Handbook of the Trees of New England

L >> Lorin Low Dame >> Handbook of the Trees of New England

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HANDBOOK OF THE
TREES OF NEW ENGLAND

_WITH RANGES THROUGHOUT THE
UNITED STATES AND CANADA_

BY
LORIN L. DAME, S.D.
AND
HENRY BROOKS

_PLATES FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS_
BY
ELIZABETH GLEASON BIGELOW

BOSTON, U.S.A.
GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
The Athenaeum Press
1904

COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY
LORIN L. DAME AND HENRY BROOKS

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PREFACE.

There is no lack of good manuals of botany in this country. There still
seems place for an adequately illustrated book of convenient size for
field use. The larger manuals, moreover, cover extensive regions and
sometimes fail by reason of their universality to give a definite idea
of plants as they grow within more limited areas. New England marks a
meeting place of the Canadian and Alleghanian floras. Many southern
plants, long after they have abandoned more elevated situations
northward, continue to advance up the valleys of the Connecticut and
Merrimac rivers, in which they ultimately disappear entirely or else
reappear in the valley of the St. Lawrence; while many northern plants
pushing southward maintain a more or less precarious existence upon the
mountain summits or in the cold swamps of New England, and sometimes
follow along the mountain ridges to the middle or southern states. In
addition to these two floras, some southwestern and western species have
invaded Vermont along the Champlain valley, and thrown out pickets still
farther eastward.

At or near the limit of a species, the size and habit of plants undergo
great change; in the case of trees, to which this book is restricted,
often very noticeable. There is no fixed, absolute dividing line between
trees and shrubs. In accordance with the usual definition, a tree must
have a single trunk, unbranched at or near the base, and must be at
least fifteen feet in height.

Trees that are native in New England, or native in other sections of the
United States and thoroughly established in New England, are described
and, for the most part, figured. Foreign trees, though locally
established, are not figured. Trees may be occasionally spontaneous
over a large area without really forming a constituent part of the
flora. Even the apple and pear, when originating spontaneously and
growing without cultivation, quickly become degenerate and show little
tendency to possess themselves of the soil at the expense of the native
growths. Gleditsia, for example, while clearly locally established, has
with some hesitation been accorded pictorial representation.

The geographical distribution is treated under three heads: Canada and
Alaska; New England; south of New England and westward. With regard to
the distribution outside of New England, the standard authorities have
been followed. An effort extending through several years has been made
to give the distribution as definitely as possible in each of the New
England states, and while previous publications have been freely
consulted, the present work rests mainly upon the observations of living
botanists.

All descriptions are based upon the habit of trees as they appear in New
England, unless special mention is made to the contrary. The
descriptions are designed to apply to trees as they grow in open land,
with full space for the development of their characteristics under
favorable conditions. In forest trees there is much greater uniformity;
the trunks are more slender, taller, often unbranched to a considerable
height, and the heads are much smaller.

When the trunk tapers uniformly from the ground upward, the given
diameter is taken at the base; when the trunk is reinforced at the base,
the measurements are made above the swell of the roots; when reinforced
at the ground and also at the branching point, as often in the American
elm, the measurements are made at the smallest place between the swell
of the roots and of the branches.

A regular order has been followed in the description for the purpose of
ready comparison. No explanation of the headings used seems necessary,
except to state that the _habitat_ is used in the more customary present
acceptation to indicate the place where a plant naturally grows, as in
swamps or upon dry hillsides. Under the head of "Horticultural Value,"
the requisite information is given for an intelligent choice of trees
for ornamental purposes.

The order and names of families follow, in the main, Engler and Prantl.
In accordance with the general tendency of New England botanists to
conform to the best usage until an authoritative agreement has been
reached with regard to nomenclature by an international congress, the
Berlin rule has been followed for genera, and priority under the genus
for species. Other names in use at the present day are given as synonyms
and included in the index.

Only those common names are given which are actually used in some part
of New England, whether or not the same name is applied to different
trees. It seems best to record what is, and not what ought to be. Common
names that are the creation of botanists have been disregarded
altogether. Any attempt to displace a name in wide use, even by one that
is more appropriate, is futile, if not mischievous.

The plates are from original drawings by Mrs. Elizabeth Gleason Bigelow,
in all cases from living specimens, and they have been carefully
compared with the plates in other works. So far as practicable, the
drawings were made of life size, with the exception of the dissected
portions of small flowers, which were enlarged. In this way, though not
on a perfectly uniform scale, they are, when reduced to the necessary
space, distinct in all their parts.

So far as consistent with due precision, popular terms have been used in
description, but not when such usage involved tedious periphrase.

Especial mention should be made of those botanists whose assistance has
been essential to a knowledge of the distribution of species in the New
England states: Maine,--Mr. M. L. Fernald; New Hampshire,--Mr. Wm. F.
Flint, Report of Forestry Commission; Vermont,--President Ezra Brainerd;
Massachusetts,--trees about Northampton, Mrs. Emily Hitchcock Terry;
throughout the Connecticut river valley, Mr. E. L. Morris; Rhode
Island,--Professor W. W. Bailey, Professor J. F. Collins;
Connecticut,--Mr. C. H. Bissell, Mr. C. K. Averill, Mr. J. N. Bishop.
Dr. B. L. Robinson has given advice in general treatment and in matters
of nomenclature; Dr. C. W. Swan and Mr. Charles H. Morss have made a
critical examination of the manuscript; Mr. Warren H. Manning has
contributed the "Horticultural Values" throughout the work; and Miss M.
S. E. James has prepared the index. To these and to all others who have
given assistance in the preparation of this work, the grateful thanks of
the authors are due.

CONTENTS.

PAGES
KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND ix

LIST OF PLATES xi

AUTHORITIES xiii

ABBREVIATIONS xvii

TEXT AND PLATES 1

APPENDIX 171

GLOSSARY 173

INDEX 179

KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.

I. LEAVES SIMPLE.

=Leaves alternate= A
Outline entire A C
Outline slightly indented A D
Outline lobed A E
Lobes entire A E F
Lobes slightly indented A E G
Lobes coarsely toothed A E H
=Leaves opposite= B

A C Ovate to oval, obscurely toothed Tupelo
A C Ovate to oval Persimmon
A C Also 3-lobed Sassafras
A C Sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of
the branchlets Dogwoods
A D Tremulous habit, oval Poplars
A D Lanceolate, finely serrate, sometimes entire Willows
A D Ovate-oval, serrate, doubly serrate { Birches
{ Hornbeams
A D Oval, serrate, oblong-lanceolate, veins { Beeches
terminating in teeth { Chestnut
A D Ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, surface rough Elms
A D Ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, surface
slightly rough Hackberry
A D Outline variable, ovate-oval, sometimes lobed
(3-7), serrate-dentate Mulberry
A D Ovate, serrate, oblong { Shadbush
{ Plums
{ Cherries
A D Oval or oval-oblong, spines, evergreen Holly
A D Broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate Linden
A D Obovate, oval, lanceolate, oblong Chestnut oaks
A D Broad-ovate to broad-elliptical, thorny Thorns
A E F Lobes rounded Sassafras
A E F Base truncate or heart-shaped Tulip tree
A E F Obtuse, rounded lobes White oaks
A E F 3-5-lobed, white-tomentose to glabrous
beneath White poplar
A E G 5-lobed, finely serrate Sweet gum
A E G Irregularly 3-7-lobed, serrate-dentate with
equal teeth Mulberry
A E H Pointed or bristle-tipped lobes Black oaks
A E H Coarse-toothed or pinnate-lobed, short lobes
ending in sharp point Sycamore
B Outline entire, ovate, veins prominent Flowering dogwood
B Outline serrate, apex often tapering Sheep berry
B Outline lobed Maples

II. LEAVES COMPOUND.

=Leaves pinnately compound= I
Leaflets alternate I A
Outlines of leaflets entire I A C
Leaflets opposite I B
=Leaves bi-pinnately compound= J

I A Outlines of leaflets with two or three teeth at base. Ailanthus
IA Outlines of leaflets serrate { Sumacs (except Poison sumac)
{ Mountain ashes
{ Walnuts
{ Hickories
I A C Leaflets oval, apex obtuse Locusts (except Honey locust)
I A C Leaflets oblong, apex acute Poison sumac
I B Outlines of leaflets entire Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
I B Outlines of leaflets serrate Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
I B Leaflets irregularly or coarsely toothed, 3-lobed or nearly
entire Box elder
J Irregularly bi-pinnate, outlines of leaflets entire, thorns
on stem and trunk Honey locust

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE PAGE

I. Larix Americana 4
II. Pinus Strobus 6
III. Pinus rigida 7
IV. Pinus Banksiana 9
V. Pinus resinosa 11
VI. Picea nigra 14
VII. Picea rubra 16
VIII. Picea alba 18
IX. Tsuga Canadensis 20
X. Abies balsamea 22
XI. Thuja occidentalis 24
XII. Cupressus thyoides 26
XIII. Juniperus Virginiana 28
XIV. Populus tremuloides 30
XV. Populus grandidentata 32
XVI. Populus heterophylla 34
XVII. Populus deltoides 35
XVIII. Populus balsamifera 37
XIX. Populus candicans 39
XX. Salix discolor 41
XXI. Salix nigra 43
XXII. Juglans cinerea 47
XXIII. Juglans nigra 49
XXIV. Carya alba 51
XXV. Carya tomentosa 53
XXVI. Carya porcina 55
XXVII. Carya amara 57
XXVIII. Ostrya Virginica 58
XXIX. Carpinus Caroliniana 60
XXX. Betula lenta 62
XXXI. Betula lutea 64
XXXII. Betula nigra 66
XXXIII. Betula populifolia 68
XXXIV. Betula papyrifera 70
XXXV. Fagus ferruginea 72
XXXVI. Castanea sativa, var. Americana 74
XXXVII. Quercus alba 77
XXXVIII. Quercus stellata 78
XXXIX. Quercus macrocarpa 80
XL. Quercus bicolor 82
XLI. Quercus Prinus 84
XLII. Quercus Muhlenbergii 85
XLIII. Quercus rubra 87
XLIV. Quercus coccinea 89
XLV. Quercus velutina 91
XLVI. Quercus palustris 93
XLVII. Quercus ilicifolia 94
XLVIII. Ulmus Americana 97
XLIX. Ulmus fulva 98
L. Ulmus racemosa 100
LI. Celtis occidentalis 102
LII. Morus rubra 103
LIII. Liriodendron Tulipifera 103
LIV. Sassafras officinale 108
LV. Liquidambar Styraciflua 109
LVI. Platanus occidentalis 111
LVII. Pyrus Americana 113
LVIII. Pyrus sambucifolia 115
LIX. Amelanchier Canadensis 117
LX. Crataegus mollis 121
LXI. Prunus nigra 123
LXII. Prunus Americana 124
LXIII. Prunus Pennsylvanica 125
LXIV. Prunus Virginiana 126
LXV. Prunus serotina 128
LXVI. Gleditsia triacanthos 130
LXVII. Robinia Pseudacacia 132
LXVIII. Rhus typhina 135
LXIX. Rhus Vernix 137
LXX. Ilex opaca 140
LXXI. Acer rubrum 142
LXXII. Acer saccharinum 144
LXXIII. Acer Saccharum 146
LXXIV. Acer Saccharum var. nigrum 147
LXXV. Acer spicatum 149
LXXVI. Acer Pennsylvanicum 151
LXXVII. Acer Negundo 153
LXXVIII. Tilia Americana 155
LXXIX. Cornus florida 157
LXXX. Cornus alternifolia 158
LXXXI. Nyssa sylvatica 160
LXXXII. Diospyros Virginiana 162
LXXXIII. Fraxinus Americana 164
LXXXIV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica 165
LXXXV. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica. var. lanceolata 166
LXXXVI. Fraxinus nigra 168
LXXXVII. Viburnum Lentago 169

BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES.

PAGE
ATKINS, C. G. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

AVERILL, C. K. v

Populus balsamifera, L.
(_Rhodora_, II, 35) 36

Prunus Americana, Marsh. 123

Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. 84

BAILEY, L. H. Populus candicans, Ait. 37

BAILEY, W. W. Celtis occidentalis, L. 100

Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._
lanceolata, Sarg. 166

BARTRAM, WILLIAM Quercus tinctoria (1791) 89

BATCHELDER, F. W. Betula nigra, L. 65

Salix discolor, Muhl.
(Laconia, N. H.) 41

BATES, J. A. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

Sassafras officinale, Nees 106

BISHOP, J. N. v

Celtis occidentalis, L. 100

Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. 164

Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, _var._
lanceolata, Sarg. 166

Juglans nigra, L.
(_in lit._, 1896) 48

Morus rubra, L. 102

Populus heterophylla, L. 33

Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm. 84

Thuja occidentalis, L. 23

BISSELL, C. H. v

Crataegus Crus-Galli, L. 117

Pinus sylvestris, L.
(_in lit._, 1899) 12

Prunus Americana, Marsh.
(_in lit._, 1900) 123

Rhus copallina 137

BRAINERD, EZRA Carya porcina, Nutt. 53

Crataegus punctata, Jacq. 118

Ulmus racemosa, Thomas 99

BREWSTER, WILLIAM Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

BRITTON, NATHANIEL LORD Acer Saccharum, _var._ nigrum 172

BROWNE, D. T. Ilex opaca (_Trees of North
America_, 1846) 139

_Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club_, XVIII, 150

Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

CHAMBERLAIN, E. B. Ulmus fulva, Michx. (1898) 97

CHURCHILL, J. R. Prunus Americana, Marsh. 123

COLLINS, J. F. v
Gleditsia triacanthos, L. 129

DAME. L. L. Crataegus Crus-Galli, L. 171
Salix fragilis, L. (_Typical Elms and
other Trees of Massachusetts_,
p. 85) 44

DAY, F. M. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

DEANE, WALTER Sassafras officinale, Nees (1895) 106

DUDLEY, W. R. Populus heterophylla, L. 33

EGGLESTON, W.W. Carya porcina, Nutt. 53
Celtis occidentalis, L. 100
Morus rubra, L. 102
Platanus occidentalis, L. 110
Populus deltoides, Marsh. 34
Sassafras officinale, Nees. 106
Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. 99

ENGLER, ADOLPH v

FERNALD, M. L. Fraxinus Pennsylvania, Marsh, _var._
lanceolata, Sarg. (_in lit._, Sept.,
1901) 172
Gleditsia triacanthos, L. 129
Populus balsamifera, L. _var._
candicans, Gray (_Rhodora_.
III, 233) 171
Salix balsamifera, Barratt. 171
Salix discolor, Muhl.
(_in lit._, Sept., 1901) 171

FLAGG Morus rubra, L. 102

FLINT, W. F. v
Acer Negundo, L. 151
Quercus alba, L. 75

_Flora of Vermont_ Betula lenta, L. (1900) 61
Crataegus Crus-Galli, L. (1900) 117
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.
(1900) 164
Picea nigra, Link (1900) 12
Pinus rigida, Mill (1900) 6
Populus deltoides, Marsh. (1900) 34
Quercus alba, L. (1900) 75

FURBISH, MISS KATE Crataegus coccinea, L. (May, 1899) 119
Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

GOODALE, G. L. Pinus Banksiana. Lamb 8

GRANT Sassafras officinale, Nees 106

GRAY, ASA Ilex opaca, Ait. (_Manual of
Botany_, 6th ed.) 138

HAINES, MRS. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

HARGER, E. B. Picea nigra (_Rhodora_, II, 126) 13

HARPER, R. M. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. (_Rhodora_
II, 122) 104

HARRINGTON, A. K. Picea alba, Link 17

HASKINS, T. H. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas (_Garden and
Forest_, V, 86) 99

HOLMES, DR. EZEKIEL Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh 159

HOSFORD, F. H. Crataegus mollis, Scheele 120

HOYT, MISS FANNY E. Pinus Banksiana, Lamb 8

HUMPHREY, J. E. Picea alba, Link 17
Quercus palustris, Du Roi
(_Amherst Trees_) 91

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