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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

The Golden Calf

M >> M. E. Braddon >> The Golden Calf

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'Sorry to disappoint you. Have been persuaded to go to first
representation of new play at Lyceum with Lady Jinks and the Titmarshes.
All London will be there.'

'And I am buried alive in this loathsome hole, where nobody cares a straw
about me,' cried Urania, banging her bedroom door, and flinging herself
upon her luxurious sofa in as despairing an attitude as if it had been
the straw pallet of a condemned cell.

From the very beginning of things she had hated Ida Palliser with the
jealous hatred of conscious inferiority. She who had made up her mind
to go through life as a superior being, to be always on the top rung
of the social ladder, found herself easily distanced by the penniless
pupil-teacher. This had been bitter to bear even at Mauleverer, where
that snobbish feeling which prevails among schoolgirls had allowed the
fashionable physician's daughter a certain superiority over the penniless
beauty. But here at Kingthorpe, where rustic ignorance was ready to
worship beauty and talent for their own sakes, it was still harder for
Urania to assert her superiority; while in the depths of her inner
consciousness lurked the uncomfortable conviction that she was in many
ways inferior to her rival. And now that she discovered Ida Palliser's
near relationship to a baronet of old family, owner of a fine property
within thirty miles of Kingthorpe, Urania began to feel that she must
needs be distanced in the race. She might have held her own against the
shabby half-pay captain's daughter, but Sir Vernon Palliser's first
cousin was quite a different person. If Brian Wendover admired Ida, her
lack of fortune was hardly likely to influence him, seeing that in family
she was his equal. Such a man might have shrunk from allying himself with
a woman of obscure parentage and vulgar associations; but to a man of
Brian Wendover's liberal mind and ample fortune, Ida Palliser would no
doubt seem as suitable a match as a daughter of a duke.

Miss Rylance had grown worldly-wise since her introduction to London
society, that particular and agreeable section of upper-middle class life
which prides itself upon cleverness rather than wealth, and which spices
its conversation with a good deal of smart personality. She had formed a
more correct estimate of life in general, and her father's position in
particular, and had acquired a keener sense of proportion than she had
learnt at Mauleverer Manor. She had learnt that Dr. Rylance, of Cavendish
Square, was not quite such a great man as she had supposed in the
ignorant faith of her girlhood. She had discovered that his greatness was
at best a kind of lap-dog or tame cat distinction; that he was better
known as the caressed and petted adviser of patrician dowagers and
effeminate old gentlemen, of fashionable beauties and hysterical matrons,
than as one of the lights of his profession. He was a clever specialist,
who had made his fortune by half-a-dozen prescriptions as harmless as
Morrison's pills, and who owed more to the grace of his manner and the
excellence of his laundress and his tailor, than to his original
discoveries in the grandest science of the age. Other people made
discoveries, and Dr. Rylance talked about them; and he was so quick in
his absorption of every new idea, so glib in his exposition of every new
theory, that his patients swore by him as a man in the front rank of
modern thought and scientific development. He was a clever man, and he
had a large belief in the great healer Nature, so he rarely did much
harm; while his careful consideration of every word his patients said to
him, his earnest countenance and thoughtful brow, taken in conjunction
with his immaculate shirt-front and shapely white hand, rarely failed to
make a favourable impression.

He was a comfortable physician, lenient in the article of diet, exacting
only moderate sacrifices from the high liver. His Hygeia was not a severe
goddess--rather a friendly matron of the monthly-nurse type, who adapted
herself to circumstances.

'We have been taking a pint of Cliquot every day at luncheon, and we
don't feel that we could eat any luncheon without it.'

Well, well, suppose we try about half the quantity, very dry, and make an
effort to eat a cutlet or a little bit of plain roast mutton, Dr. Rylance
would murmur tenderly to a stout middle-aged lady who had confessed that
her appetite was inferior to her powers of absorption. Men who were
drinking themselves to death in a gentlemanly manner always went to Dr.
Rylance. He did not make their lives a burden to them by an impossible
regimen: he kept them alive as long as he could, and made departure as
gradual and as easy as possible; but his was no kill-or-cure system; he
was not a man for heroic remedies. And now Urania had found that her
father was not a great man--that he was praised and petted, and had made
his nest in the purple and velvet of this world, but that he was not
looked up to or pointed at as one of the beacon-lights on the coast-line
of the age--and that he being so small a Somebody, she his daughter was
very little more than Nobody. Knowing this, she had made up her mind that
whenever Brian Wendover of the Abbey should appear upon the scene, she
would do her uttermost to make him her captive.




CHAPTER XV.


MR. WENDOVER PLANS AN EXCURSION.

The happy summer glided by--the season of roses and butterflies,
strawberries and cream, haymaking, lawn tennis, picnics, gipsy teas--an
idle, joyous life under blue skies. The Knoll family gave themselves up
heart and soul to summer pleasures--simple joys which were at once
innocent and inexpensive--and Ida Palliser found herself a sharer in all
these holiday rambles. Conscience told her that she had no right to be
there, that she was an impostor sailing under false colours. Conscience,
speaking more loudly, told her that she had no right to accept Brian
Wendover's quiet homage, no right to be so happy in his company day after
day; for there were few of their summer joys in which he was not among
them. Bessie was warm in her praises of him, full of wonder at his having
developed into such a companionable being.

'Norway has done him good,' she said. 'He used to be such a reserved
creature, dawdling away day after day in his library, poring over Greek
and Latin, and now he is almost as companionable as Brian Walford.'

'He'll have to live a good many years before he's up to B. W.,' said
Horace, who had walked across the hills for an afternoon at home and the
chance of a tip, 'B. W. knows every music-hall in London, and can sing a
topical song as well as men who get their sixty pounds a week.'

'I wish you wouldn't put on that knowing air. What do you know of men who
get sixty pounds a week?' exclaimed Bessie, contemptuously.

'As much as you do, anyhow,' answered her brother.

Ida made many faint efforts to keep aloof from the summer revelries, but
Miss Wendover insisted upon her enjoying herself with the others. She had
been such a conscientious and devoted coadjutor in all Aunt Betsy's good
works, she had been so thoroughly energetic and industrious, never
relaxing her efforts or growing weary of labour, that it seemed only
right and fair that she should enjoy the summer holiday-time, the blessed
season when every day was full of temptations.

'Enjoy yourself to your heart's content, my dear,' said Aunt Betsy. 'Our
English summers are so short that if we do not make the most of the
bright warm days while they are with us, we have to endure all the pangs
of remorse through a rainy autumn and a cold winter.'

Not only did Miss Wendover give this generous advice, but she herself
joined in many of their expeditions, and her presence was always a source
of pleasure. She was so genial, so hearty, so thoroughly well-informed,
and yet so modest in the use of her knowledge, that the young people
loved to have her with them. Her enjoyment of the free, roving life was
almost as keen as theirs, while her capacity for planning an agreeable
day, and her foresight in the commissariat department, far exceeded that
of youth. And so, and so, June and July drifted by, and it was the
beginning of August, and Ida felt as if she had known Mr. Wendover of the
Abbey all her life.

What did she know of him after two months of almost daily association?
She knew that no unworthy thought ever found utterance upon his lips;
that no vulgar instinct ever showed itself in his conduct; that he was
essentially to the very core of his heart a gentleman; that without any
high-flown affectation of chivalry he was as chivalrous as Bayard; that
without any languid airs and graces of the modern aesthetic school he was
a man of the highest and broadest culture; and that--oh, _rara avis_
among modern scholars and young laymen--he was honestly and unaffectedly
religious, a staunch Anglican of the school of Pusey, and not ashamed to
confess his faith at all times and seasons. In this day, when the
majority of young men affect to regard the services of their church as an
intolerable bore, only endured as a concession to the weaklings of the
inferior sex, it was pleasant to see the master of the Abbey a regular
attendant at his parish church, an earnest and frequent worshipper at the
altar at which his parents and progenitors had knelt before him.

This much and a great deal more had Ida Palliser discovered of the man
whom nearly a year ago her fancy had exalted into an ideal character. It
was strange to find her most romantic visions realised; strange, but a
strangeness not without pain. He was full of kindness and friendliness
for her whenever they met; but she told herself that his manner to her
involved no more than kindly feeling and friendliness. To imagine
anything beyond this was foolhardiness and vanity. And yet there were
times when she felt she had no right to be in his society--that every day
she spent at Kingthorpe was an offence against honour and right feeling.

One August afternoon Ida had, for once in a way, succeeded in making her
domestic occupations an excuse for absenting herself from what Bessie
called a 'barrow-hunt' on the downs. Brian Wendover being a great
authority upon this ancient form of sepulture, and discoursing eloquently
on those widely different races whose funeral chambers are hidden under
the long and the round barrow.

The day, closely as Ida had been occupied, had seemed just a little
dreary, certainly much duller than such days had been wont to seem
before Brian's return to the Abbey: yet she was glad to be alone; it
was a relief even to be a trifle melancholy, rather than to enjoy that
happiness which was always blended with a faint consciousness of
wrong-doing. And now the slow day was nearly over: she had worked at the
village girls'-school in the morning; she had lectured upon domestic
economy to a class of incipient house-maids and scullery maids after
luncheon; and now at five o'clock she was sitting in a basket chair in
the rose-wreathed verandah working at the swallows and bulrushes upon
that elaborate design which she had begun before Christmas for the
adornment of Miss Wendover's piano.

It was a deliciously drowsy afternoon, but Ida's active brain was not
prone to slumber. She sat working diligently and thinking deeply, when a
shadow came between her and the sunshine and on looking up she saw Mr.
Wendover standing before her.

'How do you do? Have they all come home?' she asked, laying aside her
work on the convenient basket table and preparing to welcome Aunt Betsy.

'I have not been with them--at least not since the morning, answered
Brian. 'I left Bessie to hunt out her own barrows; she is so lazy-minded
that as long as I do all the pointing she will never know the true barrow
from the natural lumpiness of the soil. Besides, she has Aunt Betsy, a
tower of strength in all things.'

'And Miss Rylance, I suppose?'

'No, Miss Rylance thought there would be too much walking for her or for
Pinet. I have been at the Abbey all day, getting up my arrears of
correspondence. This fine weather has made me incorrigibly idle. After I
had written about a score of letters I thought myself entitled to a
little rest and refreshment, so I strolled over here to tell you some
news and to ask you for a cup of tea.'

'You shall have some tea directly,' said Ida, going indoors to ring the
bell, an act in which she was naturally anticipated by her guest. 'What
news can you possibly have that concerns me?' she asked, when they had
come back to the verandah. 'I know by your face that it is not bad news.'

'God forbid I should ever have to tell you that. I think it would hurt me
more than you,' said Brian, with an earnestness which brought the crimson
glow into Ida's cheeks, and made her bend a little lower over the
swallows in her crewel-work. 'No, this is pleasant news I hope. I wrote
to Vernon Palliser more than a month ago to propose that I should drive
you and a lot of people over to luncheon. He was in Switzerland, as
usual, and I had no answer to my letter till the second post to-day, when
I received a most hearty invitation to bring my party immediately. But
you shall hear your cousin's own words.'

Mr. Wendover produced the letter and read as follows:--

'I shall be delighted to make my cousin's acquaintance. She was in
England when I last saw her father at his retreat near Dieppe. Bring her
as soon as you can, and with as large a party as you like--the larger the
better, and the sooner the better--as Peter and I will most likely be on
the wing again for Scotland soon after the twelfth. We shall come back
for the partridges, which I hear are abundant. The road is rather
intricate, so you had better bring your ordnance map, but pretty fair in
dry weather like this; and you'll come through some lovely scenery.
Telegraph your time, and Peter and I will be in the way to welcome you!'

'What do you say to our going to-morrow? I waited to know what you would
like before I telegraphed.'

'You are very good: but there are others to be consulted,' replied Ida,
with her head still bent over her work.

Good manners demanded that she should look at him, but at this particular
moment she felt it quite impossible to be mannerly. He had said nothing
of a thrilling nature, yet his whole tone and expression, his air of
deferential regard, stirred a new feeling in her mind--the conviction
that he cared for her more than it was well for either of them that he
should care.

'You are the first person to be consulted,' he said; 'would you like to
go to-morrow?'

'I will go whenever the others like,' answered Ida, still intent upon the
shading of her swallow's wing; 'but I really think you had better leave
me out of your party--I have wasted so much time roaming about--and there
are so many things I want to finish before the summer is over.'

'That elaborate arrangement in swallows and rushes, for instance,' said
Brian, laughingly: 'you are working at it as if for a wager. Perhaps it
is a wager--so many stitches in so many consecutive days--is that it? No,
Miss Palliser, your swallows must wait. The party has been planned on
your account, and to leave you at home would be like leaving Hamlet out
of the play. Besides, I thought you would like to see your cousins and
your ancestral halls.'

'I shall be very glad to see my cousins, for my father likes them very
much; but I do not feel any thrilling interest in the ancestral halls.'

'And yet your father was born there.'

'Yes, that is a reason for being interested in Wimperfield. But my father
has so seldom talked about his birthplace. He speaks a great deal more of
India. That life in a strange far-away land seems to have blotted out the
memory of his childhood. He talks of Addiscomb sometimes but hardly ever
of Wimperfield.'

She laid aside her work as the youthful butler brought out the tea-table.
It was no new thing for her to pour out Mr. Wendover's tea, since it was
his custom to drop in at his aunt's very often at this hour, when the day
had not been given up to excursionising; but it was new for her to be
alone with him at this social meal, and she found herself longing
ardently for Aunt Betsy's return.

She who could have found so much to talk about had her mind been at ease,
was curiously silent as she handed Mr. Wendover his tea, and offered the
cake and fruit, which always accompanied the meal at the Homestead. Her
heart was beating much faster than it should have done, and she was
considering whether it was worth while to place herself in the way of
feeling the pain, the hidden shame, the sense of falsehood which
oppressed her at this moment; whether it would not be better to run any
risk, even the hazard of offending Betsy Wendover, the kindest friend she
had in the world, rather than remain in her present position.

One thing she could have done which would have given her immediate
extrication, and that which seemed the most natural thing to do. She
could have told the truth--told Betsy Wendover all about her unlucky
marriage. But she would rather have killed herself than do this one
righteous thing; for she thought that if her marriage were once known to
Brian's relations she would be compelled to assume her natural position
as his wife. So long as the marriage remained a secret to all the world
except those two whom it most concerned they were free to ignore the tie.
They could live their lives apart; and to the end of time it might be as
if such a marriage had never been. Her husband being consentient to this
life-long separation, her lot might be fairly happy. She had never tried
to penetrate the future. Perhaps to-day for the first time there had
flashed into her mind the thought of what a bright and glorious future
might have been hers had she not so forfeited her freedom.

Voices, at least half a dozen, all talking at once, told her that the
barrow-hunt was winding homewards; gleams of colour athwart the hedges
told her that the hunters were in the lane; and in a minute or two Miss
Wendover and her young kins-folk appeared, all more or less sunburnt and
towzled by their tramp across the downs.

'Found a splendid long barrow,' said Bessie, 'on a lovely point, one of
the finest views in the county. What clever corpses they must have been
to pick such glorious spots! Long barrow, long-headed race,
dolichocephalic skulls, men of the stone age, eh?' she said, looking at
Brian. 'You see I know my lesson; but it was very mean of you not to come
with us, all the same.'

'I wanted you to exercise your own acumen, to cultivate the antiquarian
_flair_. Besides, I had a heap of letters to write.'

'You only found that out after we had started. You never have letters to
write when Ida is with us,' said Bessie; a remark which made two people
blush. 'To think that I had known that spot all my life and never
suspected a barrow,' she continued. 'I thought it was only a convenient
bank which Providence had thrown up ready for picnics.'

Ida had enough to do now in providing for the wants of half a dozen
hungry people. Blanche of the short petticoats was at an age when girls
are ogres, distinguished for nothing but the rapidity of their digestion
and the length of their legs. There was a demand for jam, and the
unsophisticated half-gallon loaf instead of the conventional thin bread
and butter.

'Eat as much as you like, dears,' said Aunt Betsy, 'but remember that
your father will expect you to have some appetite at seven.'

'We won't disappoint him,' said Bessie; 'seven is an hour and half from
now. Blanche can do wonders in an hour and a half.'

Blanche's appetite was one of the stock family jokes, like Urania's tight
boots; so there was a laugh, and the others went on eating.

Brian Wendover told them about to-morrow's excursion. 'I shall put four
horses into the wagonette,' he said. 'I almost wish I had a drag to do
honour to the occasion; but we must resign ourselves to a wagonette. You
will go, of course, Aunt Betsy? and Bessie must come; and I suppose we
ought to invite Miss Rylance. She has joined in most of our excursions,
and it would be invidious to leave her out of this. And I dare-say Bessie
would think the whole thing flat without Mr. Jardine?'

'It's very kind of you to think of him; but I don't believe he'll be able
to spare the day,' said Bessie.

'We'll ask him, at any rate, and then you can't say we've used you badly.
That makes a party of six. I'll go and telegraph to Sir Vernon.'

'Will there be lawn-tennis after lunch?' asked Blanche, with a very long
face.

'I shouldn't wonder if there were,' answered Brian: 'does that mean that
you want to go?'

'I shall not have a creature to speak to at home, and I never go
anywhere,' said Blanche, despairingly.

Both statements were obvious untruths, but no doubt the damsel herself
believed them.

'Have you a gown that covers your knees?' asked Aunt Betsy, severely.

'My new frock is awfully long. It only came from the dress-maker's last
week.'

'Then you have hardly had time to grow out of it,' said Brian.

'Suppose we strain a point, Aunt Betsy, and take her. It will enable us
to say, "we are seven."'

'We shall be a tremendous party,' said Miss Wendover. 'I hope Sir Vernon
is a hospitable, easy-going man, and that your intimacy with him warrants
such an intrusion.'

'I am taking him a cousin,' answered Brian, stealing an admiring glance
at Ida; 'surely that ought to secure our welcome.'

'I hope his housekeeper has large ideas about luncheon,' said Bessie, 'or
Blanche's appetite will throw her out in her calculations. If she is the
sort of person who thinks a pair of ducklings and a dish of rissoles
substantial fare for a large party, I pity her.'

'You're vastly witty,' said Blanche, preparing her final slice of bread
and jam; 'one would think you lived upon roses and lilies, like the
ascetics.'

'The poor child means aesthetes,' explained Bessie.

'Bother the pronunciation! But if people had seen you eating rabbit-pie
on the barrow--why a wolf wouldn't have been in it,' concluded Blanche,
who acquired her flowers of speech from the Wintonians.

'I'll go and despatch my telegram,' said Brian, taking up his hat.




CHAPTER XVI.


THICKER THAN WATER.

The weather was altogether favourable for the thirty-mile drive. The
wagonette with its scratch team and a couple of smart grooms, was at the
Homestead gate at ten o'clock, and after picking up Miss Wendover and her
companion, went on to The Knoll for Bessie and Blanche, and then to Dr.
Rylance's for Urania, who had accepted the invitation most graciously.
Kingthorpe was unwontedly excited by this gorgeous apparition, and the
inhabitants remained at garden gates and cottage doors while so much as a
horse's tail was visible. Everybody was pleased to see the young squire
driving four-in-hand. It had been supposed that as a bookish young man,
given over to Greek and Latin, he must needs be a poor hand with horses.
But this morning's exhibition gave rise to more hopeful views.

'We shall see the squire setting up his coach, and settling down at the
Abbey,' said one.

'Ay, when he gets married,' said another; 'that's what'll settle he. I
believes as him is sweet on that young 'ooman at the Homestead. Her be a
clipper, her be.'

Over the hills and far away went the scratch team--a little fresh, but
behaving beautifully. Aunt Betsy sat beside her nephew, and watched his
coachmanship with a jealous eye, conscious that she could have kept the
team better in hand herself, but still with moderate approval. The girls
and the grooms were in the back of the vehicle--Bessie, Blanche, and Ida
full of talk and merriment, Urania thoughtful. This day's entertainment
was too much in Ida's honour to be pleasant to Miss Rylance; yet she
could not deny herself the painful privilege of being there. She wanted
to see what happened--how far Mr. Wendover was disposed to make an idiot
of himself. She saw more than enough in the glances of the charioteer,
when he turned to talk to the girls behind him--now to point out some
feature in the landscape, now to ask some idle question, but always with
looks that lingered upon one face, and that face was Ida Palliser's.

It was a long cross country drive, by rustic lanes and dubious roads, but
Mr. Wendover took things easily. He had sent forward a second scratch
team over night to a village half way, and here they changed horses,
while he and his party spent half an hour pleasantly enough exploring an
old gray church and humble graveyard, where the tombstones all bore
record of unrenowned lives that had slowly rusted away in a pastoral
solitude, Blanche, whose schoolroom appetite was wont to damp its keen
edge upon bread and butter at this hour, felt it rather a hard thing that
no one proposed a light refection at the lowly inn; but she bore her
inward gnawings in silence, conscious of the dignity of a frock which
almost reached her ankles, and desirous to prove that she was worthy to
be the associate of grown-up.

Half way between this village inn and Wimperfield they met a couple of
horsemen. These were no other than Sir Vernon and his brother Peter, who
had come to meet their guests, and show them the nearest way, which from
this point became especially intricate.

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