult in
Assyria, 128, 228;
erects temple to Nabu at Calab, 228;
Nabu his patron god, 228.

_Rassam_, Hormuzd researches, 9.

_Rawlinson, Henry_, explorations, 9.

_Regulus_, observations, 372.

_Religion_, unity of church and state, 690;
influence upon Hebrews, see _Old Testament_;
upon Christianity, 698;
upon Egypt, Persia, and Greece, 699-701.

_Religious texts_, 12-3, 467;
sources for religion, 51, 661;
in Bab. theological schools, 134;
reshaping of r. t. during Hammurabi's time, 140-2;
divisions, 247-51;
age, 691;
comparison betw. Ass. and Bab. r. t., 251-2;
their value as source for knowledge of sacrifices, 661;
votive inscriptions on statues, 669;
on other objects, 671-2;
worn as amulets, 672;
plague tablets, 536, 674.

_Rim-Sin_, of 2d dynasty of Ur, "called" by Bel and Ea, 62;
cult of moon and sun-god in Ur, 70;
of Nana in Ur, 81;
builds temple of Nin-shakh at Uruk, 93;
his wife builds temple to Nin-gal at Ur, 97.

_Rituals_, establishment of, 115;
and incantations, 247-8, 253-4, 283;
manner of growth, 255;
purification, 284, 688;
incantations the oldest fixed r., 294;
penitential psalms, 312 ff., 688;
bodily castigation, 320, 688;
offerings, 328;
prayers, 293 ff.;
never without ulterior motive, 328;
oracles and omens, 328 ff.;
composition and growth, 329-30;
strictness in observation of, 347.

_Rustem_, son of Sal in Armen. and Mandaean legend, parallel to Etana,
520.

_Saba_, district in southern Arabia, 491.

_Sabitum_, maiden in Gilgamesh epic, 490-1;
the goddess of Siduri, 491.

_Sacred objects_, 651.

_Sacred period_, 686.

_Sacred quarter_, 622 ff.

_Sacredness of animals_, meaning of, 397-8, 662;
of trees, 662-3.

_Sacrifices_, when not to be offered, 378;
when offered, 663, 667-8;
offered by priests, 657-8;
Semitic view of, 660;
comparison with Hebrew, 667-8;
as determined from religious and historical literature, 661;
development of, 661;
two kinds of, 661;
connected with prayers, 663;
use of oil and wine, 664, 666;
daily, 667;
monthly, 668.

_Sadu_, the hunter in the service of Gilgamesh, 475;
associated with Ukhat, 511.

_Safa_, hill in Mecca, 687.

_Sag-ila_ = Marduk, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Sal_, father of Rustem, 520.

_Samsi-Ramman,_ king of Assyria, builds temple to Ramman, 154, 159;
builds temple to Ashur in Ashur, 198;
his name as evidence of age of Shamash cult, 209.

_Samson_, parallelism with Gilgamesh, 515 ff.

_Samsu-iluna_, king of Babylon, 56;
builds sanctuary of Belit, 56;
builds Dur-padda, sacred to Ramman, 158;
his pantheon, 162;
builds wall of Zakar in Nippur, 172;
builds wall of Lugal-mittu in Nippur, 172.

_Samuel_, prophet, his spirit called up, 559.

_Saracus_, last king of Assyria, 229.

_Sargon I._, "builds" temple E-ulmash of Nana in Agade, 82;
myth of Sargon I. related to an incident in Moses' life, 562;
his exploits incorporated in a religious text, 562;
"builder" of temple of En-lil in Nippur, 642, 645.

_Sargon II._, of Assyria, restores "laws and customs of Harran," 77;
builds sanctuary to Shamash, 211;
names Kar-Nergal in honor of Nergal, 219;
builds sanctuary to Sin at Khorsabad and Magganubba, 219;
patron of learning, 229;
prominence of Nabu cult, 229;
erects sanctuary to Nin-gal at Khorsabad, 231;
restores Magganubba, 232;
revives the triad, 236;
his pantheon, 237;
his palace at Khorsabad, 225, 237;
his zikkurat at Khorsabad, 617;
sacrifices in Babylonia, 664;
institutes special festival, 687.

_Sarpanitum_, consort of Marduk, 121, 224, 228, 636;
interpretation of name, 121, 449;
shrine in E-Sagila, 121, 241, 636, 641;
her statue recovered by Agum, 122, 152, 670, 687;
her subordinate position, 121-2;
goddess of matrimonial fertility, 122, 684;
of secret knowledge, 122;
amalgamation with Erua, 122;
epithets of Sarpanitum-Erua, 123;
called Belit, 224, 684;
shrine in E-Zida, 241;
rarely in incantations, 276;
25th day of Siwan her festival, 684;
festival instituted by Agum, 687.

_Saturn_ = Ninib, planet, 371, 459.

_Saul_, king of Israel, and the witch, 559.

_Semites and non-Semites_ in Babylonia, 21-2, 32-4.

_Sendschirli_, excavations in, 579.

_Senkereh_ = Larsa.

_Sennacherib_, king of Assyria, 200;
takes statues of Ramman and Shala back from Babylon, 212;
erects temple to Nergal at Tarbisu, 219;
his pantheon, 238, 644, note 2.

_Seven spirits_, cause eclipse of moon, 264, 276;
12th month sacred to them, 463;
Sibi, collective personification of the s. p. associated in war with
Ishum, 533.

_Sex_, inferiority of female to male in the B.-A. pantheon, 75, 79, 104;
confusion of female cults, 80;
variety of "ladies" in pantheon, 98, 104;
position of female deities as consorts of male deities, 104, 586, 594;
male deities becoming female and consorts of male deities, 177, 280;
association of sexes in cosmology, 411;
association of sexes in the creation of the gods, 413;
female deities and the months, 463;
sex in witchcraft, 267, 342, 660;
sex in priesthood, 485, 659-60;
sex in furnishing oracles, 485, 660;
sex among musicians and dirge singers, 660 (see _Dirge_);
position of woman, 694.

_Shabat_, 11th month, sacred to Ramman, 463;
sacred to Ninib, 215, 684.

_Shabra_, god, temple at Lagash, 635.

_Shailu_, a designation for priest, 560;
|| Hebr. Shoel, 560.

_Shala_, consort of Ramman, 161, 212;
in proper names of 2d Bab. period, 169;
in Ass. pantheon, 189;
meaning of name, 213;
other applications of the name, 213;
epithets, 213.

_Shalman_, god, in Ass. pantheon, 188.

_Shalmaneser II._, king of Assyria, gives prominence to Shamash cult,
205, 215;
his pantheon, 237.

_Shamash_, or Utu, 51, 277;
signification of name, 68;
relations to the moon-god, 68-70, 98, 305;
centers of worship, Sippar and Larsa, 69, 117, 143, 176, 241, 628,
640, 646;
relative age of the centers, 70;
temple Ebabbara, 70, 628, 640, 645;
attributes and functions, 71, 120, 210;
in incantations, 71, 211;
probable age of these conceptions, 72;
his other names and their meaning, 72-4, 176;
local uses thereof, 73;
Malkatu his consort, 74-5, 176, 241-685;
offspring of Nin-gal, 98;
in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110;
in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162;
warrior of heaven and earth, 144, 211;
mighty hero, 152;
position in Bab. pantheon during and after Hammurabi, 144;
position in Ass. pantheon, 144, 209-11;
associated with Ramman, 145, 157-8, 160, 211;
associated with Sin and Ramman, 158, 163;
associated with Ishtar, 163, 511;
associated with Malik and Bunene, 176;
often called Malik, 176;
symbol of Shamash, 176-7;
temple at Ashur, 209;
protecting deity, 209;
ethical level in Ass. pantheon, 209-10;
judge of heaven and earth, 210, 274, 279, 297, 527 (_cf._ 640);
prominence of sun cult during reign of Ashurnasirbal and Shalmaneser
II., 210, 646;
under Esarhaddon, 646;
sanctuary by Sargon II., 211;
cult influenced by that of Egyptian Ra, 210 (_cf._ 699);
name of one of the eastern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
grants victory, 237;
Nebuchadnezzar II. and Shamash cult, 646;
Nabonnedos gives prominence to Sh. cult, 240-1, 647;
temple in Babylon, 242, 640;
Sh. in incantations, 280;
in hymns, 300 ff.;
in omens and oracles, 334, 344;
Shamash and Sin, 305, 647;
7th month sacred to Sh., 463, 685;
patron of Gilgamesh, 471, 479;
identical with Lugal-Marada, 486;
patron of Etana, 520;
controls Zu, 538;
on seal cylinders, 540;
Si-gar, a festival of, 684;
festival days, 685.

_Shamshi-Ramman_, king of Assyria, gives prominence to Ninib cult, 214.

_Shamuktu_, a class of priestesses of Ishtar, 660.

_Sha-nit(?)-ka_, goddess, in Ass. pantheon, 188;
associated with Damku and Sharru-ilu, 232;
mistress of Nineveh, 233;
= Ishtar, 233.

_Sharru_, title of Marduk, in the deluge story, 500.

_Sharru-ilu_, god, associated with Damku and Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232;
meaning of name, 232;
evidently a title, 232;
perhaps a foreign god, 232;
worshipped at Magganubba, 232.

_Shar-sarbi_ = Belsarbi, 242.

_Sherua_, minor god in Ass. pantheon, 234;
foreign deity, 644.

_Sheol_, 560;
O. T. conceptions of Sheol || to Babylonian conceptions, 606 ff.;
see also _Shualu_, _Dead._.

_Shinar_ = Babylonia, 613.

_Ship_, construction of, 498-9;
Puzur-shadu-rabu, captain of ark, 500;
a sacred object, 653-4;
its uses and significance, 654;
compared with the Mahmal and the ark, 655.

"_Ship of Light_," name of Sin's ship, 655.

"_Ship of Malku_," name of the ship of Naru, 655.

"_Ship of the Brilliant Offspring_," name of Bau's ship, 655.

_Shir_, god, in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
local god, 163;
patron of Bit-Khabban, 176.

_Shirpurla_, see _Lagash_.

_Shualu_, designation of the district of the dead, 560 ff.;
meaning, 559;
|| to Hebr. Sheol, 560.

_Shubu_, in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
local character, 163;
patron god of Bit-Khabban, 176.

_Shu-bu-la_, god, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169;
patron of Shumdula, 169.

_Shu-gid-la_, see _Shu-bu-la_, 169.

_Shukamuna_, Cassite god, identical with Nergal, 152, 163, 172;
head of Agum's pantheon, 152, 172;
consort of Shumalia, 173.

_Shul-gur_ = Nin-girsu, 51.

_Shul-pa-uddu_, god, 51;
meaning of name, 99;
age and extension of cult, 99;
decline of cult in favor of Shamash and Ninib, 100;
position in Babylonian astronomy, 100;
solar deity, 99, 531.

_Shumalia_, in the Cassite pantheon, 162-3, 172;
in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
consort of Shukamuna, 173;
epithet, 173.

_Shumdula_, city in Babylonia, cult of Shubula, 169.

_Shum-gar_, see _Si-gar_.

_Shurippak_, city on Euphrates, destroyed by rainstorm, 495;
comparison with Sodom, 496, 507.

_Shurpu series_, 290.

_Shu-sil-la_, see _Shubula_, 169.

_Sibi_, collective personification of the seven evil spirits associated
with Ishum, 533.

_Sibittum_, minor deity in the Etana legend, 521.

_Siduri_, Sabitum, the goddess of Siduri, 491.

_Si-gar_, festival of Gula, 683;
festival of Sin, 684;
festival of Shamash, 684;
meaning, 684;
date of installation of Ashurbanabal, 684.

_Silili_, mother of one of Ishtar's associates, 482.

_Sin_, god, see also _Nannar_; worshipped in Harran, 76, 241, 641, 647;
temple at Ur, 76, 241, 295, 640, 644, 687;
occurrence of the name elsewhere, 77;
amalgamation with Nannar, 78;
chief trait, 78;
lunar cycle and sun calendar, 78;
epithets and functions, 76, 78-9, 219, 462;
gradual decrease of Sin cult, 78-9;
in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110;
associated with Shamash and Ramman, 158, 163;
in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162;
patron of Bit-Khabban, 163;
head of 2d triad, 163;
associated with Ishtar, 163, 571;
father of Ishtar, 565;
temple at Calah, 219;
sanctuary at Khorsabad, 219;
sanctuary at Magganubba, 219;
god of wisdom, 78, 219;
god of water in Ass. pantheon, 219;
first-born son of Bel, 76, 219;
subordinate position in Ass. pantheon, 219-20;
Sin and astronomy, resp. astrology, 219-20;
temple at Babylon, 242;
in incantations, 280;
in hymn, 303-4;
Sin and Shamash, 305, 647;
first-born of Bel, 219, 462;
Siwan, 3d month, sacred to Sin 462;
chapel in E-Zida, 639;
Sin cult under Nabonnedos, 77, 648;
Sin's ship, 655;
zagmuk of, 678;
Si-gar, festival of, 684.

_Sinai_, a peninsula (metals and stone), 627, 652.

_Sin-gamil_, of Uruk, builds sanctuaries to Nergal at Cuthah, 66.

_Sin-gashid_, of Uruk, servitor of Lugal-banda and Nin-gul, 95-6.

_Sin-iddina_, of Larsa, builds sanctuary to Shamash in Larsa, 69;
builds temple of Sin in Ur, 76.

_Sippar_, temple and archives, 10;
ancient center, 35, 245;
center of worship of Shamash, 69, 117, 143-4, 241, 628, 640, 646;
temple of Nun-gal, 168;
worship of Shamash, Malik, and Bunene, 176;
temple of Nin-karrak, 294;
temple of Malkalu or A, 640;
zikkurat, "Threshold of Long Life," 641.

_Sir_, serpent god, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 170.

_Sirius_, observations of, 372.

_Siwan_, 3d month, sacred to Sin, 462, 687;
sacred to the god of brick structures, 463;
25th day of Siwan sacred to Belit of Babylon, 684.

_Slaves_, standing of slaves a measure of social ethics, 695.

_Smith, George_, explorations, 9.

_Sodom_, destruction of, point of contact with Gilgamesh epic, 495-6,
507.

_Sokkaros_, grandfather of Gilgamesh (Aelian), 524.

_Solomonic_ temple and the sacred quarter in Nippur, 623-4;
horns of altar compared with Bab. custom, 652;
"sea" compared with Apsu, 653;
ark compared with the Bab. ship, 655.

_Sorcer_, _Sorceress_, see also _Witchcraft_;
relationship betw. s. and oracle-giver, 342.

_Spirits_, in proper names, 166, 180;
Nun-gal-e-ne, a class of, 168 (cf. 184);
their symbols, 174, 182;
functions, 174;
lists of, 180;
classification of, 181 ff.;
of disease, 181, 186, 246;
of the field, 182;
of the nether-world, 183;
dividing line betw. gods and spirits, 181, 183, 231, 266, 274;
of evil, 260, 264;
activity of, 260-1;
representations of, 263;
habitations of, 260, 263;
the seven spirits, 264;
strength attribute of, 266;
relationship betw. demons and witchcraft, 267;
differentiation of demons, 262.

_Spiritualization of mythology_, 304, 306;
characteristic of later times, 297;
in penitential psalms, 313, 319.

_Splendor of Heaven and Earth_, name of temple, 641.

_Stars_, writing of heaven, 454;
division of, 455.

_Storm_, symbols of storm (birds and bulls), 537 ff.

_Subartu_, name of country, 532.

_Sugi_, name of country, 675.

_Sukhaul-ziku_, name of mythical fountain, 572.

_Sumer and Akkad_, ethnological-geographical, 32-3;
S.-A. language in incantations, 259.

_Sumerian question_, 21-4, 32-4.

_Sun_, see _Shamash_;
gates of s., 435, 443;
representation of sun in creation story, 461;
sun and moon in astronomy and religion, 461.

_Susian wedge writing_, 19.

_Syllabaries_, 135.

_Syncellus_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5.

_Systematized religion_, see _Theology_.

_Taboo_, meaning of, 397.

_Talisman_, see _Amulet_, _Teraphim_.

_Tammuz_, agricultural deity, 58, 588;
relations to Ishtar, 84, 482, 484, 547, 564, 574;
T. and Gish-zida doorkeepers of heaven, 546;
solar deity, 547;
4th month named for T., 547, 682;
intercedes for Adapa with Anu, 548-9;
brother of Belili, 575;
T.'s day = All-Souls' Day, 599, 605, 682;
identified with Nin-girsu, 58;
associated with Nin-gish-zida, 546, 588.