The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria

M >> Morris Jastrow >> The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria

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_Damku_,
god, associated with Sharru-ilu and Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232;
meaning of name, 232;
evidently a title, 232;
perhaps foreign deity, 232;
worshipped at Magganubba, 232.

_Damu_ and _Damu-gal_, epithets of Gula, 166, 175.

_Daniel_, book of;
bearing upon B.-A. religion, 2, 3;
Daniel and Bab. religion, 3 (_cf._ 668);
illustrative of Babylonian dream lore, 403;
authentic description of dedication of statue, 669.

_Dead_,
universal, 556;
location and names of the gathering place of the dead, 557 ff. (cf.
_Netherworld_);
All-Souls' Day, 599, 605, 682;
under the special protection of the gods, 183, 558, 552, 592;
furnish oracles to the living, 559, 560, 582, 657;
deification of dead, 561, 582;
condition of dead, 563 ff.;
purified, 578, 602;
can hear lamentations, 575, 577;
cannot be brought back from Aralu, 576, 582;
suffer hunger, 598-9;
tombs and burial, 595 ff.

_Death and burial_, life after death, 512, 514, 556 ff.;
cave burial, 557;
pyramid burial, 557.

_Deborah_, song of, among the "Battles of Yahwe," 534.

_Deification_ (Parnapishtim and Etana), 470, 527;
of dead, 561, 582;
of Gudea and Dungi, 167, 470, 561;
of Gimil-Sin, 561;
of Gilgamesh, 282, 284, 470, 561.

_Delila,_ parallelism with Ishtar, 516.

_Delitzsch, Friedrich_, Sumerian question, 22; see Preface.

_della Valle, Pietro_, traveler, 15.

_Deluge_, in Gilgamesh epic and O. T., 495;
place of origin of deluge, 498;
embodying two distinct traditions, 502, 506;
points of contact with Biblical narrative, 506 ff.;
antiquity of the tradition, 508.

_Demons_, see also _Animism_ and _Spirits_;
chief demon, 57, 497;
in incantations, 287;
how exorcised, 330;
when not to be exorcised, 378;
messenger of god, 378;
_Targul-le_, in the deluge story let loose by Dibbarra, 500;
the Utukku, 260 (_cf._ 511);
the Ekimmu, 260 (_cf._ 512);
authors of evil and disease, 183, 593, 306, 692.

_Der_, center of worship of Nina, 88;
city of Anu, 88, 155.

_de Sacy, Silvestre_, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

_de Sarzec, Ernest_, explorer, 11.

_Dibbarra_, in Ass. pantheon, 189;
plague-god, 232, 505, 528;
a spirit, 232;
identified with Nergal, 232, 528-9, 594;
minor god, 234;
in the deluge story, 500 (_cf._ 505);
solar deity, 528;
god of war, "the warrior," 528-9;
attendant of Nergal, 529, 588;
attended by Ishum, 529;
D.'s attack upon Babylon, 530-1;
D.'s attack upon Uruk, 531;
general war among mankind, 531 ff.;
Dibbarra enraged and appeased, 535;
identified with Girra, 588.

_Dibbarra epic_, see _Dibbarra_, 232, 528 ff.;
recalls the "Battles of Yahwe," 534.

_Dilbat_, city in Babylonia;
temple of Ninib, 242;
zikkurat E-gubba-an-ki, 639.

_Dilmun_, island, 125.

_Diodorus_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 399, 435.

_Dirges_, sung by priests and priestesses, 604, 658;
by priestesses, 660.

_Divine names_, variety of names of individual divinities and local uses
thereof, 73;
transference of name and its meaning, 118, 140-1;
in proper names, 165-6, 169;
obscurity of, 233.

_Djumdjuma_, 10.

_Dogma_, establishment of, 115, 133, 247, 690 ff.

_Dreams_, importance of, 322-3;
on par with oracles, 350, 479;
treated as omens, 350, 403 ff.;
in the Gilgamesh epic, 481, 486, 497.

_Du'ar_, _Da'ur_, cosmological deity, 417.

_Du-azagga_, council chamber of the gods, 629;
= Apsu, 630;
place where the sun rises, 630.

_Dumu-zi_, god;
his double aspect, 96-7;
worship at Lagash, 635.

_Dumuzi-zu-aba_, god, 51;
interpretation of name, 96;
functions and character, 96;
places of worship, 96;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

_Dungi_, of Ur, builds temple of Nergal at Cuthah, 65;
builds temple of Nana in Uruk, 81;
builds temple to Nin-Mar, 100;
deified, 167, 470, 561.

_Dun-shagga_, 51;
son of Nin-girsu, 91;
meaning of name, 94;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

_Dur-an-ki_, name of a temple tower in Nippur, 539.

_Dur-ilu_, Ass. city near Elamitic frontier;
cult of Kadi, 232.

_Dur-Kurigalzu_, temple of Bel, 146.

_Dur-padda_, a fort sacred to Ramman, 158.

_Dur-zakar_, sanctuary of Belit, 56.

_Du'zu_, see _Tammuz_.

_Ea_, god, 51;
functions, 62, 78, 230;
epithets, 62, 142, 173, 230;
associations and relations with Bel, 62;
king of Eridu, 62-3, 275;
sanctuary in Girsu, 61;
god of the water, 63, 147, 237, 275, 430, 699;
explanation of name, 64;
identification with Nin-a-gal and other deities, 64;
member of the great triad, 107, 148, 207, 230, 677;
in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 111;
survival of his cult, 123-4, 136;
change of position since Hammurabi, 136;
non-mention in historical texts, 136;
prominence in religious texts, 136;
Ea and Marduk in incantation texts, 139-40;
transfers his name to Marduk, 118, 141, 439;
god of humanity _par excellence_, 141 (cf. 264, 275, 297, 437, 441,
462, 497);
formed of clay, 142;
Ea in the deluge story, 142, 497, 504;
Ea and Damkina grant long life, 153;
god of fine arts, 177;
fighting Tiamat, 197, 422;
Ninib, first-born of Ea, 217;
shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241;
Belit, consort of, 226, 231, 237;
Nabu, son of, 229;
in the Ass. pantheon, 230;
sanctuary at Ashur, 230;
titles emphasizing his skill, 230;
house of wisdom, 522;
similarity and difference between Ea and Nabu, 230-1;
Ea and Belitilani, names of southern gates of Sargon's palace, 237;
unlocks fountains, 237;
shrine in E-Zida, 241;
prominent in incantations, 137, 256, 275;
the spirits hostile to, 264 (cf. 141);
as a healer, 275;
overcomes eclipse of moon, 276;
associated with fire-god, 279, 286;
in the Shurpu series, 288;
conquers Tiamat, 422;
in the zodiac in conjunction with Nibir and Bel, 434-5;
identified with some star in southern heaven, 435, 460;
Iyar, his sacred month, 462, 677;
Ea in the 11th tablet of the Gilgamesh epic, 496;
rivalry with Bel, 497, 507 ff.;
Persian Gulf, sacred to Ea, 498, 545;
father of Adapa, 545;
Ea in Ishtar's descent, 571;
Ea's sanctuary E-karzaginna, 636.

_Eabani_, created by Aruru, 448, 474;
E. and Ishtar, 484, 486;
parallelism betw. Adam and E., 511;
E.'s spirit conjured up by Nergal, 511 ff., 560, 565.

_E-adda_, temple of Anu, 53, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-an-dadia_, name of zikkurat at Agade, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_E-anna_, temple of Ninni in Girsu, 80;
temple of Nana or Ishtar in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 331, 639, 648;
meaning of name, 639.

_Eannatum_, burial costumes, 597.

_E-babbara_, name of the temples of Shamash in Larsa and Sippar, 70,
628, 640;
worship of Shamash, Malik, Bunene in E. at Sippar, 176, 628;
meaning of name, 640;
history of Ebabbara in Sippar, 646 ff.;
with shrine of Anunit, 646;
history of Ebabbara in Larsa, 647.

_Ecbatana_, concentric walls, 618.

_Ecclesiastes_, unsatisfactory ending like 12th tablet of Gilgamesh
epic, 513.

_Eclipses_, e. of moon removed by Ea, 276;
cause of e., 264, 276, 280;
calculation of time of occurrence of e., 357;
indication of omens the ulterior motive of observations of, 357, 368;
omens gathered from observation of e. in the "Illumination of Bel"
series, 364 ff.;
eclipses portend public disaster, 366, 369;
importance of omens deduced from observations of e., 368;
e. of sun called the "way of Anu," 457.

_Eden_, Garden of, legendary, 2;
identical with the confluence of streams, 506.

_Edessa_, gnostic center, 699.

_E-dim-anna_, chapel of Sin in E-Zida, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_E-dingiranagin_, see _E-anna-tuma_.

_E-ditar-kalama_, sanctuary of Shamash in Babylon, 242, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-dur-an-ki_, zikkurat at Larsa, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_E-dur-gi-na_, temple of Belsarbi, 242, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_E-edinna_, temple of Shamash's consort, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-esh-gi_, shrine of Nin-girsu at Lagash, 640.

_E-gal-makh_, temple in Ur, 639.

_E-gish-shir-gal_, temple of Sin at Ur, 76, 241, 295, 640, 647;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-gi-umunna_, a sanctuary, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-gubba-an-ki_, zikkurat at Dilbat, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_E-igi-e-nir-kidur-makh_, temple to Ninni at Kish, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_Ekallate_, name of city in Assyria, cult of Ramman and Shala, 212.

_E-karzaginna_, sanctuary of Ea in E-Sagila, 636.

_E-kharsag_, temple in Ur, 638.

_E-kharsag-ella_, temple of Gula in Babylon, meaning of name, 638.

_E-kharsag-kalama_, name of temple, 638;
E-kur-makh, 638.

_E-kharsag-kurkura_, dwelling of Bel, 225;
temple in Assyria, 615;
meaning of name, 638.

_E-khulkhul_, temple of Sin in Harran, 76, 241, 641, 647;
meaning of name, 641.

_E-ki-dur-garza_, temple to Nin-lil-anna in Babylon, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_Ekimmu_, a class of spirits, 260 (_cf._ 512, 581, 602).

_E-kua_, papakhu of Marduk in E-Sagila, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-kur_, temple of Bel, 11, 37, 51, 54, 69, 151, 642, 644;
meaning of E-kur, 173, 217, 614, 638;
= Eshara, 217;
history of the temple, 644 ff.;
= Kharsag(-gal)-kurkura, 558;
lofty dwelling of gods, 541;
designation for the nether-world, 558;
= temple, 558, 614 (cf. 622);
= earth, 614;
in plural = divinities, 615.

_E-kur-makh_, name of temple, 638;
= E-kharsag-kalama, 638.

_Elali_, in proper names of the 2nd Bab. period, 170;
epithet of Gibil, 170.

_Elam_, 35;
Elamites invade Babylonia, 38, 480;
capture Nana's statue, 85;
Elamitic deities: Eria, 122, 162;
Kadi, 188, 232, 234.

_El-Amarna_, tablets of, containing the Adapa legend, 544;
contains legend of Nergal conquering and wedding Allatu, 584-5.

_Elul_, see _Ululu_.

_E-makh_, chapel to Nin-kharsag, 639.

_E-makh-tila_, shrine to Nabu at Borsippa, 307, 606, 636.

_E-mash-mash_, temple of Ishtar, 152;
of Belit, 227.

_E-me-te-ur-sagga_, temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_En-anna-tuma_, patesi of Lagash, constructs storehouse to Nin-girsu,
58.

_En-anna-tuma_ II., 2nd dynasty of Ur, devotee of Nin-gal, 98.

_E-nin-makh_, chapel of Ishtar in Babylon, 242, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-ninnu_, temple of Nin-girsu, 57, 87, 635, 640.

_En-ki_, see _Ea_.

_En-lil_, see _Bel_.

_En-meshara_, attendant of Allatu, god of vegetation, 588;
festival of E. in the 10th month, 588.

_Ennanna_ = Ninni, 51.

_En-ninna_, a minor deity in the Etana legend, 521.

_En-nugi_, leader of the gods, 495.

_En-temena_, patesi of Lagash, 56;
constructs storehouse to Nin-girsu, 58.

_En-tena_, see _En-temena_ (better reading).

_E-nun-makh_, temple of Sin at Ur, 295, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_Enshar_, cosmological deity, 417.

_En-zu_, see _Sin_.

_E-pa_, zikkurat at Lagash, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_E-pad-kalama-suma_, sanctuary of Nabu in Babylonia, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_Epics and legends_, literary-religious character of, 247;
historical spirit of, 250;
nature myths, 250.

_Erech_ = Warka = Uruk; see _Uruk_.

_Eresh-Kigal_ = Allatu, 584.

_Eria_, Elamitic goddess, possibly identical with Erua, 122, 162.

_Eridu_, ancient center, 35, 245, 445;
sanctuary of Ea, 62, 124, 445;
lost her political prestige, 136;
cult of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186;
prominent in incantations, 256.

_Erua_, the "begetting" goddess, 123;
amalgamation with Sarpanitum, 122-3, 130;
dwelling in E-Zida, 123;
consort of Nabu, 123;
possibly identical with Eria, 122;
water deity, 123;
cult suppressed by Hammurabi, 130;
place of worship, 130.

_E-Sagila_, temple of Marduk in Babylon, 121, 636;
with a shrine of Sarpanitum, 121, 241, 636, 641;
with shrine of Nusku, 220, 241;
with shrine of Nabu, 127, 220, 636;
with shrine of Ea, 220, 241;
with shrine of Tashmitum, 220, 241;
with shrine of Nin-kharsag, 639;
sanctuary E-karzaginna of Ea, 636;
meaning of name, 639;
with papakhu of Marduk, 640;
takes the place of E-kur, 645;
history of E-Sagila, 648 ff.;
place of installation of rulers, 649;
influence of E-Sagila and E-Zida, 649.

_E-Sagila_, temple of Ea, 446.

_E-salgisa_, temple in Girsu, 641;
meaning of name, 641.

_Esarhaddon_, king of Assyria, 200;
restores temple of Nana-Ishtar at Erech, 85, 206;
his pantheon, 238;
restores Ekur, 645;
Shamash cult in Sippar, 646.

_Eschatological literature_, gods and demons in e., 183.

_E-shara_, meaning, 173, 175, 198;
offsprings of, 174;
bride of E., 173, 175;
built by Anshar, 198;
built by Marduk, 198, 431
= Ekur, 217;
placed by Marduk under control of Bel, 432.

_E-shid-lam_, temple of Nergal and Laz at Cuthah, 65, 648, 667.

_Etana_, legendary personage, 468, 505, 519 ff.;
dwells in the netherworld, 511, 520, 523, 527, 590;
E.'s patron, Shamash, 520;
name occurs in O. T., 519;
traditions among other nations, 519-21;
E. and Ganymede, 523;
deified, 527, 590;
god of vegetation, 590.

_E-temen-an-ki_, zikkurat to Marduk at Babylon, 619, 639;
meaning of name, 639.

_Ethics_, B.-A. religion, 291, 312, 692;
belong to advanced period, 292, 304-5;
in prayers, 298-9;
gods whose nature create e. notions, 306, 692;
in penitential psalms, 312 ff.;
private morality, 694 ff.

_E-tila_, name of a temple, and meaning of name, 641.

_E-tur-kalama_, temple of Ishtar, 311.

_E-u-gal_, temple to En-lil, 640;
meaning of name, 640.

_E-ulla_, temple to Gula in Sippar, 641;
meaning of name, 641.

_E-ul-mash_, temple of Nana in Agade, 82.

_Euphrates_, stream of Garden of Eden, 2 (_cf._ 506);
E. valley, central habitation of mankind, 2;
old settlements of Hebrews, 2;
course of, 27;
comparison with Tigris, 30;
one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506 (_cf._
2).

_E-ur-imin-an-ki_, zikkurat at Babylon, 619.

_Eusebius_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 5.

_Eve_, parallelism with Ukhat, 511.

_Excavations_, 6-15.

_Exorcism_, see _Incantations_.

_E-Zida_, temple of Nabu at Borsippa, 121, 229, 241, 639;
with shrine of Erua, 123;
with shrine of Sarpanitum, 241;
with shrine of Tashmitum, 241;
with shrine of Nusku, 241;
with shrine of Ea, 241;
with shrine of Sin, 639;
history of E-Zida, 648 ff.;
influence of E-Zida and E-Sagila, 649.

_E-Zida_, shrine of Nabu in E-Sagila, 127, 220, 229, 636.

_Family_, systematization of O. B. pantheon according to Davis, 109.

_Fast days_, special occasions, 688.

_Fate tablets_, tablets of fate in the hands of Bel, 538 (_cf._ 150,
153);
in the Tiamat story, 420, 428, 538;
robbed by Zu, 540;
compared with the tablets of wisdom, 585.

_Festivals_, zag-muk, 59, 127, 631, 677, 678;
significance of every day, 675;
special significance of special days, 675, 677, 680-1, 683-5;
words for f. in Assyrian, 676, 687;
each month sacred to a deity, 462-3, 676, 683-4;
festivals and months sacred to divinities not always corresponding,
687;
special festivals, 687-8;
the puru ceremony, 688;
fast days and rites, 688.

_Fire_, see _Water_ (cf. Gibil-Nusku in incantations, 277);
means of purification, 276, 279;
belongs to all three divisions of the universe, 286.

_Foreign gods_ in B.-A. religion (see also _Cassites_), 142, 644;
Adad = Ramman, 156;
Kadi, 188, 232, 234;
Damku, 232;
Eria, 122, 162 (Elamitic).

_Fresnel, Fulgente_, expedition, 8.

_Gaga_, Assyrian pantheon, 188;
minor god, 234;
Anshar's messenger to Tiamat, 423;
a foreign deity, 238, 644.

_Gal-alim_, 51;
center of worship, 91;
son of Nin-girsu, 91;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

_Gamlat_, in Ass. pantheon, 188.

_Ganymede and Etana_, 523.

_Ga-tum-dug_, goddess, 51;
similar to Bau, 61;
worship at Lagash, 61, 635;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

_Gate of Widespread Splendor_, seat of Sarpanitum in E-Sagila, 121, 241,
636, 641.

_Gegunu_, epithet of Aralu, 563.

_Genealogical_ systematization of Old Bab. pantheon according to Amiaud,
109.

_Genesis_, see _Cosmology_.

_Gibil_, fire-god, E-la-li, perhaps an epithet, 170;
in Ass. pantheon, 189;
amalgamated with Nusku, 220, 227;
in incantations, 273, 277;
older than Nusku, 277;
epithets, 277, 280;
a mythological conception, 277, 279;
G.-Nusku, god of civilization, 278;
medium betw. worshipper and deity, 279;
associated with Anu, 277;
associated with Bel and Ea, 279;
associated with Nin-gish-zida, 463;
identified with Nergal, 594.

_Gil_, attendant of Nergal and Allatu, 588;
god of foliage, 588.

_Gilgamesh_, hero of the Bab. epic, 83, 468 ff.;
in incantations, 282, 284, 470;
mythological explanation of, 282, 486-7;
with omens, 387;
solar deity, 470-1, 515;
king of the earth, 471;
born in Marada, 473;
conquers Uruk, 473, 513;
created by Aruru, 473-4;
Shamash (see _Lugal-Marada_), his patron, 471, 479;
love affair with Ishtar, 481 ff.;
Lugal-Marada, his patron (see _Shamash_), 486;
conquers Khumbaba, 480, 514;
G.'s contest with the bull, 486, 514, 537;
contest with lion, 488, 514;
Gilgamesh half divine, half human, 490, 514;
G. and Sabitum, 490-1;
G. and Parnapishtim, 492 ff.;
points of contact with O. T., 495, 515-6;
G. and Eabani, 510, 565;
seeking immortality and the secret of life after death, 513;
parallelism with Samson, 516;
parallelism with Hercules, 516;
Gilgamesh and Alexander the Great, 469, 516;
G. in Aelian, 469, 524;
G.'s grandfather Sokkaros, 524.

_Gimil-Sin_, deified, 561;
temple at Lagash, 561.

_Gim-nun-ta-ud-du-a_, son of Bau, 103;
explanation of name, 103;
probable functions, 103.

_Gin-shul-pa-uddu_, wife of Gudea, 99.

_Girra_, attendant of Nergal and Allatu, 588;
identified with Dibbarra, 588;
a form of Nergal in later texts, 589.

_Girsu_, see _Lagash_.

_Gish-galla_ (?), quarter of Lagash, 57;
temple of Ninni, 80.

_Gish-zida_, identical with solar deity Nin-gish-zida, 547;
G. and Tammuz, doorkeepers of heaven, 546;
5th month sacred to G., 547;
intercedes for Adapa with Anu, 548-9.

_Gnosticism_, influenced by B.-A. religion, 698.

_Great Place_, name of temple, 641.

_Grotefend, Georg Friedrich_, decipherment of wedge writing, 16.

_Gudea_ statues, 57, 652;
his pantheon, 106 ff., 635;
number of deities indicative of the extent of his sovereignty, 106;
principle of order, 107;
gods common to Gudea's and Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110;
deified, 167, 470, 561;
his zikkurat, 615, 619;
builder of temples, 642;
imports diorite from Sinai peninsula, 627, 651;
Gudea's apsu, 653;
Gudea's ship for Ningirsu, 654;
G.'s votive objects and inscription, 57, 668-9, 672.

_Gula_, identified with Bau, 60;
associated with Ninib, 105 (_cf._ 576);
goddess of healing, 105, 166, 175, 282 (_cf._ 576, 683);
in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162, 175;
epithets, 166, 173, 175, 576;
goddess of nether-world, 174-5;
position intermediate betw. gods of the living and gods of the dead,
175 (_cf._ 576);
creator of mankind, 175;
her sanctuary erected by Ashurnasirbal, 218;
her festival celebrated by Ashurbanabal, 218, 683;
= Nin-Karrak, 242;
temple at Babylon (see _Nin-Karrak_), 242, 638;
three sanctuaries at Borsippa, 242, 636 (E-ulla), 641;
in incantations, 273, 282;
12th day of Iyar sacred to G., 683.

_Gurmu_, son of Bau, 103.

_Gushgin-banda_, 171;
"brilliant chief," patron of metal-workers, 178.

_Halevy, J._, Sumerian question, 22-4.

_Hallabi_, city near Sippar, temple of Ninni, 117, 144.

_Hamath_, city in N. Syria, 578.

_Hammurabi_, king of Babylon, secures the hegemony in Babylonia, 116,
532;
Marduk, the chief of his pantheon, 117;
builds temples, 642;
builds temple to Ninni at Hallabi, 117;
builds E-Zida, 121;
ignores cult of Nabu, 128;
suppresses cult of Erua, 130;
care of temple of Shamash at Larsa, 143-4;
Shamash cult, 117, 143-4;
at Sippar, 117, 143;
at Larsa, 143;
Ninni cult at Hallabi, 144-5;
"proclaimer of Anu and Bel," 146-7;
beloved shepherd of Belit, 150;
list of names of gods in H.'s pantheon, 161-2;
"The Akkadian," 532;
H.'s character as a Messiah, 533;
= Amraphel, 534.

_Harran_, city in Mesopotamia, sacred to Sin, 76, 241, 641, 647;
its importance and political decline, 77;
meaning of its name, 78;
associations with Ur, 77;
enjoys the patronage of Sargon II., 77;
temple of Sin, 76, 241, 641;
patronized by Nabonnedos, 77, 242.

_Haynes, John H._, excavations, 11.

_Heart of Shamash_, name of a temple, 641.

_Hebrews_, see _Old Testament_.

_Hercules_, parallelism with Gilgamesh, 516.

_Herodotus_, source for B.-A. religion, 1;
history of Assyria, 3;
history of Persia, 4;
notices on B.-A. religion, 4;
notices on Ishtar cult in Erech, 485.

_Hillah_, village, site of, 8.

_Historical texts_, value as source for religion, 51, 166, 246, 661;
pantheon in h. t. compared with that in incantation texts, 297;
source for knowledge of sacrifices, 661.

_Hittites_, eagle standard among the H., 527;
influence on Assyrian architecture, 627.

_Hommel, Fritz_, Sumerian question, 21.

_Homoroka_ = Marduk, 5.

_House Full of Joy_, name of temple, 641.

_House of Fifty_, see _E-ninnu_.

_House of Great Splendor_, name of temple, 641.

_House of Hearkening to Prayers_, name of temple, 641.

_House of Light_, name of temple, 641.

_House of the Brilliant Precinct_, name of temple, 641.

_House of the Seven Divisions of Heaven and Earth_, name of zikkurat at
Borsippa, 639.

_House of the Seven Zones_, name of zikkurat at Uruk, 639.

_House Without Rival_, name of temple, 641.

_Hymns and prayers_, division of religious literature, 247, 293;
where composed, 248;
in connection with incantations, 293, 301;
h. to Shamash, 300 ff.;
to Sin, 303-4;
dialogue style of composition, 305;
to Nebo, 306;
no difference in thought betw. h. and incantation, 301, 307;
illustrating relationship betw. man and gods, 309;
deity as person of dialogue in, 310;
see also _Prayers_.

_Iamblichus_, source of B.-A. religion, 399.

_Idiklat_ = Tigris, 28.

_Igi-dug-ga_, title of Ea, 230.

_Igigi_, explanation of name, 185;
number of, and explanation, 185;
spirits of heaven, 185, 200;
gods in whose service the I. are, 186;
their character, 186;
associated with Anunnaki, 186, 593;
altar of I. and Anunnaki, 186;
chiefs of Eridu, 186;
Ashur, king of, 200;
Anu, their chief, 186, 207, 593;
associated with the great triad, 236.

_Ilabrat_, minor god, in the Adapa legend, 546.

_Illumination of Bel_, name of an omen series, 363.

_Im_ = Ramman, 156.

_Immeru_ = Ramman, 157.

_Immortality_, see _Dead_.

_Im-pa-ud-du_, son of Bau, 103;
explanation of name, 103;
function, 103.

_Incantations_, see also _Magical Texts_;
in therapeutics, 246;
means and methods of, 270-3;
gods invoked in, 273;
sacred objects invoked, 274;
gods in incantations _par excellence_, 275;
the fire-god in, 277;
favorite time of, 280-1;
i. services, 281, 283 ff.;
principle of sympathetic magic, 284;
mixed with ethical conceptions, 292;
in connection with prayers, 293, 301;
the oldest fixed ritual, 294;
no line of demarcation betw. prayers and i., 297, 307;
points in common with and differences from penitential psalms, 312;
the natural expression of popular beliefs, 326;
demons exorcised by i., 330;
connecting link betw. omens and i., 352.

_Inmarmaru_, city in Dibbarra epic, 533.

_Invocations_, 165;
in records of the 2nd Bab. period, 167;
combined invocations, 235;
where found, 235, 245;
motive and manner of, 236 ff.;
Tiglathpileser I., 236;
Ramman-nirari I., 237;
Ashurnasirbal, 237;
Shalmaneser II., 237;
Sargon II., 237;
Sennacherib, 238;
Esarhaddon, 238;
Ashurbanabal, 238;
gods in invocation and in actual worship, 238.

_Irkalla_, a designation of the netherworld, 563, 566;
name of the consort of the queen of Aralu, 563, 591;
identified with Nergal, 592.

_Isaiah_, prophet, 2.

_Ish-gu-tur_, temple of Nin-Mar in Mar, 100.

_Ishi-milku_, a foreign deity, 644.

_Ishme-Dagan_, king of Assyria, evidence of age of Dagan cult, 208.

_Ishtar_, goddess Nana, 82, 85, 202, 311, 643;
absorbs other deities, 82;
epithets, 83, 151-2, 204, 237;
functions in B.-A., 83, 459;
functions in A., 83-5;
in Gilgamesh epic, 84-5, 482, 501, 563-4;
zodiacal interpr., 82-4, 310-1;
relationship to Sin, 79, 84, 163, 565, 571;
relationship to Anu, 84-5, 566;
significance of these relationships, 85;
variants, 82, 85, 202, 242;
temple at Agade, 117, 242;
temple at Calah, 151;
temple E-mash-mash, 152, 205, 227;
relationship to Sin and Shamash, 163, 571;
goddess of war, 83, 164, 204;
during Cassite and Nebuchadnezzar's I. reign, 164, 645;
variants of Assyrian Ishtar, 202;
mighty over the Anunnaki, 204;
milder nature in religious texts, 205;
mother of mankind, 204-5, 237;
relationship to her devotees, 205;
temple Kidmuru, 202;
temples at Arbela, Nineveh, and Ashur, 205;
I. of Nineveh and I. of Arbela distinguished, 205;
Ab her sacred month, 205, 462, 685;
wife of Bel, 205;
Belit of the land (151, 206), 215, = Belit, 226;
temple in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639;
worship in Uruk, 103, 242, 472, 475, 531 (see _Nana_);
wife of Ashur, 227;
associated with the great triad, 236;
Ishtar and Anu, names of west. gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
causes the inhabitants to flourish, 237 (_cf._ 204);
temple at Babylon, 242 (_cf. Ninmakh_), 640;
in incantations, 273;
in hymns, 310;
temple E-tur-kalama, 311;
in a penitential psalm, 318;
prominence of cult of I. under Ashurnasirbal and before, 325, 342;
in oracles and omens, 343-4;
= Venus as name of planet, 370, 458-9, 571;
importance of Ishtar-Venus in omen literature, 371-2;
I. appears in a dream to the king, 374;
personification of fertility, 459, 462, 482, 563, 587;
causes decline, 483, 563;
10th month sacred to I., Papsukal, and Anu, 463;
the Kizreti, Ukhati, and Kharimati of I. in Uruk, 475, 485, 660;
relationship to Tammuz, 84, 482, 484, 547, 564, 574;
Ishtar's love fatal to her lovers, 482, 516;
I. and Eabani, 484, 486;
in the deluge, 501, 503-4;
parallelism with Delila, 516;
I. in the lower world, 564;
the 6th month "the mission of Ishtar," 564, 684;
festival celebrated in Ab, 685;
correlated to Allatu, 587;
I. cult under Ashurbanabal, 85, 206, 238, 648;
cult under Nebuchadnezzar II., 648;
figurines of, 674.