The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria

M >> Morris Jastrow >> The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria

Pages:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61

Oppert, J.--Origines Communes de la Chronologie Cosmogonique des
Chaldeens el des Dates de la Genese. APC, 6th series, XIII. 237-240.

Palmer, A. S.--Babylonian Influence on the Bible and Popular Beliefs.
Tehom and Tiamat, Hades and Satan: a Comparative Study of Genesis, i.,
ii. (London 1897.)

Robiou, F.--L'Etat Religieux de la Grece et de l'Orient au Siecle
d'Alexandre ... II. Les Regions Syro-Babyloniens et l'Eran. (Paris
1896.)

[Unsatisfactory, and not based on independent researches.]

Sayce, A. H.--The Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments.
(London 1894.)

[Suggestive, but unreliable. Full of inaccuracies.]

---- Fresh Light from the Ancient Monuments. (2d ed. London 1886.)

Schleussner.--Die Bedeutung der Ausgrabungen in dem Euphrat und
Tigris-Gebiet fuer das Alte Testament. (Wittenberg 1892.)

Schrader, E.--Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament. 3d ed.
(Announced for 1898.)

[English translation of the 2d German ed., 'The Cuneiform
Inscriptions and the Old Testament.' London 1885-1889.]

Sillem, C. H. W.--Das Alte Testament im Lichte der Assyrischen
Forschungen und ihrer Ergebnisse. (Hamburg 1877.)

Simpson, William.--The Tower of Babel and the Birs Nimroud. TSBA IX.
307-332.

Stucken, Edward.--Astralmythen der Hebraer, Babylonier und Aegypter.
Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Parts I., II. (Leipzig
1896-1897.)

[Rather fanciful.]

Tallquist, K. L.--Altbabylonischer Aberglauben in den Abendlaendern. [In
Norwegian]; Valvoja, Helsingfors, 1896, 498-520.

---- Fornbabyloniska och hebraeiska psalmer. Finisk Tidskrift, Mars 1892.

Tiele, C. P..--Die Assyriologie und ihre Ergebnisse fuer die
Religionsgeschichte.

[German translation by Friederick. Leipzig 1878.]

Toy, C. H.--Esther as a Babylonian Goddess. The New World, VI. 130-145.

Vigouroux, F.--Le Bible et les Decouvertes Modernes en Palestine, en
Egypte et en Assyrie. 4 vols. (Paris 1884-1885.)

[Written from a Catholic standpoint, but comprehensive and
accurate.]

Wahrmund.--Babylonierthum, Judenthum und Christentum. (Leipzig 1882.)

Ward, W. H.--Light on Scriptural Texts from Recent Discoveries, Hebrew
and Babylonian Poetry. The Homiletic Review, 1895, 408.

Zehnpfund, R.--Einige zeitgemaesse Bemerkungen ueber den Wert der
Assyriologie fuer die alttestamentliche Litteraturkritik. (Ernste
Allotria. Dessau 1896.)

Zimmern, H.--Die Assyriologie als Huelfswissenschaft fuer das Studium des
Alten Testaments und des Klassischen Alterthums. (Koenigsberg 1889.)

---- Zur Frage nach dem Ursprung des Purimfestes. (Zeits. f. alttest.
Wiss., XI. 157-169.)

Zschokke, Hermann.--Ueber die Wichtigkeit der Assyriologischen
Forschungen, insbesondere fuer das Alttestamentliche Bibelstudium.
(Vienna 1884.)

INDEX.

_A_, or _Malkatu_,
her names and their explanation, 74;
position and relationship to Shamash, 74-5, 176, 685;
temples of A and Shamash in Larsa and Borsippa, 70, 241;
temple E-edinna in Sippar, 640.

_Ab_, 5th month, sacred to Nin-gish-zida, 462, 547;
"the mission of Ishtar," 564;
festival of Ishtar, 685.

_Abram_ and _Abraham_, followers of,
in fight with Babylon, 2;
cult of Father Abraham, 562.

_Abu-Habba_, excavations, 10;
see also _Sippar_;
temple records and legal documents, 165.

_Abu-Shahrein_=Eridu.

_Abydenus_, source for B. A. religion, 1, 5.

_Achaemenian inscriptions_, 16.

_Ad_, Arabic tribe, 496.

_Adad_=Ramman, 157;
solar deity of Syria, 156.

_Adam_, parallelism betw. A. and Eabani, 511;
parallelism betw. A. and Adapa, 552.

_Adapa Legend_, a nature myth, 548, 644 ff.;
found on El-Amarna tablets, 544;
Adapa, son of Ea, 545;
A. fighting the south wind, 545 ff.;
seconded by Tammuz and Gish-zida, 548-9;
identified with Marduk, 548;
Adapa myth compared with 3d chapter of Genesis, 551.

_Adar_, 12th month, sacred to the Seven Evil Spirits, 463;
15th day, sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685;
compared with Purim, 636.

_Adar, 2d_ (intercalated), sacred to Ashur, 463.

_Addu_, equivalent of Ramman, 156.

_Adon_, Phoenician equivalent for Tammuz;
see _Tammuz_.

_Adra-Khasis_, epithet of Parnapishtim, 505.

_Aelian_, historian, mentions Gilgamesh, 469, 524.

_Agade_, ancient center, 35, 245;
rulers, 36;
temple E-ul-mash of Nana, 82;
temple of Anunit-Ishtar, 117, 242;
zikkurat E-an-dadia, 639.

_Agriculture_, A. and calendar, 462.

_Agum_, see _Agumkakrimi_.

_Agumkakrimi_, king of Babylon, recovers the statues of Marduk and
Sarpanitum, 122, 152, 670, 687;
cult of Shamash, 144;
cult of Shukamuna, 162;
institutes special festival for Marduk and Sarpanitum, 687.

_Ahasverus_, the wandering Jew, =Parnapishtim, 515.

_Ai-ibur-shabu_, name of street in Babylon, 679.

_Airu_, 2d month, sacred to Ea, 462, 677;
12th day of A., sacred to Gula, 683;
installation of king Ashurbanabal, 684;
sacred in Assyria, 684;
10th day of A., sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_A-ishtu_, a foreign god, 644.

_Akitu_, see _Zag-muk_; festival, 679.

_Akkad_, see also _Sumer_ and _Akkad_;
=Babylonia, 176, 532.

_Akkadian_=Sumerian.

_Alala_,
deity, 417;
in incantations, 417;
in Allatu's court, 593;
consort of Belili, 589;
connection with Alallu, 589.

_Alallu_, a bird;
relations to Ishtar, 482, 589;
connection with deity Alala, 589.

_Alamu_, phase of Nergal, 280.

_Alexander Polyhistor_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5, 413.

_Alexander the Great_, probably contemporary of Berosus, 1;
A. and Gilgamos, 469, 516.

_Alexandria_, gnostic center, 699.

_Allatu_, goddess, 1st Bab. period, originally associated with Bel, 104;
associated with Nin-azu, 586, 590;
associated with Nergal, 104, 183, 565, 580, 583, 593;
goddess of subterranean cave, 104, 282, 511, 565, 580;
in incantations, 282;
=Nin-ki-gal, 282, cf. 584;
Namtar, her messenger, 570, 580, 587, 592;
Belit-seri, her scribe, 587;
pictured as a lion, 580;
Allatu's court, 587, 592;
authoress of evil and disease, 593;
called Eresh-kigal, 584 (_cf._ 282);
vanquished by Nergal, 584-5;
imitation of Tiamat-Marduk episode, 585;
correlated to Ishtar, goddess of fertility, 587;
explanation of name, 587.

_All-Souls' Day_, see under _Tammuz_ and _Dead_, 599, 605, 682.

_Altar_, description of, 651;
the "horns" of the altar compared with those of Hebrew and Phoenician
altars, 652.

_Alu-usharshid_, king of Kish, 54.

_Amalgamation of divinities_, cause, features, and results, 74-5, 94-5.

_Amanus_, district famous for its wood, 627.

_Amiand_, his attempt at a genealogical arrangement of Old Bab.
pantheon, 108.

_Am-na-na_, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Amraphel_=Hammurabi, 534.

_Amulets_, see _Talisman_, _Teraphim_, 672, 674.

_Anatum_, goddess, consort of Anu, 153.

_Animism_, starting-point of religious belief, 48;
survivals of, 180 ff., 457;
popular rather than theological, 187.

_Anshar_, god, in the cosmology, 197, 410, 417;
=Ashur, 197, 414-5;
A. and Kishar created, 197, 410;
builds Esharra, 198;
A. and Kishar intermediate betw. the monsters and the gods in
cosmology, 414, 416;
Anshar and Kishar in the creation epic and their meaning, 418;
conquers Tiamat (one version), 422.

_Anshar-gal_, cosmological deity, 417.

_Antar_, Arabian romance of A., 494.

_Antares_, observations of, 372.

_Antioch_, gnostic center, 699.

_Antiochus Soter_, cult of Marduk and Nabu, 650.

_Anu_, god, 51;
relationship to Ishtar, 84-5;
Der, city of Anu, 88, 155, 162;
god of heavenly expanse, 89, 147, 207, 432;
abstract conception, 89;
priest of Anu, 90;
Anu as term for 'lofty,' 90;
member of the great triad, 107, 152, 155, 207, 677;
in Lugalraggisi's pantheon, 110;
artificial character in Hammurabi's pantheon, 152;
position in Agum's pantheon, 152;
dwells in Uruk, 153;
Anatum, his consort, 153;
in Ass. pantheon, 153-5, 201, 207;
associated with Ramman, 154, 207, 212;
associated with Dagan, 154, 209;
disappears after Sargon, 155;
in religious texts, 156;
in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162;
father of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186, 207, 593;
fighting Tiamat, 197;
temple in Lagash, 53, 640;
temple at Ashur, 207;
succeeded by Ashur, 207;
associated with Ishtar, 207;
blesses handiwork, 208, 237;
associated with Bel and Belit, 226-7;
Anu and Ishtar, names of the west gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
associated with Nusku, 277, 286;
made god of heavenly expanse, 432;
"Way of Anu"=ecliptic of sun, 457;
pole star of the ecliptic, 460;
Nisan, sacred to A. and Bel, 462, 677;
Tebet, sacred to A., Papsukal, and Ishtar, 463;
2d Ululu, sacred to Anu and Bel, 463;
in the Adapa myth, 546 ff.

_Anunit_, goddess, 51;
a variant of Ishtar, 82, 85, 242;
in proper names of 2d Bab. period, 169;
worshipped at Agade, 117, 242;
shrine in E-babbara at Sippar, 646.

_Anunnaki_, explanation of name, 184;
number of, and its explanation, 185;
spirits of earth, 185, 593;
gods in whose service the A. are, 186;
their character, 186;
associated with Igigi, 186, 593;
altar of A. and Igigi, 186;
shining chiefs of Eridu, 186;
ruled by Ishtar, 204 (_cf._ 502);
Anu, their chief, 186, 207, 593;
Bel, king of all the A., 222;
associated with the great triad, 236;
created by Marduk, 447;
offspring of Anu, 593;
A. and Mammitum determine death and life, 493;
in the deluge story, 500, 502 (_cf._ 204);
in Allatu's court, 593.

_Apollodorus_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5.

_Apotheosis_, see _Deification_.

_Apsu_, the deep, personified ocean, 411, 443, 489, 580;
synonymous with Tiamat, 411;
male principle, 411;
dominion of A. and Tiamat precedes that of the gods, 412;
gods, product of the union of A. and Tiamat, 413;
mythical monsters, product of the union of A. and Tiamat, 414;
basin, a sacred object and symbol, 653; comparison with the "sea" in
Solomon's temple, 653.

_Arabia_, metals and stone exported, 627.

_Arabians_ invade Mesopotamia, 34, 39.

_Arakh-shamnu_, 8th month, sacred to Marduk, 463, 678, 686;
15^th day, sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

_Aralu_, the nether-world, 489, 557;
called E-kur or mountain house, 558;
distinction betw. Aralu, the mountain (= earth), and Aralu, the
district of the dead proper, 558;
names and epithets of A., 563, 592;
pictorial representation of, 579 ff.;
pantheon of, 582 ff.

_Arbela_, temple of Ishtar, 202-3, 205, 651;
meaning of name, 203;
theological center, 342, 651.

_Archaeological religious monuments_, 14.

_Architecture_, reed and clay materials for building, 495-6;
see _Temple_.

_Ardi-Ea_, ferryman of Parnapishtim, 491;
takes Gilgamesh to the fountain of life, 509.

_Ark_, see _Ship_.

_Ark of the covenant_ compared with the Babylonian ship for the gods,
655.

_Armenia_, legend of Rustem parallel to Etana legend, 520 ff.;
exports precious stones, 627.

_Arts_, patron gods, 177-8.

_Aruru_, goddess, creates mankind, together with Marduk, 448, 474;
creates Eabani, 448, 474;
= Ishtar, 448-9;
creates Gilgamesh, 473-4.

_Ashera_ compared with tree worship in Babylonia, 689.

_Ashur_, capital of Assyria, 42, 193, 651;
modern name Kalah-Shergat, 198;
temple to Ashur, 198, 651;
temple to Ishtar, 205;
temple to Anu, 207;
temple to Shamash, 209;
temple to Bel, 225;
temple to Ea, 230;
intellectual center, 651.

_Ashur_, god, consort of Belit, 150, 226, 668;
rivaled by Ramman, 161;
in Ass. pantheon, 189;
head of Ass. pantheon, 191, 200;
his unique position, 191-2, 215;
local deity, 193;
symbol, 194, 632;
interpretation of symbol, 195-6, 685;
general character of Ashur, 195;
etymology of name, 196;
Anshar another form of A., 197, 414;
god of battle, 195, 199, 201;
chief of pantheon and epithets, 200-2;
king of the Igigi, 200;
associated with Ninib, 214;
his temples few, 215;
associated with Ninib and Nergal, 216, 218;
associated with Marduk, 224;
associated with the great triad, 236;
name of inner wall of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
permits the king to grow old and protects the troop, 237;
superiority to Marduk, 239;
god of oracles, 344;
Bel Tarbasi or lord of the court, 345;
2d Adar, sacred to A., 463;
Ululu, sacred to A., 463, 685.

_Ashurbanabal_, library, 13;
patron of science and art, 43, 229;
rule, 44;
recaptures Nana's statue, 85, 206;
gives prominence to Nabu cult, 129;
celebrates festival in honor of Gula, 218, 683;
embellishes temple of Nergal at Tarbisu, 219;
his pantheon, 238;
sacrifices in Babylonia, 664;
restores temple E-kur at Nippur, 645;
Shamash cult in Sippar, 646;
Ishtar cult in Uruk, 648.

_Ashuretililani_, king of Assyria, improves Nabu's temple at Calah, 229.

_Ashurnasirbal_, king of Assyria, 205;
gives prominence to Ninib cult, 214;
Calah, his capital, 215;
builds sanctuaries to Ishtar, Sin, Gula, Ea, Ramman, 215;
as a hunter, 216;
builds sanctuary to Gula, 218;
builds sanctuary to Sin at Calah, 219;
his pantheon, 237;
gives prominence to Ishtar cult, 325.

_Ashur-rish-ishi_, king of Assyria, 149, 204, 213.

_Assyria_, military superiority, 2;
history by Herodotus, 3;
art and antiquities, 7;
character of country and culture, 30-1;
character of people, 31;
comparison with Babylonia, 31;
architecture, 42;
history, 41-4;
conquest of, 44;
sun worship, 78;
Assyrian Ishtar cult as distinguished from Bab., 83, 85;
Ass. Nabu cult as against Bab. Marduk cult, 128;
religious beliefs more popular than Bab., 153;
influence upon Bab. culture and religion, 179;
pantheon, 188;
divisions of Ass. pantheon, 188-9;
comparison of Ass. and Bab. pantheons, 189, 201;
attacked by Cassites, 199;
A. god of oracles, 344;
continuity of Ass. and Bab. religion owing to Ass. worship of Bab.
deities, 642;
Airu, sacred month in Ass., 684.

_Assyrians_, see _Assyria_.

_Astrology_, lunar worship influenced by A., 219-20;
bar to monotheistic development, 319;
observation of the planets, 370;
questions put to the astrologer, 369.

_Astronomy_, factor in spreading lunar worship, 220, 245;
mixture of astronomy and astrology in the observation of eclipses,
357;
in the observation of the planets, 370;
forms part of cosmology, 454;
the determination of the laws under which the stars stood, 457;
composite character of A. science, 460;
divisions of, 460-1;
moon and sun in, 461.

_Azag-sir,_ minor deity in Ass. pantheon, 234.

_Babbar_, surname of Shamash, 72;
etymology, 72.

_Babylon_, founded, 2;
supremacy, 2;
capture of, 4, 45;
ancient center, 35;
capital of Babylonia, 39, 116;
Marduk, deity of, 54, 117-8, 531;
E-sagila, temple of Marduk, 121, 241, 639;
temple of Shamash, 242, 640;
temple of Sin, 242;
temple of Nin-makh, 242, 640;
temple of Nin-khar-sag, 242;
temple of Gula, 242, 638;
attacked by Dibbarra, 531;
zikkurat at Bab., 619, 639;
temple to Nin-lil-anna (242), 640;
religious center of the country, 649-50.

_Babylonia_, conceptions of netherworld, 2;
notices in rabbinical literature, 3;
extent, 26;
character of country, 30;
character of people, 31;
character of culture, 34;
Babylonian states and their history, 35 ff.;
dynasties of, 39-41, 44-5, 489;
united under Hammurabi, 116;
Bab. and Ass. Ishtar cult, 83, 85;
Bab. and Ass. Marduk cult, 128;
Bab. beliefs less popular than Ass., 153;
periods of Bab. religion, 162;
gods common to all three periods of Bab. religion, 163;
Bab. culture and beliefs influenced by Assyria, 179;
comparison of Bab. and Ass. pantheons, 189, 201;
country of Bel, 222;
under Ass. rule, 223;
source of Ass. culture, 222;
independent of Assyria, 239;
political and religious centers, 245;
replaces Nippur, 542;
sanctuary of Nabu, 640;
sacrificial acts in Bab. and their meaning, 664;
Nisan, the sacred month in Bab., 684;
continuity of Bab. and Ass. belief owing to Ass.
worship of Bab. gods, 642.

_Babylonians_, see also _Babylonia_;
subjects of Bel, 222;
humanity of Bel, 222.

_Babylonian-Assyrian religion_, 1;
phases of, 46-7;
age of essentials of religion, 114;
gods of the B.-A. pantheon, 189;
continuity of B.-A. religion, 642;
see _Assyria_ and _Babylonia_.

_Bahrein_, exports wood, 627.

_Ba-kad_, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172.

_Balasi_, astrologer, 340.

_Balawat_, explorations, 9;
portals of palace at B., 627.

_Bar_, offspring of Ishtar declines to fight Zu, 541.

_Bashtum_, goddess in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

_Battles of Yahwe_, recalls Dibbarra epic, 534.

_Bau_, goddess, 51;
her attributes, 59-60, 90, 678;
temple in Uruazagga, 59, 103;
Zag-muk, her festival, 59, 677;
consort of Nin-girsu, 59, 677;
identification with Gula, 60;
her sphere, 60;
daughter of Anu, 59-60;
mother of Ea and water-deity, 61;
common features with Ga-sig(?)-dug, 61;
Bau not Hebr. bohu, 60;
her sons (Amiaud), 103;
in Gudea's pantheon, 106;
in incantations, 273;
Bau's ship, 655.

_Ba'u-ukin_ = Dungi (Winckler), 65.

_Baz_, city in Babylonia, temple of Bel-sarbi, 242, 639.

_Bel_, see also _Marduk_ and _Bel-Marduk_;
god, temple of, 4;
temple at Nippur, 11, 37, 69, 51, 54, 151, 642, 644;
position in the Babylonian theology, 52;
oldest spelling and meaning of name, 52;
temple in Lagash, 53;
growth of his cult, 53;
blending with Marduk, 54, 145, 146, 148, 222;
phases of cult, 55;
associations and relations with Ea, 62;
associated with Allat, 104;
in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110;
subordination to Marduk, 118;
transfers his name to Marduk, 140, 222, 439, 635;
god of earth _par excellence_, 140, 147, 432, 440, 497;
creator of mankind, 141, 441;
in the deluge story, 142, 497, 502, 504;
Bel and the triad, 107, 145-9, 207, 677;
Bel in Hammurabi's pantheon, 145-6, 162;
in Cassite period, 146;
temple at Dur-Kurigalzu, 146;
in the Assyrian pantheon, 146-7, 225-6;
in the neo-Bab. pantheon, 147;
epithets, 146, 222, 225, 227, 274;
relationship to the other members of the triad, 147, 226;
Bel (and Belit) decree fates, 150, 153, 538;
Dagan = Bel, 151, 154, 209, 225;
relationship to Zakar, 172;
lord of Annunaki and Igigi, 186;
husband of Ishtar, 205;
confused with Dagan, 151, 154, 209;
Ninib, first-born of Bel, 217;
Sin, first-born of Bel, 219, 462;
Nusku, messenger of, 221;
temple at Ashur, 225;
dwells in E-khar-sag-kurkura, 225;
associated with Anu and Belit, 226-8;
consort of Ishtar, 205;
of Belit, 226;
B. and Belit, names of the northern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
lays foundations, 237 (_cf. Ninib_);
associated with fire-god, 279, 286;
Bel made lord of the earth by Marduk, 432;
in the zodiacal system in conjunction with Nibir and Ea marks the
three divisions of the year, 434-5;
identified with north polar-star, 435, 460;
Nisan, sacred to Anu and B., 462, 677;
2nd Elul, sacred to Anu and B., 463;
Bel in 11th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 496;
rivalry with Ea, 497, 507 ff.;
god of Dur-an-ki, 539;
on seal cylinders, 540;
robbed of tablets of fate by Zu, 540;
temple E-U-gal, 640;
figurines of Bel, 674;
Zagmuk, festival of, 678.

_Bel-epush_, Babylonian prince, votive object, 671.

_Bel-Marduk_, see _Bel_ and _Marduk_.

_Belili_, deity, 417;
in incantations, 417;
sister of Tammuz, 575, 588;
in Allatu's court, 588, 593;
consort of Alallu, 589.

_Belit_, goddess, 51;
place of cult, 55, 635;
titles and their meanings, 55-6, 227;
sanctuaries, 56;
in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110;
consort of En-lil, 111, 150, 151;
consort of Ashur, 150, 226, 668;
uses of "Belit," 151;
Bel and Belit decree the fate, 150, 153;
relationship to Zakar, 172;
associated with Anu and Bel, 226-8;
confusion in Ass. pantheon, 226-7;
consort of Bel, 226;
consort of Ea, 226-7, 231, 237;
= Ishtar, 226-7;
= Sarpanitum, wife of Bel-Marduk, 226, 684;
E-mash-mash, her temple at Nineveh, 227;
B. and Bel, names of the northern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
brings fertility, 237;
temple at Babylon (see _Nin-khar-sag_), 242;
= Nin-lil, 635;
figurines of, 674.

_Belit of Akkad_ = Belit, 162, 176.

_Belit-ekalli,_ in the Cassite pantheon, 162;
consort of Ninib, l73;
= Gula, 173, 176;
meaning, 173.

_Belit-ilani,_ consort of Ea, 226, 231, 237;
B. and Ea, names of southern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237;
increases offspring, 237.

_Belit mati_ = Belit of the land = Ishtar, 151, 206, 215;
perhaps=Belit, 227.

_Belit-seri_, scribe of Allatu, 587.

_Bel-sarbi_,
god, his temple at Daz, 242, 639;
perhaps=Nergal, 242.

_Bel-zir_, a layman, offers a votive object, 671.

_Berosus_, source B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 412.

_Birs Nimrud_, explored, 9.

_Bit-Khabban_, town in Babylonia; its patron gods, 176.

_Bit-Khabban_, district of Babylonia, sacred to Sin, 163.

_Blood_, sanctity of, 661.

_Boaz_, name of column in Solomon's temple, 624.

_Borsippa_,
explorations, 9;
temple of Nabu, 121, 229, 241, 639;
its situation, 124, 125;
beloved city of Marduk, 126;
temple of Ramman, 242;
3 sanctuaries of Gula, 242, 636 (E-ul-la), 641;
zikkurat at B., 617, 619, 639;
E-makhtila shrine in E-zida to Nabu at Borsippa, 307, 606, 636.

_Botta, P. E._, excavations, 6.

_Buddhism_, doctrine of annihilation, 556-7.

_Bulala_, a foreign god, 644.

_Bunene_,
in Nabubaliddin's pantheon, 162;
in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169, 176;
associated with Shamash and Malik, 176.

_Bunene_ and _Malik_,
attendants of Shamash, 177;
consort of Malik, 177;
associated with Shamash and Malkatu, 685.

_Burial_, see _Dead_.

_Bur-Sin_, repairs zikkurat and builds shrine in Nippur, 645.

_Calah_,
capital of Assyria, 42, 193, 651;
temple of Nabu, 128, 228;
temple of Belit mati, 151;
temple of Ninib, 214;
capital of Ashur-nasirbal, 215;
sanctuary of Sin, 219;
intellectual center, 651;
worship of Ninib, 215, 684;
palace of Sargon II., 687.

_Calendar_,
fixed by Marduk, 434;
importance of moon for c., 436, 461;
agriculture and c., 462;
growth and character, 465;
adopted by Hebrews, 464, 681.

_Cappadocian_ wedge writings, 20.

_Cassites_,
dynasty, 40-1, 480;
cult of Bel of Nippur, 146, 645;
cult of Shamash, 144, 646;
cult of Ramman, 158;
cult of Shukamuna, 152, 162;
cult of Nin-dim-su, Bakad, Pap-u, Belit-ekalli, Shumalia, 162, 172;
attack upon Assyria, 199.

_Chaldaean Wisdom_, 362, 384, 403.

_Chaos_,
attempts at picturing c., 411, 419;
gods contemporaneous with the primeval c., 413.

_Christianity_, influenced by Ass.-Bab. religion, 698.

_Claudius Ptolemaeus'_ astronomy, 5.

_Commercial literature_ in syllabaries, 135.

_Cosmology_, 247, 407 ff.;
the Tiamat episode, 140;
two or more versions of creation, 141-2, 407-8;
literary-religious character of, 247;
rise and development of cosmological speculations, 249;
distinction between popular and scholastic c., 249-50, 442-3;
distinction as to contents and form, 250;
historical kernel, 250;
c. deities antecedent to the known gods of the B.-A. pantheon, 417;
not _creatio ex nihilo_, but evolution of chaos to order, the keynote
of c, 418, 442;
similarities with Biblical account, 409, 433, 435, 451;
creation of heaven, 435, 443;
of sun, 435;
of moon, 436;
of earth, 443;
of mankind, 443;
second version, its similarities with and dissimilarities from the
first version, 444 ff.;
the gods of Nippur, Erech, Eridu, the original creators of the
universe, Marduk a later introduction, 449-50;
the mountain Mashu and the cosmological conceptions, 489;
see _Creation epic_.

_Court of the World_, name of temple, 641.

_Creation epic_,
purpose of, 409;
similarity with the Biblical account, 409, 433;
literary form, 409 ff.;
a nature myth, 432-3;
representation of sun, 461;
see _Cosmology_.

_Ctesias_, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4.

_Cult and worship_, cf. _Festivals_ and _Rituals_;
organization, 115, 133, 234;
gods in cult and in invocations, 238;
revival of old c. in Neo-Bab. period, 242-3;
tree-worship, 688-9;
compounded of popular belief and theology, 689.

_Cuneiform_, see _Wedge writing_.

_Cuthah_, ancient center, 35;
= Tell-Ibrahim, 65;
cult and temple Nergal (see _Laz_), 65, 164, 218, 563, 583, 648, 667;
a designation for the nether-world, 563, 570;
synonymous with netherworld, 583.

_Cuthaeans_, 532.

_Cyrus_, captures Babylon, 4, 45;
adopts Babylonian religion, 45, 650.

_Dagan_, god, 51;
confusion with Bel, 151, 154, 209, 225;
associated with Anu, 154, 209;
chiefly in Assyria, 208;
comparison with Dagon, 208;
probably Aramaic origin, 208;
god of earth, 209.

_Damascius_ (or Damascenus), see _Nicolas of Damascus_.

_Damascus_, in Syria, cult of Ramman, 159.

_Damkina_,
consort of Ea, 64, 143, 231;
meaning of name, 143;
relationship to Ea and Marduk, 143;
in magical texts, 143;
Ea and Damkina grant long life, 153;
title Belit-ilani, 231;
occasionally invoked in incantations, 276.