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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

In Exile and Other Stories

M >> Mary Hallock Foote >> In Exile and Other Stories

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The lights and shadows chased her in and out among the willows and fleecy
cottonwoods and tall swamp-grasses; but Travis rode in the glare, on
the high ditch-bank, and, although they passed each other daily, he had
never had a good look at the "pretty girl at Lark's." But one morning the
white-faced heifer broke away and bolted up the ditch-bank, and in a cloud
of sun-smitten dust Nancy followed, a figure of virginal wrath with scarlet
cheeks and wind-blown hair. Reining her pony on the narrow bank, she called
across to Travis in a voice as clear and fresh as her colors:--

"Head her off, can't you? _What_ are you about!" This last to the pony, who
was behaving "mean."

"Ride to the bridge and head her this way. I can drive her up the bank,"
Travis responded.

Nancy obeyed him, and waited at the bridge while he endeavored to persuade
the heifer of the error of her ways. The heifer was not easily persuaded,
and Travis was wet to the waist before he had got her out; but he lost
nothing of the bright figure guarding the bridge, a slender shape all
pink and blue and dark blue, with hair like the sun on brown water,
and a perfect seat, and a ringing voice calling thanks and bewildering
encouragement to her ally in the stream. And this was old Solomon's
daughter!

But "Oh, my Nancy!" the boys would groan, with excess of appreciation
beyond words, and for that Nancy heeded them not: and now Travis knew that
the boys were right.

"Thank you ever so much!" her clear voice lilted, as the discomfited
runaway dashed down the bank to the path she had forsaken. "I'm ever so
sorry she dug all those bad tracks in the ditch. Will they do any harm?"

Travis assured her that nothing did harm if only it were known in time.

"What is the matter with it, anyhow,--the ditch? Isn't it built right?"

"The ditch is the prettiest I ever saw," Travis responded, with all the
warmth of his unrequited devotion to that faithless piece of engineering.
"All new ditches need watching till the banks get settled."

"Well, I should say that _you_ watched! Don't you ever stir off that bank?"

"I eat and sleep sometimes."

"You must have a pretty dry camp up above. Wouldn't you like some milk once
in a while?"

"Thanks; I never happened to fall in with the milkman on my beat."

"We have lots to spare, and buttermilk too, if you're not too proud to come
for it. The others used to."

"I guess I don't quite catch on."

"The other watchmen, the boys who were here before you."

"Oh," said Travis coldly.

"Well, any time you choose to come down I'll save some for you," said the
girl, as if that matter were settled.

"I'm afraid it is rather off my beat," Travis hesitated, "but I'm just as
much obliged."

Nancy straightened herself haughtily. "Oh, it is nothing to be obliged for,
if you don't care to come."

"I did not say I didn't care," Travis protested; but she was gone. The dust
flew, and presently her dark blue skirt and the pony's silver tail flashed
past the willows in the low grounds.

"I shall never see her again," he mourned. "So much for those other fellows
spoiling her idea of a watchman's duty. Of course she thought I could come
if I wanted to. Did she ask them, I wonder?"

Nancy was piqued, but not resentful. The more he did not come, as evening
after evening smiled upon the level land; the more she thought of Travis,
alone in his dusty camp, alone on his blinding beat; the more she dwelt
upon the singularity and constancy of his refusal, the more she respected
him for it.

So one day he did see her again. She was sitting on the bridge planks,
leaning forward, her arms in her lap, her hat tipped back, a star of white
sunlight touching her forehead. She lifted her head when she heard him
coming and put her hand over her eyes, as if she were dizzy with watching
the water.

"How's the ditch?" she called in a voice of sweetest cheer. She was on her
feet now, and he saw how entrancing she was, in a blue muslin frock and a
broad white hat with a wreath of pink roses bestrewing the tilted brim. Had
they got company at the ranch? was his jealous reflection.

"How's the ditch behaving itself these days?" she repeated.

"Much as usual, thank you," Travis beamed from his saddle.

"Breaking, as usual?"

"Yes; it broke night before last."

"Well, I don't believe it's much of a ditch, anyhow. I wouldn't fret about
it if I was you. Don't you think I'm very good-natured, after your snubbing
me so? Here I've brought you a basket of apples, seeing you wouldn't spare
time from your old ditch to come for them yourself. That in the napkin is a
little pat of fresh butter." She lifted the grape-leaves that covered the
basket. "I thought it might taste good in camp."

"Good! Well, I rather guess it will taste good! See here, I can't ever
thank you for this--for bringing it yourself." He had few words, but his
looks were moderately expressive.

Nancy blushed with pleasure. "Well, I had to--when folks are so wrapped up
in their business. There, with Susan's compliments! Susan's the heifer you
rounded up for me in the ditch. I know she made you a lot of work, tracking
holes in your banks you're so fussy about. Do you really think it is a good
ditch?"

"I am positive it is."

"Then if anything goes wrong down here they will lay the blame on you?"

"They are welcome to. That's what I am here for."

Nancy openly acknowledged her approval of a man that stood right up to his
work and would take no odds of any one.

"The other boys were always complaining and saying it was the ditch. But
there, I know it is mean of me to talk about them."

"I guess it won't go any further," said Travis dryly.

"Well, I hope not. They were good boys enough, but pretty trifling
watchmen, I shouldn't wonder."

Travis had nothing to say to this, but he made a mental note or two.

"When will you give me a chance to return your basket?"

"Why, anytime; there's no hurry about the basket. Have you any regular
times?"

He looked away, dissembling his joy in the question, and answered as if he
were making an official report,--

"I leave camp at six, patrol the line to the ferry and back, lay off an
hour, and down again at eleven. Back in camp at three, and two hours for
dinner. On again at five, and back in camp at nine. I pass this bridge, for
instance, at seven and nine of a morning, twelve and two afternoons, and
six and eight in the evening."

"Six and eight," Nancy mused, with a slight increase of color. "Well, I can
stop some evening after cow-time, I suppose; but it isn't any matter about
the basket."

Six evenings, going and coming, Travis delayed in passing the bridge,
on the watch for Nancy; six times he filled the basket with such late
field-flowers as he could find, and she never came. On the seventh evening
his heart announced her, from as far off as his eyes beheld her. This
time she was in white, without her hat, and she wore a blue ribbon in
her gold-brown braids,--a blue ribbon in her braids, and a red, red rose
in either cheek; and her colors, and the colors of the sky, floated like
flowers on the placid water.

"Well, where is the basket, then?" she merrily demanded.

"I left it behind, for luck." "For luck? What sort of luck?" "Six times I
brought it, and you were never here; so to-night I just kicked it into the
tent and came off without it. It seems to have been about the right thing
to do."

"What, my basket!"

"Your basket. And it was filled with wild flowers, the prettiest I could
find. It's your own fault for not coming before."

"I never set any day that I know of. I have been up to town."

Travis was not pleased to hear it.

"Yes; and I saw your company's manager. What a young man he is! I had no
idea managers were ever young. And stylish--my! I'm sure I hope he'll know
me when he sees me again," she added, coloring and dropping her eyes.

Travis grimly expressed the opinion that he probably would. Nancy continued
to strike the wrong note with cruel precision; she could not have done
better had she calculated her words; and all the while looking as innocent
as the shining water under her feet,--and that last time she had been so
kind!

And the ditch was as provoking as Nancy, rewarding his devotion with breaks
that defied all explanation. It was not possible that the patience of
the management could hold out much longer; and when he should have been
dismissed in disgrace from his post, Nancy would lightly class him as
another of those "good boys enough, but trifling watchmen."


II.

The first dry moon was just past the full. At nine o'clock the sky began to
whiten above the long, bare ridge of the side-hill cut. At half past, the
edge of the moon's disk clove the sky-line, and the shadow of the ridge
crept down among the willows and tule-beds of the bottom. At ten the shadow
had shrunk; it lay black on the ditch-bank, but the whispering treetops
below were turning in silver light that flickered along the cow-path and
caught the still eye of a dark, shallow pool among the tules.

Nancy had chosen this night for a stroll to the bridge, where Travis might
be expected to pass, any time between eight o'clock and moonrise. Instead
of Travis came a man whom she recognized as one of the watchmen from a
lower division. He saluted her, after the custom of the country, claiming
nothing on personal grounds but the privilege to look rather hard at the
girlish figure silhouetted against the water. It was yet early enough for
sky-gleams to linger on still pools, or to color the wimpling reaches of
the ditch.

Nancy was disappointed; she had not come out to see a strange rider passing
on Travis's gray horse. Her little plans were disconcerted. She had waited
for what she considered a dignified interval, before seeming to take
cognizance of her watchman's hours; now it appeared that the part of
dignity might be overdone. Had Travis been superseded on his beat? She was
conscious of missing him already. Her walk home, through the confidential
willows, struck a chill of loneliness which the aspect of the house did not
dispel. All was as dark and empty as she had left it. Was her father still
at work at those tedious dams? This had been his given reason for frequent
absences of late, after his usual working hours; though why he should
choose the dark nights for mending his dams Nancy had not asked herself.
To-night she wanted him, or somebody, to drive away this queer new ache
that made the moonlight too large and still for one little girl to wander
in alone.

She searched for him. He was in none of the expected places; the dank
fields were as empty as the house. She turned back to the ditch; from its
high bank she could see farther into the shadowy places of the bottom.

Travis, meanwhile, had been leisurely pursuing his evening beat. He had
overtaken one of his fellow-watchmen, on foot, walking to town, had lent
him his horse for the last two miles to camp, and invited him to help
himself to what he could find for supper, without waiting for his host.

"It is a still night," said Travis; "I'll mog along slowly up the ditch,
and put in a little extra listening: it's at night the water talks."

Long after the rider had passed on, the tread of his horse's hoofs was
heard, diminishing on the hard-tramped bank; a loosened stone rattled down
and splashed into the water; the wind rustled in the tule-beds; then all
surface sounds ceased, and the only talker was the ditch, chuckling and
dawdling like an idle child on its errand, which it could not be persuaded
to take seriously, to the desert lands.

Travis came to the ticklish spot near the bridge, and stopped to listen.
Here the ditch cut through beds of clean sand, where the water might sink
and work back into the old ground, the sand holding it like a sponge, till
all the bottom became a bog, and the banks sank in one wide-spread, general
wash-out. The first symptom of such deep-seated trouble would be the
water's motion in the ditch,--whirling round and round as if boring a hole
in the bottom.

Travis laid his ear to the current, for he could judge of the water's
movement by the sound. All seemed right at the bridge, but far up the ditch
he was aware of a new demonstration. He listened awhile, and then walked on
with long, light steps and gained upon the sound, which persisted, defining
itself as a muffled churning at marked intervals, with now and then a
wait between. The prodding was of some tool at work under water, at the
ditch-bank.

He crossed to the upper side, and moved forward cautiously along the ridge,
crouching that his figure might not be seen against the sky.

Nancy had gone up the cow-trail, past the low grounds, and was just
climbing the bank when a dark shape, of man or beast, crashed down the
opposite slope and shot like a slide of rock into the water.

A half-choked cry followed the plunge, then ugly sounds of a scuffle under
the ditch-bank--men breathing hard, sighing and snorting; and somebody
gasped as if he were being held down till his breath was gone.

"Get in there, you old muskrat! You shall stop your own breaks if it takes
your cursed carcass to do it! Now then, have you got your breath?"

Nancy stayed only to hear a voice that was her father's, convulsed with
terror and the chill of his repeated duckings, begging to be spared the
anguish of drowning by night in three feet of ditch-water.

"Mr. Travis," she screamed, "you let my father be, whatever you are doing
to him! Father, you come right home and get on dry clothes!"

Travis was as much amazed as if Diana with the moon on her forehead had
appeared on the ditch-bank to take old Solomon Lark under her maiden
protection; but no less he stuck to his prize of war.

"Your father hasn't time to change his clothes just yet, Miss Nancy; he's
got some work to do first."

"Who are you, to be setting my father to work? Let go of him this minute!
You are drowning him; you are choking him to death!" sobbed the frantic
girl. The shadow fortunately withheld the details of her father's
condition, but she had seen enough. Had Travis been drinking? Was the man
bereft of his senses?

He was quite himself apparently,--hideously cool, yet roused, and his voice
cut like steel.

"You had better go home, Miss Nancy, and light a fire and warm a blanket
for your father's bed. He'll be pretty cold before he gets through with
this night's work."

After this cruel speech he took no more notice of Nancy, but leaped upon
the ditch-bank and began hurling earth in great shovelfuls, patting the old
man on the head with his cold tool whenever he tried to clamber up after
him.

"You'd better not try _that_," he roared in a terrible voice that wounded
Nancy like a blow. "Get in there, now! Puddle, puddle, or I'll have you
buried to the ears in five minutes!"

It was shocking, hideous, like a horrible dream. The earth rattled down all
about Solomon, and frequently upon him; the water was thick with mud, and
the wretched old man tramped and puddled for dear life, helping to mend the
hole which he had secretly dug where no eye could discover, till the water
had fingered it and enlarged the mischief to a break.

It was the work of vermin, and as such Travis had treated his prisoner.
Nancy felt the insult as keenly as she abhorred the cruelty. She fled,
hysterical with wrath and despair at her own helplessness. But while she
made ready the means of consolation at home, her thinking powers came back,
and, between what she suspected and what she remembered, she was not wholly
in the dark as to the truth between her father and Travis.

There was no one to warm Travis's blankets, when he fell back upon camp
about daybreak, reeking with cold perspiration, soaked with ditch-water and
sore in every muscle from his frenzy of shoveling. He had had no supper
the night before; his guest had eaten all the cooked food, burned all his
light-wood kindlings, and forgotten to cover the bread-pail, and his bread
was full of sand. He didn't think much of those tenderfeet, who called
themselves ditch-men, on that lower division where there was no work at all
to speak of.

He began--worse comfort--to consider his police work from a daughter's
point of view. Alas for himself and Nancy! His idyl of the ditch was
shattered like the tender sky-reflections that bloomed on its still waters,
and vanished when the waters were troubled. His own thoughts were as that
roily pool where he had ducked the old man in the darkness. He overslept
himself, after thinking he should not sleep at all, and started down
his beat not until noon of the next day. Halfway to the bridge on the
ditch-bank he met Nancy Lark. She gave him a note, which he dismounted to
take, she vouchsafing no greeting, not even a look, and standing apart
while he read it, with the air of a martyr to duty.

Mr. Travis [the letter ran],--I am a death-struck man in consequence of
your outrageous treatment of me last evening. I've took a dum chill, and
it has hit me in the vitals through standing in water up to my armpits. If
you think your fool ditch is worth more than a Human's life, though your
company's enemy, that's for you to settle as you can when the time comes
you'll have to. I don't ask any favors. But if you got anny desency left in
you through working for that fish-livered company of bondholders coming out
here to stomp us farmers into the dirt, you will call this bizness quits. I
aint in no shape to fight ditches no more. You have put me where I be, and
the less said on both sides the better, it looks to me. If that's so you
can say so by word or writing. I should prefer writing as I aint got that
confidence I might have. Yours truly,

SOLOMON LARK.

"Miss Nancy," said Travis gently, "is your father very sick this morning?"

"I don't know," Nancy replied.

"Have you sent for a doctor?"

"He won't let me."

"Have you read this letter?" She flashed an indignant look at him.

"I wish you would, then."

"It is not my letter. I don't know what's in it, and I don't care to know."

"Do you know what your father was doing in the ditch last night?"

"Helping you to mend it, at the risk of his life, because you made him,"
Nancy answered quickly.

"Helping to mend a hole he made himself, so there would be a nice little
break in the morning."

The subject rested there, till Travis, forced to take the defensive,
asked:--

"Do you believe me?"

"Believe what?"

"What I have just told you about your father?"

"Oh," she said, "it makes no difference to me. I knew my father pretty well
before I ever saw you. If you think he was doing that, why, I suppose you
will have to think so. But even if he was, I don't call that any reason you
should half drown him, and make him work himself to death beside."

"But the water was warm! And I did the work. What was it to tread dirt for
an hour or so on a summer's night? Wasn't he in the ditch when I found
him?"

"I don't know, I'm sure," said Nancy. "I know that you kept him there."

"Well, I hope he'll keep out of the ditch after this. Working at ditches
at night isn't good for his health. But you needn't be alarmed about him
this time; I think he'll recover. But remember this: last night I was
the company's watchman; I had an ugly piece of work to do and I did it;
but, fair play or foul, whatever may happen between your father and me,
remember, it is only my work, and you are not in it."

"Well, I guess I'm in it if my father is," said Nancy, "and that is
something for you to remember."

"Oh, hang the work and the ditch and all the ditches!" thought Travis;
yet it was the ditch that had put color and soul and meaning into his
life,--that had given him sight of Nancy. And it was not his work nor
his convictions about it that stood between them now; it was her woman's
contempt for justice and reason where her feelings were concerned. The case
was simple as Nancy saw it; too simple, for it left him out in the cold. He
would have had it complicated by a little more feeling in his direction.

"Well, have I got your answer?" she asked. "Father said I was to bring an
answer, but not to let you come."

"He need not be afraid," said Travis bitterly. "If he will leave my
ditch-banks alone, I shall not meddle with him. Tell him, if there are no
more breaks there will be nothing to report. This break is mended--the
break in the ditch, I mean."

"Then you will not tell?" Nancy stole a look at him that was half a plea.

"You would even promise to like me a little, wouldn't you, if you couldn't
get the old man off any other way?" he mocked her sorrowfully. "Well, I had
rather have you hate me than stoop to coax me, as I've seen girls do"--

He might be satisfied, she passionately answered; she hated him enough. She
hated his work, and the hateful way he did it.

"You are an unmerciful man!" she accused him, with a sob in her voice. "You
don't know the trouble my father has had; how many years he has worked,
with nothing but his hands; and now your company comes and claims the
water, and turns the river, that belongs to everybody, into their big
ditch. I'd like to know how they came to own this river! And when they have
got it all in their ditch, all the little ditches and the ponds will go
dry. We were here years before any of you ever thought of coming, or knew
there was a country here at all. It's claim-jumping; and not a cent will
they pay, and laugh at us besides, and call us mossbacks. I don't blame my
father one bit, if he did break the ditch. If you are here to watch, then
watch!--watch me! Perhaps you think I've had a hand in your breaks?"

Travis turned pale. He had made the mistake of trying to reason with Nancy,
and now he felt that he must go on, in justice to his case, though she
was far away from all his arguments, rapt in the grief, the wrath, the
conviction, of her plea.

"You talk as women talk who only hear one side," he replied. "But you
people down here don't know the company's intentions; they don't ask, and
when they do they won't believe what they are told. That talk against
companies is an old politicians' drive. This country is too big for single
men to handle; companies save years of waiting. This one will bring the
railroads and the markets, and boom up the price of land. The ditch your
father hates so will make him a rich man in five years, if he does nothing
but sit still and let it come.

"As for water, why do you cry before you are hurt? Nobody can steal a
river. That is more politicians' talk, to make out they are the settlers'
friends. We are the settlers' friends, because we are the friends of the
country's boom; it can't boom without us. Why should _I_ believe in this
company? I'm a poor man, a settler like your father. I've got land of my
own, but I can see we farmers can't do everything for ourselves; it's
cheaper to pay a company to help us. They are just peddlers of water, and
we buy it. Who owns the other, then? Don't we own them just as much as they
own us?

"Come, if you can't feel it's so, leave hating us at least till we have
done all these things you accuse us of. Wait till we take all the water
and ruin your land. Most of these farmers along the river have got too
much water; they are ruining their own land. So I tell your father, but he
thinks he knows it all."

"He is some older than you are, anyhow."

"He is too old to be working nights in ditches. Tell him so from me, will
you?"

"Oh, I'll tell him! I don't think you will be troubled much with us around
your ditch, after this. I went to the bridge last night because I thought
you were nice, and a friend. I had a respect for you more than for any of
the others. I might have come to think better of the ditch; but I've had
all the ditch I want, and all the watchmen. Never, till I die, shall I
forget how my father looked," she passionately returned to the charge. "An
old man like him! Why didn't you put me in and make me tread dirt for you?
The water was _warm_; and I'm enough better able than he was!"

"I'll get right down here and let you tread on me, and be proud to have
you, if it will cure the sight of what you saw me do last night. I was mad,
don't you understand? I have to answer for all this foolishness of your
father's, remember. It had to be stopped."

"Was there no way to stop it but half drowning him, and insulting him
besides?"

"Yes, there is another way; inform the company, and have him shut up in the
Pen. _I_ thought I let the old man off pretty easy. But if you prefer the
other way, why, next time there's a break, we can try it."

"I'm sure we ought to thank you for your kindness," said Nancy. "And if we
are Companied out of house and home, and father made a criminal, we shall
thank you still more. Good-morning."

Their eyes met and hers fell. She turned away, and he remounted and rode
on up the ditch, angry, as a man can be only with one he might have loved,
down to those dregs of bitterness that lurk at the bottom of the soundest
heart.


III.

He was but an idle watchman all that day, so sure he was that the ditch was
right and Solomon the author of all his troubles; and Solomon was "fixed"
at last. Weariness overcame him, and at the end of his beat he slept, under
the lee of the ditch-bank, instead of returning to his camp.

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