Handbook of the Trees of New England

L >> Lorin Low Dame >> Handbook of the Trees of New England

Pages:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16

JACK, J. G. Crataegus coccinea, L. (1899-1900) 119

JESSUP, HENRY GRISWOLD Carya amara, Nutt 55
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99

JOSSELYN, JOHN Sassafras officinale, Nees (_New England
Rarities_, 1672) 106

KNOWLTON, C. H. Pinus rigida, Mill. (_Rhodora_, II, 124) 6

MANNING, WARREN H. vi

MATTHEWS, F. SCHUYLER Morus rubra. L. 102

MICHAUX, FILS, FRANCOIS ANDRE Ulmus fulva (_Sylva of North
America_, III, ed. 1853) 97

MORRIS, E. L. v

MORSS, CHARLES H. vi

OAKES, WILLIAM Morus rubra, L. 102

PARLIN, J. C. Sassafras officinale, Nees (1896) 106

PRANTL, KARL VON v

PRINGLE, C. G. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8
Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham.
& Schlecht 113
Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm 84

RAND, E. L. Pinus Banksiana 8

_Rhodora_, III, 234 Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ barbatum,
Trelease 172
Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ nigrum,
Britton 172

_Rhodora_, III, 58 Ilex opaca, Ait. 139

_Rhodora_, III, 234 Prunus Americana, Marsh 171

ROBBINS, JAMES W. Sassafras officinale, Nees 106
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99

ROBINSON, DR. B. L. vi

ROBINSON, JOHN Crataegus coccinea, L. (1900) 119

ROBINSON, R. E. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

RUSSELL, L. W. Diospyros Virginiana. L. 161
Quercus palustris, Du Roi 92
Quercus stellata. Wang 77

SARGENT, CHARLES S. Crataegus coccinea, L. (_Botanical
Gazette_, XXXI, 12, 1901, by permission) 119
Crataegus mollis, Scheele
(_Botanical Gazette_. XXXI, 7, 223, 1901) 121

SETCHELL, W. A. Populus heterophylla. L. 33

STONE, W. E. Quercus palustris.
Du Roi (_Bull. Torr. Club_, IX, 57) 91

SWAN, DR. C. W. vi

TERRY, MRS. EMILY H. Picea alba. Link 17

TRELEASE, WILLIAM Acer Saccharum, Marsh., _var._ barbatum 172

TUCKERMAN, EDWARD Betula papyrifera, _var._ minor, Marsh. 68

WAGHORNE, A. C. Crataegus coccinea, L. (1894) 119

ABBREVIATIONS.

Ait.--Aiton, William.

Barratt, Joseph.
B. S. P.--Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E., and Poggenburg,
Justus F.
Borkh.--Borkhausen, M. B.

Carr.--Carriere, Eli Abel.
Cham.--Chamisso, Adelbert von.
Coulter, John Merle.

DC.--De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus.
Desf.--Desfontaines, Rene Louiche.
Du Roi, Johann Philip.

Ehrh.--Ehrhart, Friedrich.
Engelm.--Engelmann, George.

Gray, Asa.

Jacq.--Jacquin, Nicholaus Joseph.

Karst.--Karsten, Hermann Gustav Karl Wilhelm.
Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph.

L.--Linnaeus, Carolus.
L. f.--Linnaeus, fils, Carl von.
Lam.--Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monet.
Lamb, Aylmer Bourke.
Link, Heinrich Friedrich.

Marsh.--Marshall, Humphrey.
Medic.--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.
Michx.--Michaux, Andre.
Michaux, fils.--Francois Andre.
Mill.--Miller, Philip.
Moench, Konrad.
Muhl.--Muhlenberg, H. Ernst.

Nees--Nees von Esenbeck, C. G.
Nutt.--Nuttall, Thomas.

Peck, Charles H.
Poggenburg, Justus F.
Pursh, Friedrich Trangott.

Roem.--Roemer, Johann Jacob.

Sarg.--Sargent, Charles S.
Scheele, A.
Schlecht--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.
Schr.--Schrader, Heinrich A.
Spach, Eduard.
Sterns, E. E.
Sudw.--Sudworth, George B.
Sweet, Robert.

T. and G.--Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa.
Thomas, David.

Vent.--Ventenat, Etienne Pierre.

Walt.--Walter, Thomas.
Wang.--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von.
Watson, Sereno.
Waugh, Frank A.
Willd.--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.

TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.

PINOIDEAE. PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.

ABIETACEAE. CUPRESSACEAE.

Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves simple, mostly evergreen, relatively
small, entire, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, linear, or scale-like;
stipules none; flowers catkin-like; calyx none; corolla none; ovary
represented by a scale (ovuliferous scale) bearing the naked ovules on
its surface.

ABIETACEAE.

LARIX. PINUS. PICEA. TSUGA. ABIES.

Buds scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years (except in
_Larix_), scattered along the twigs, spirally arranged or tufted,
linear, needle-shaped, or scale-like; sterile and fertile flowers
separate upon the same plant; stamens (subtended by scales) spirally
arranged upon a central axis, each bearing two pollen-sacs surmounted by
a broad-toothed connective; fertile flowers composed of spirally
arranged bracts or cover-scales, each bract subtending an ovuliferous
scale; cover-scale and ovuliferous scale attached at their bases;
cover-scale usually remaining small, ovuliferous scale enlarging,
especially after fertilization, gradually becoming woody or leathery and
bearing two ovules at its base; cones maturing (except in _Pinus_) the
first year; ovuliferous scales in fruit usually known as cone-scales;
seeds winged; roots mostly spreading horizontally at a short distance
below the surface.

CUPRESSACEAE.

THUJA. CUPRESSUS. JUNIPERUS.

Leaf-buds not scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years,
opposite, verticillate, or sometimes scattered, scale-like, often
needle-shaped in seedlings and sometimes upon the branches of older
plants; flowers minute; stamens and pistils in separate blossoms upon
the same plant or upon different plants; stamens usually bearing 3-5
pollen-sacs on the underside; scales of fertile aments few, opposite or
ternate; fruit small cones, or berries formed by coalescence of the
fleshy cone-scales; otherwise as in _Abietaceae_.

Larix Americana, Michx.

_Larix laricina, Koch._

TAMARACK. HACMATACK. LARCH. JUNIPER.

=Habitat and Range.=--Low lands, shaded hillsides, borders of ponds; in
New England preferring cold swamps; sometimes far up mountain slopes.

Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, west to the Rocky
mountains; from the Rockies through British Columbia, northward
along the Yukon and Mackenzie systems, to the limit of tree growth
beyond the Arctic circle.

Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,--abundant, filling swamps acres in
extent, alone or associated with other trees, mostly black spruce;
growing depressed and scattered on Katahdin at an altitude of 4000 feet;
Massachusetts,--rather common, at least northward; Rhode Island,--not
reported; Connecticut,--occasional in the northern half of the state;
reported as far south as Danbury (Fairfield county).

South along the mountains to New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west to
Minnesota.

=Habit.=--The only New England conifer that drops its leaves in the
fall; a tree 30-70 feet high, reduced at great elevations to a height of
1-2 feet, or to a shrub; trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, straight, slender;
branches very irregular or in indistinct whorls, for the most part
nearly horizontal; often ending in long spire-like shoots; branchlets
numerous, head conical, symmetrical while the tree is young, especially
when growing in open swamps; when old extremely variable, occasionally
with contorted or drooping limbs; foliage pale green, turning to a dull
yellow in autumn.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish or grayish brown, separating at the
surface into small roundish scales in old trees, in young trees smooth;
season's shoots gray or light brown in autumn.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds small, globular, reddish.

Leaves simple, scattered along the season's shoots, clustered on the
short, thick dwarf branches, about an inch long, pale green,
needle-shaped; apex obtuse; sessile.

=Inflorescence.=--March to April. Flowers lateral, solitary, erect; the
sterile from leafless, the fertile from leafy dwarf branches; sterile
roundish, sessile; anthers yellow: fertile oblong, short-stalked; bracts
crimson or red.

=Fruit.=--Cones upon dwarf branches, erect or inclining upwards, ovoid
to cylindrical, 1/2-3/4 of an inch long, purplish or reddish brown while
growing, light brown at maturity, persistent for at least a year; scales
thin, obtuse to truncate; edge entire, minutely toothed or erose; seeds
small, winged.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; grows in any good soil,
preferring moist locations; the formal outline of the young trees
becomes broken, irregular, and picturesque with age, making the mature
tree much more attractive than the European species common to
cultivation. Rarely for sale in nurseries, but obtainable from
collectors. To be successfully transplanted, it must be handled when
dormant. Propagated from seed.

=Note.=--The European species, with which the mature plant is often
confused, has somewhat longer leaves and larger cones; a form
common in cultivation has long, pendulous branches.

[Illustration: PLATE I.--Larix Americana.]

1. Branch with sterile and fertile flowers.
2. Sterile flowers.
3. Different views of stamens.
4. Ovuliferous scale with ovules.
5. Fruiting branch.
6. Open cone.
7. Cone-scale with seeds.
8. Leaf.
9. Cross-section of leaf.

PINUS.

The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary; the primary are
thin, deciduous scales, in the axils of which the secondary leaf-buds
stand; the inner scales of those leaf-buds form a loose, deciduous
sheath which encloses the secondary or foliage leaves, which in our
species are all minutely serrulate.

Pinus Strobus, L.

WHITE PINE.

=Habitat and Range.=--In fertile soils; moist woodlands or dry uplands.

Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through Quebec and Ontario, to Lake
Winnipeg.

New England,--common, from the vicinity of the seacoast to altitudes of
2500 feet, forming extensive forests.

South along the mountains to Georgia, ascending to 2500 feet in the
Adirondacks and to 4300 in North Carolina; west to Minnesota and
Iowa.

=Habit.=--The tallest tree and the stateliest conifer of the New England
forest, ordinarily from 50 to 80 feet high and 2-4 feet in diameter at
the ground, but in northern New England, where patches of the primeval
forest still remain, attaining a diameter of 3-7 feet and a height
ranging from 100 to 150 feet, rising in sombre majesty far above its
deciduous neighbors; trunk straight, tapering very gradually; branches
nearly horizontal, wide-spreading, in young trees in whorls usually of
five, the whorls becoming more or less indistinct in old trees;
branchlets and season's shoots slender; head cone-shaped, broad at the
base, clothed with soft, delicate, bluish-green foliage; roots running
horizontally near the surface, taking firm hold in rocky situations,
extremely durable when exposed.

=Bark.=--On trunks of old trees thick, shallow-channeled, broad-ridged;
on stems of young trees and upon branches smooth, greenish; season's
shoots at first rusty-scurfy or puberulent, in late autumn becoming
smooth and light russet brown.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds 1/4-1/2 inch long, oblong
or ovate-oblong, sharp-pointed; scales yellowish-brown.

Foliage leaves in clusters of five, slender, 3-5 inches long, soft
bluish-green, needle-shaped, 3-sided, mucronate, each with a single
fibrovascular bundle, sessile.

=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's
shoots, in clusters, each flower about one inch long, oval, light brown;
stamens numerous; connectives scale-like: fertile flowers near the
terminal bud of the season's shoots, long-stalked, cylindrical; scales
pink-margined.

=Fruit.=--Cones, 4-6 inches long, short-stalked, narrow-cylindrical,
often curved, finally pendent, green, maturing the second year; scales
rather loose, scarcely thickened at the apex, not spiny; seeds winged,
smooth.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; free from disease;
grows well in almost any soil, but prefers a light fertile loam; in open
ground retains its lower branches for many years. Good plants, grown
from seed, are usually readily obtainable in nurseries; small collected
plants from open ground can be moved in sods with little risk.

Several horticultural forms are occasionally cultivated which are
distinguished by variations in foliage, trailing branches, dense and
rounded heads, and dwarfed or cylindrical habits of growth.

PLATE II. PINUS STROBUS.

1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen.
3. Branch with fertile flowers.
4. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
6. Branch with cones.
7. Cross-section of leaf.

Pinus rigida, Mill.

PITCH PINE. HARD PINE.

=Habitat and Range.=--Most common in dry, sterile soils, occasional in
swamps.

New Brunswick to Lake Ontario.

Maine,--mostly in the southwestern section near the seacoast; as far
north as Chesterville, Franklin county (C. H. Knowlton, _Rhodora_, II,
124); scarcely more than a shrub near its northern limits; New
Hampshire,--most common along the Merrimac valley to the White mountains
and up the Connecticut valley to the mouth of the Passumpsic, reaching
an altitude of 1000 feet above the sea level; Vermont,--common in the
northern Champlain valley, less frequent in the Connecticut valley
(_Flora of Vermont_, 1900); common in the other New England states,
often forming large tracts of woodland, sometimes exclusively occupying
extensive areas.

South to Virginia and along the mountains to northern Georgia; west
to western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee.

=Habit.=--Usually a low tree, from 30 to 50 feet high, with a diameter
of 1-2 feet at the ground, but not infrequently rising to 70-80 feet,
with a diameter of 2-4 feet; trunk straight or more or less tortuous,
tapering rather rapidly; branches rising at a wide angle with the stem,
often tortuous, and sometimes drooping at the extremities, distinctly
whorled in young trees, but gradually losing nearly every trace of
regularity; roughest of our pines, the entire framework rough at every
stage of growth; head variable, open, often scraggly, widest near the
base and sometimes dome-shaped in young trees; branchlets stout,
terminating in rigid, spreading tufts of foliage.

[Illustration: PLATE II.--Pinus Strobus.]

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees thick, deeply furrowed, with broad
connecting ridges, separating on the surface into coarse dark grayish or
reddish brown scales; younger stems and branches very rough, separating
into scales; season's shoots rough to the tips.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds 1/2-3/4 inch long,
narrow-cylindrical or ovate, acute at the apex, resin-coated; scales
brownish.

Foliage leaves in threes, 3-5 inches long, stout, stiff, dark
yellowish-green, 3-sided, sharp-pointed, with two fibrovascular bundles;
sessile; sheaths when young about 1/2 inch long.

=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers at the base of the season's shoots,
clustered; stamens numerous; anthers yellow: fertile flowers at a slight
angle with and along the sides of the season's shoots, single or
clustered.

=Fruit.=--Cones lateral, single or in clusters, nearly or quite sessile,
finally at right angles to the stem or twisted slightly downward, ovoid,
ovate-conical; subspherical when open, ripening the second season;
scales thickened at the apex, armed with stout, straight or recurved
prickles.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; well adapted to
exposed situations on highlands or along the seacoast; grows in almost
any soil, but thrives best in sandy or gravelly moist loams; valuable
among other trees for color-effects and occasional picturesqueness of
outline; mostly uninteresting and of uncertain habit; subject to the
loss of the lower limbs, and not readily transplanted; very seldom
offered in quantity by nurserymen; obtainable from collectors, but
collected plants are seldom successful. Usually propagated from the
seed.

[Illustration: PLATE III.--Pinus rigida.]

1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, top view.
4. Branch with fertile flowers.
5. Fertile flower showing bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
6. Fertile flower showing ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
7. Fruiting branch with cones one and two years old.
8. Open cone.
9. Seed.
10. Cross-section of leaf.

=Pinus Banksiana, Lamb.=

_Pinus divaricata. Sudw._

SCRUB PINE. GRAY PINE. SPRUCE PINE. JACK PINE.

=Habitat and Range.=--Sterile, sandy soil: lowlands, boggy plains, rocky
slopes.

Nova Scotia, northwesterly to the Athabasca river, and northerly
down the Mackenzie to the Arctic circle.

Maine,--Traveller mountain and Grand lake (G. L. Goodale); Beal's island
on Washington county coast, Harrington, Orland, and Cape Rosier (C. G.
Atkins); Schoodic peninsula in Gouldsboro, a forest 30 feet high (F. M.
Day, E. L. Rand, _et al._); Flagstaff (Miss Kate Furbush); east branch
of Penobscot (Mrs. Haines); the Forks (Miss Fanny E. Hoyt); Lake Umbagog
(Wm. Brewster); New Hampshire,--around the shores of Lake Umbagog, on
points extending into the lake, rare (Wm. Brewster _in lit._, 1899);
Welch mountains (_Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, XVIII, 150); Vermont,--rare,
but few trees at each station; Monkton in Addison county (R. E.
Robinson); Fairfax, Franklin county (Bates); Starkesboro (Pringle).

West through northern New York, northern Illinois, and Michigan to
Minnesota.

=Habit.=--Usually a low tree, 15-30 feet high and 6-8 inches in diameter
at the ground, but under favorable conditions, as upon the wooded points
and islands of Lake Umbagog, attaining a height of 50-60 feet, with a
diameter of 10-15 inches. Extremely variable in habit. In thin soils and
upon bleak sites the trunk is for the most part crooked and twisted, the
head scrubby, stunted, and variously distorted, resembling in shape and
proportions the pitch pine under similar conditions. In deeper soils,
and in situations protected from the winds, the stem is erect, slender,
and tapering, surmounted by a stately head with long, flexible branches,
scarcely less regular in outline than the spruce. Foliage
yellowish-green, bunched at the ends of the branchlets.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk in old trees dark brown, rounded-ridged,
rough-scaly at the surface; branchlets dark purplish-brown, rough with
the persistent bases of the fallen leaves; season's shoots
yellowish-green, turning to reddish-brown.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Branch-buds light brown, ovate, apex acute or
rounded, usually enclosed in resin.

Leaves in twos, divergent from a short close sheath, about 1 inch in
length and scarcely 1/12 inch in width, yellowish-green, numerous,
stiff, curved or twisted, cross-section showing two fibrovascular
bundles; outline narrowly linear; apex sharp-pointed; outer surface
convex, inner concave or flat.

=Inflorescence.=--June. Sterile flowers at the base of the season's
shoots, clustered, oblong-rounded: fertile flowers along the sides or
about the terminal buds of the season's shoots, single, in twos or in
clusters; bracts ovate, roundish, purplish.

=Fruit.=--Cones often numerous, 1-2 inches long, pointing in the general
direction of the twig on which they grow, frequently curved at the tip,
whitish-yellow when young, and brown at maturity; scales when mature
without prickles, thickened at the apex; outline very irregular but in
general oblong-conical. The open cones, which are usually much
distorted, with scales at base closed, have a similar outline.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; slow growing and hard to
transplant; useful in poor soil; seldom offered by nurserymen or
collectors. Propagated from seed.

[Illustration: PLATE IV.--Pinus Banksiana.]

1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, top view.
4. Branch with fertile flowers.
5. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
6. Fruiting branch.
7. Open cone.
8, 9. Variant leaves.
10, 11. Cross-sections of leaves.

Pinus resinosa, Ait.

RED PINE. NORWAY PINE.

=Habitat and Range.=--In poor soils: sandy plains, dry woods.

Newfoundland and New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and Ontario, to
the southern end of Lake Winnipeg.

Maine,--common, plains, Brunswick (Cumberland county); woods, Bristol
(Lincoln county); from Amherst (western part of Hancock county) and
Clifton (southeastern part of Penobscot county) northward just east of
the Penobscot river the predominant tree, generally on dry ridges and
eskers, but in Greenbush and Passadumkeag growing abundantly on peat
bogs with black spruce; hillsides and lower mountains about Moosehead,
scattered; New Hampshire,--ranges with the pitch pine as far north as
the White mountains, but is less common, usually in groves of a few to
several hundred acres in extent; Vermont,--less common than _P. Strobus_
or _P. rigida_, but not rare; Massachusetts,--still more local, in
stations widely separated, single trees or small groups; Rhode
Island,--occasional; Connecticut,--not reported.

South to Pennsylvania; west through Michigan and Wisconsin to
Minnesota.

=Habit.=--The most beautiful of the New England pines, 50-75 feet high,
with a diameter of 2-3 feet at the ground; reaching in Maine a height of
100 feet and upwards; trunk straight, scarcely tapering; branches low,
stout, horizontal or scarcely declined, forming a broad-based, rounded
or conical head of great beauty when young, becoming more or less
irregular with age; foliage of a rich dark green, in long dense tufts at
the ends of the branches.

=Bark.=--Bark of trunk reddish-brown, in old trees marked by flat ridges
which separate on the surface into thin, flat, loose scales; branchlets
rough with persistent bases of leaf buds; season's shoots stout,
orange-brown, smooth.

=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Leading branch-buds conical, about 3/4
inch long, tapering to a sharp point, reddish-brown, invested with
rather loose scales.

Foliage leaves in twos, from close, elongated, persistent, and
conspicuous sheaths, about 6 inches long, dark green, needle-shaped,
straight, sharply and stiffly pointed, the outer surface round and the
inner flattish, both surfaces marked by lines of minute pale dots.

=Inflorescence.=--Sterile flowers clustered at the base of the season's
shoots, oblong, 1/2-3/4 inch long: fertile flowers single or few, at the
ends of the season's shoots.

=Fruit.=--Cones near extremity of shoot, at right angles to the stem,
maturing the second year, 1-3 inches long, ovate to oblong conical; when
opened broadly oval or roundish; scales not hooked or pointed, thickened
at the apex.

=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in New England; a tall, dark-foliaged
evergreen, for which there is no substitute; grows rapidly in all
well-drained soils and in exposed inland or seashore situations; seldom
disfigured by insects or disease; difficult to transplant and not common
in nurseries. Propagated from seed.

[Illustration: PLATE V.--Pinus resinosa.]

1. Branch with sterile flowers.
2. Stamen, front view.
3. Stamen, top view.
4. Branch with fertile flowers and one-year-old cones.
5. Bract and ovuliferous scale, outer side.
6. Ovuliferous scale with ovules, inner side.
7. Fruiting branch showing cones of three different seasons.
8. Seeds with cone-scale.
9, 10. Cross-sections of leaves.

= Pinus sylvestris, L.=

SCOTCH PINE (sometimes incorrectly called the Scotch fir).

Indigenous in the northern parts of Scotland and in the Alps, and from
Sweden and Norway, where it forms large forests eastward throughout
northern Europe and Asia.

At Southington, Conn., many of these trees, probably originating from an
introduced pine in the vicinity, were formerly scattered over a rocky
pasture and in the adjoining woods, a tract of about two acres in
extent. Most of these were cut down in 1898, but the survivors, if left
to themselves, will doubtless multiply rapidly, as the conditions have
proved very favorable (C. H. Bissell _in lit._, 1899).

Like _P. resinosa_ and _P. Banksiana_, it has its foliage leaves in
twos, with neither of which, however, is it likely to be confounded;
aside from the habit, which is quite different, it may be distinguished
from the former by the shortness of its leaves, which are less than 2
inches long, while those of _P. resinosa_ are 5 or 6; and from the
latter by the position of its cones, which point outward and downward at
maturity, while those of _P. Banksiana_ follow the direction of the
twig.

Pages:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16