A Short History of Greek Philosophy

J >> John Marshall >> A Short History of Greek Philosophy

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The only effective philosophies for such a community were those which
regarded man as an _individual_, with a world politically omnipotent
hedging him about, and driving him in upon himself. Thus the New
Academy enlarged on the doubtfulness of all beyond the individual
consciousness; Stoicism insisted on individual dutifulness,
Epicureanism on individual self-satisfaction. The first sought to make
life worth living through culture, the second through indifference, the
third through a moderate enjoyment. But all alike felt themselves very
helpless in face of the growing sadness of life, in face of the
deepening mystery of the world beyond. All alike were controversial,
and quick enough to ridicule their rivals; none was hopefully
constructive, or (unless in the poetic enthusiasm of a Lucretius) very
confident of the adequacy of its own conceptions. They all rather
quickened the sense of emptiness in human existence, than satisfied it;
{244} at the best they enabled men to "absent themselves a little while
from the felicity of death."

Thus all over the wide area of Greek and Roman civilisation, the
activity of the later schools was effectual to familiarise humanity
with the language of philosophy, and to convince humanity of the
inadequacy of its results. Both of these things the Greeks taught to
Saul of Tarsus; at a higher Source he found the satisfying of his soul;
but from the Greek philosophies he learned the language through which
the new Revelation was to be taught in the great world of Roman rule
and Grecian culture. And thus through the Pauline theology, Greek
philosophy had its part in the moral regeneration of the world; as it
has had, in later times, in every emancipation and renascence of its
thought.

{245}

INDEX

Abdera, birthplace of Democritus, 74; of Protagoras, 86

Absolute knowledge, unattainable by man, 19; absorption in, 133; no
separate existence, 182

Abstract ideas not derivable from experience, 45; abstract truth
impossible, 87; of no value, 132; revival of, 133

Academus, grove of, 135

Achilles and tortoise, 44; death of, 139

Acroatic, kind of lectures, 175

Actuality, see _Realisation_.

Agrigentum, birthplace of Empedocles, 59

Air, beginning of things, 14

Alcestis, referred to, 139

Alcibiades, dialogue, 137

Alexander, relations with Aristotle, 174; influence of conquests of, 242

Anarchy, in politics and in philosophy, 83; reaction against, by
Socrates, 102

Anaxagoras, 52; relation of Empedocles to, 62; quoted by Aristotle, 200

Anaximander, 7

Anaximenes, 14

Anthropomorphism, criticised, 32

Antigonus, friend of Zeno, 229

Antisthenes, 128

Apology, dialogue, 136

Appetite, the only reality, 96

Archilochus, criticised by Heraclitus, 16

Aristippus, 124

Aristocracy, in politics and in philosophy, 82

Aristotle, on Thales, 4; on Xenophanes, 32; on Zeno, 42; on Melissus,
47; on Anaxagoras, 54; on Empedocles, 59, 63, 70; a complete Socratic,
103; on Socrates, 106; on Sophists, 115; debt to Plato, 159; on Plato,
163; chapters on, 172 _sqq._; his fresh contributions to Academic
philosophy, 173; two classes of lectures, 175; library, _ib._;
predominance of, 176; style, 177; differences from Plato, 178

Art, a greater revealer than science, 66; relation of Love to, 137; a
mode of creation, 139

Asceticism, of Cynics, 128; of Plato, 168; of Epicurus, 225

Atarneus, residence of Aristotle, 174

Athens, visited by Parmenides and Zeno, 34, 42, 157; residence of
Anaxagoras, 52; centre of sophistry, 85; birthplace of Socrates, 103;
visited by Aristippus, 124; birthplace of Antisthenes, 129; and of
Plato, 134; dialogue in praise of, 137; residence of Aristotle, 173; of
Epicurus, 211

Atlantis, kingdom of, 153

Atomists, 52; revived theory of, 215

Atoms, constituents of nature, 76, 216; deviation of, 216

Beauty, one aspect of ideal, 110; relation to creative instinct, 139;
science of universal beauty, 141

Becoming, the fundamental principle, 16; passage from Being to, 36, 39

Beginning (_arche_), of Thales, 3; Aristotle's definition, 4;
difficulties of material theories of, 36l

Being, eternal being like a sphere, 32; passage from, to Becoming, 36,
39; a co-equal element with Nonentity, 75; analysis of, 159; and the
Other, 165

Body, realisation of soul, 27; a prison, 28; unthinkable except with
reference to space, 75; source of illusion, 164

Canonics, form of logic, 215

Cause, three causes, 110; equals essence, 167; first causes subject of
philosophy, 179; relation of, to potentiality, 185

Cave, of this life, 148, 166

Chaldaea, visited by Pythagoras, 22; by Democritus, 74

Change, how account for, 10, 35, 39, 75

Chaos, of the Atomists, 53; of Empedocles, 69; king in philosophy, 83;
life not a chaos, 105

Charmides, dialogue, 136

Christ, brings sword, 99; kingdom of, 149

Chrysippus, successor of Cleanthes, 229

Cicero, mistranslates Pythagoras, 28; criticises Epicurus, 212, 221;
exponent of New Academy, 242

Citium, birthplace of Zeno, 228

Clazomenae, birthplace of Anaxagoras, 52

Cleanthes, successor of Zeno, 229; hymn of, 236

Codrus, Plato descended from, 134; sacrifice of, 139

Colophon, birthplace of Xenophanes, 31

Commonplaces, function of, in sophistry, 84

Community of wives, 148; ideal community, 149 (and see _State_)

Contradiction, philosophy of, 65

Cosmogony, of Democritus, 77; of Plato, 150; of Aristotle, 200; of
Epicurus, 219; of the Stoics, 231

Cosmopolitanism, of Cyrenaics and Cynics, 128; of later systems, 242

Courage, treated of in _Laches_, 136

Cratylus, dialogue, 137

Creation, a great expiation, 73; in the soul, 139; working out of God's
image, 151; union of Essence and Matter, 167

Criterion, feeling the only, 127

Critias, dialogue, 153

Crito, dialogue, 136

Crux, in philosophy, 190

Cynic, origin of name, 130; influence of school on Plato, 154; _v._
Epicurean, 226

Cyrene, seat of Cyrenaic school, 124; visited by Plato, 134; influence
of school on Plato, 154

Death, birth of the soul, 19

Deduction, _v._ Induction, 48; function of, in Aristotle, 184

Definitions, search for, by Socrates, 106; of no value, 132; rules for,
laid down by Plato, 156

Democritus, 74; relation of Epicurus to, 216

Demonstrative science, based on abstraction, 11

Desire, part of soul, 28, 169; thought without, gives no motive, 191;
distinctions among, 224

Destruction, meaning of, 53

Dialectic, Parmenides founder of, 39; Zeno inventor of, 42; Platonic
theory of, 164, 171

Dichotomy, invented by Zeno, 43

Difference (see _Essence_), all difference quantitative, 76;
conditioned by dissimilarity in atoms, 77

Dilemma, Melissus' use of, 46

Diogenes, pupil of Antisthenes, 130

Dionysius, elder and younger, connection of Plato with, 135

Diotima, conversation of, with Socrates, 137

Dry light, 19

Dualism, unthinkable, 32; in nature, 38; of Plato and Aristotle, 184

Dynamic, see _Potentiality_

Earth, principle in nature, 38

Education, preparation for heaven, 148; ideal, 149; true function of,
169; three stages, 170; an entelechy, 191

Egypt, visited by Pythagoras, 22; Democritus, 74; Plato, 135

Elea, seat of Eleatic school, 30; birthplace of Parmenides, 33

Eleatics, relation of Empedocles to, 62; of Democritus, 75; of Plato,
154, 165

Elements, the four, 62; in creation, 151; in body and in soul, 156

Empedocles, 58

Ends of Life, indifference as to, 96; importance in later Greek
philosophy, 125; Plato's view of, 168; Aristotle's, 193; Epicurean, 222

Entelechy, Life, 186, 190; God, 188; Thought, _ib._; Education, 191;
Morality, 193; State, 197; physical world, 199; Soul, 203

Ephesus, birthplace of Heraclitus, 15

Epicurus, 211; praises of, by Lucretius, 212; garden of, 213; relation
to Democritus, 216

Essence _v._ Difference, 48; equals Cause, 167

Euclides, 132

Euripides, friend of Anaxagoras, 52

Euthydemus, conversation with Socrates, 116; dialogue, 137

Euthyphro, dialogue, 136

Even, _v._ Odd, 24

Evil, origin of, 33; necessary on earth, 168; God cause of evil, but
hath none, 234

Evolution, Anaximander's conception of, 12; Xenophanes' theory of, 33;
relation of, to fundamental conception of Being, _ib._; view of
Empedocles, 70

Existence, an idea prior to Time and Space, 37; not given by
Experience, 45; four forms of, 166; philosophy treats of existence as
such, 181

Exoteric kind of lectures, 175

Female, see _Male_

Fire, original of things, 17; one of two principles, 38

Flux, of all things, 16; of life, 27, 73; sophistic theory of, 87

Form _v._ Matter, 25, 48; Aristotle's theory of, 203

Formulae, never adequate, 122

Freewill, problem of, 33; relation to law, 113; and overruling
providence, 155

Friendship, treated of in _Lysis_, 136

Genus, has less of existence than species, 183

God, soul of the world, 27; the Odd-Even, 26; the universe His
self-picturing, 26; God is one, 32; not a function of matter, 33;
atomic origin of idea of, 80; the law or ideal in the universe, 112;
Man the friend of God, 142; works out His image in creation, 151; God's
thought and God's working, 152; is Mind universal, 164; cause of union
in creation, 166; His visible images in Man and Nature, _ib._; cause
both of good and of knowledge, 166; thoughts of, eternally existing,
187; an entelechy, 188; Epicurean theory of, 221; Stoic theory of, 233

Golden age, 73

Gorgias, 92; Antisthenes pupil of, 129; dialogue, 137

Greek _v._ Modern difficulties, 158

Gymnastic, function of, 170

Habit, Aristotle's definition of, 195

Happiness, chief good, 193; reason standard of, 196

Harmony, the eternal, 19; soul a harmony, 29

Hecataeus, referred to by Herodotus, 2

Hegel, philosophic system of, 159

Heraclitus, 15; _v._ Democritus, 74; Plato student of, 134; relation of
Plato to, 163

Hercules, patron-god of Cynics, 130

Herodotus, notices Hecataeus, 2

Hesiod, praised, 139

Hippias, dialogue, 137

Homer, criticised by Heraclitus, 16; anthropomorphism of, 31; praised,
139

Horace, quoted, 125

Humanitarianism, began in scepticism, 99

Humanity, granted only to possessors of eternal truth, 145

Husk, symbol of evolution, 12

Idea, exists prior to sensation, 143; eternal in universe, 150;
rational element in sensation, 152; Platonic criticism of, 157;
universals are ideas of real existences, 163; things partake of, 164;
relation of, to Pythagorean 'Numbers,' 167; Aristotelian criticism of,
181; necessarily prior to sensation, 187

Ideal, struggle of old and new, 99; in the arts, 110; has three
aspects, Justice, Beauty, Utility, _ib._; great ideal in the universe,
112; can never wholly fit the real, 239

Idealism, _v._ Practicality, 4, 96; Parmenides founder of, 39; _v._
Realism, 51; _v._ Epicureanism, 216

Immortality, aspect of, to Greeks, 40; Parmenides pioneer for, 41;
_Phaedo_ dialogue on, 136; Love and immortality, 138; of soul, 150;
relation of doctrine to Platonic recollection, 154; faith as to, 155;
Man must put on, 168; Aristotle's view of, 207

Inconsistency, not forbidden in philosophy, 64

Individual, _v._ Universal, 99; relation of, to community, 147, 196;
reality of, 184; importance of, in later systems, 243

Individualism, in philosophy, 83, 85; not wholly bad, 98; required
reconciling with universalism, 100

Induction (see Deduction); Socrates inventor of, 106; Plato's
contributions to, 160; function of, in Aristotle, 184

Infinite or indefinite, origin of things, 8; function of, in
mathematics, 10; relation to definite, 24, 26, 165

Infinity, origin of idea of, 46

Intellect, division of soul, 28, 169

Ion, dialogue, 136

Irony, of Socrates, 105

Jowett, Prof., quoted, 39, 43, 89, 138, 142, 153, 158

Judgment, vision of, 150

Justice, a cheating device, 95; one form of ideal or universal, 110;
related to law and to utility, 120; the fairest wisdom, 139; dialogue
on, 146; only interest of stronger, 147; writ large in state, 147;
perfection of whole man, and of state, 169; a civic quality
restraining, 198; Epicurean theory of, 225

Kant, his _Critic_ referred to, 158; maxim of, 236

Knowledge, _v._ Opinion, 33, 35, 51; impossible, 93; really exists,
164; first causes pertain to, 179; must have real object, 183;
potential and actual, 203

'Know thyself,' 113; dialogue on, 137

Laches, dialogue, 136

Lampsacus, place of death of Anaxagoras, 57

Laughing philosopher, 74

Law, in universe, 112; relation to Freewill, 113; relation to Justice,
120; fulfilled through Love, 122; Laws, dialogue, 160; potential and
actual, 192

Leontini, birthplace of Gorgias, 92

Leucippus, 74

Life, death of the soul, 19; a prison, 28; a sentinel-post, _ib._; a
union of contradictories, 66; a dwelling in cave, 148; organic idea of,
185; an entelechy, 190; different kinds of, 194; Aristotle's
definition, 203

Listeners, in Pythagorean system, 23

Logic, Parmenides founder of, 39; Zeno inventor of, 42; contributions
of Plato and Aristotle to, 159; governing idea of Aristotle's, 184; of
Epicurus, 215; Stoic divisions of, 230

Love, motive force in Nature, 38; one of two principles, 38, 63;
fulfilling of the law, 122; dialogues on, 137, 144; pure and impure, 145

Lucretius, praises Empedocles, 59; Epicurus, 212; proofs by, of
Epicurus' theory, 217; exponent of Roman Epicureanism, 242

Lyceum, school of Aristotle, 174

Lycurgus, praised, 140

Lysis, dialogue, 136

Magnet, soul of, 6

Male and Female, Pythagorean view of, 24; principles in Nature, 38;
equality of, 148; correlative, 167; basis of State, 197

Man, measure of truth, 87; working with Eternal Mind, 155; Does Man
partake in God's ideas? 158; differentia of, possession of reason, 191;
function of, 193; a political animal, 197; wisest of animals, why? 200

Materialism, ancient and modern, 57; of Epicureans, 220; of Stoics, 233

Mathematicians, in system of Pythagoras, 23

Mathematics, based on indefinables, 10; function of, in Pythagorean
philosophy, 25; and in Platonic, 170

Matter (see _Mind_), _v._ Thought, 48; another name for the formless,
151, 167; correlative of Mind, 167; what it symbolises, 184; relation
to Form, 203

Mechanical theory, of universe, 56, 78; of virtue, 195

Megara, birthplace of Euclides, 132; influence of school on Plato, 154

Melissus, 46

Menexenus, dialogue, 137

Meno, dialogue, 136; relation to Aristotle's doctrine, 191

Midwifery of Socrates, 104

Might, without Right is weak, 147; is Right in tyrant, 149

Miletus, birthplace of Thales, 1; of Anaximander, 7; of Anaximenes, 14

Mind, _v._ Matter, 51, 167; function of, in the universe, 54; God's
mind working on matter, 151; ruler of universe, 155; must rule
pleasure, 156; home of ideas, 164; correlative of matter, 167; passive
and creative, 207

Moist or base element, 18

Monarchy, in politics and in philosophy, 82

Morality, a convention, 95, 126; traditional morality of Greece
required remodelling, 98; question as to origin solved by Socrates,
121; can never exhaust Subject, 188; an entelechy, 192; potential and
actual, 194

Motion, animal, how accounted for, 79

Multiplicity, see _Unity_

Music, of the spheres, 27; of seven planets, 151; function of, in
education, 29, 170

Myth, of Steeds, 144; of Judgment, 150; of Creation, 152; philosophers
fond of, 178

Names, approximations to reality, 165

Nature, treatises on, 16, 34, 46, 217; a reason in, 37; male and female
principles in, 38; Love motive force in, _ib._; the non-existent, 92;
'touch of nature,' 191; Aristotle's conception of, 199; violations of,
201; order of, 217; clearly immortal, 218; a life consistent with, 236

Necessity, creative power, 38, 63; how used by Democritus, 78;
Aristotle's conception of, 201

Neleus, family (owners of Aristotle's library), 175

Nicomachus, father of Aristotle, 172

Notions, Epicurus' view of, 215

Number, original of things, 24; relation of ideas to, 167

Obedience, through disobedience, 122

Obscure, epithet of Heraclitus, 15

Odd, _v._ Even, 24

Opinion, _v._ Knowledge, 33, 35

Oracle, answer of, respecting Socrates, 107; maxim engraved on, 113

Organism, idea of, in Aristotle, 185, 205

Organon, of Aristotle, 159

Origination, meaning of, 53, 62

Other, the 'Other' of Plato, 165

Pains, classification of, 131; converted into pleasures, 131, 227;
moral function of, 238

Pantheistic apathy, 20

Parmenides, 33; relation of Zeno to, 42; visited Athens, 157; dialogue,
_ib._

Particular, see _Universal_

Passion, part of soul, 28, 169

Paul, St., influence of Stoicism on, 228; relation of, to Greek
philosophy, 244

Pericles, friend of Anaxagoras, 52; and of Protagoras, 86

Peripatetics, origin of name, 174

Personality, absence of, in Greek thought, 40

Persuasion, only true wisdom, 88

Phaedo, quoted from, 54; dialogue, 136

Phaedrus, dialogue, 142

Phenomena, not source of abstract ideas, 15

Philebus, dialogue, 156

Philosophy, different from science, 9; does not forbid inconsistency,
64; a form of poesy or fiction, 66; at the basis of religion, art, and
morals, 67; great philosophies never die, 68; first systematically
divided by Democritus, 75; relation to politics, 82, 97; paradox of,
100; crisis of, _ib._; of nature and of moral, 101; a means of social
culture, 125; relation of Love to, 137; must rule on earth, 149; only
makes happy guesses in science, 152; origin of, 178; investigates first
causes, 179; crux in, 190; Epicurus' definition of, 214; a search for
chief good, 229

Plato, criticism of Protagoras, 89; a _complete_ Socratic, 103: took
refuge with Euclides, 132, 134; compared to Shakespeare, 134; as
psychologist, 155; central doctrines of, 155; dogma impossible, 162;
Aristotle on, 163; relation to Heraclitus, _ib._; and to the Eleatics,
165; relation of Aristotle to, 178, 181; his mistake as to universals,
182

Pleasure, end of life, 126; contempt of, 131; reason gives law to, 149;
is it chief good? 156; Epicurean theory of, 222; moral function of, 238

Politics, relation to philosophy, 82, 97; influence of sophistry upon,
88

Politicus, see _Statesman_

Potentiality (Dynamic idea), how used by Aristotle, 185; of feeling,
195; equals matter, 203

Practicality, _v._ Idealism, 4

Predication, Epicurus' view of, 215

Propositions, _v._ Things, 189

Protagoras, 85; Plato's criticism of, 89; dialogue, 136

Protoplasm, explains nothing, 37

Punishment, Sophistic theory of, 88

Pyrrho, founder of Scepticism, 211

Pythagoras, 23

Quinta Essentia, origin of, 202

Quixote, the world admires, 227

Realisation (Actuality), correlative of potentiality, 185; relation to
Plato's Recollection, 188; chief good, 194

Reality, standard of, 40, 51; distinction between, and appearance,
abolished, 83, 87; no necessary relation between thought and reality,
94; the only reality appetite, 96; thoughts of God the only reality,
164; approximations to, 165; ideal can never wholly fit, 239

Reason, function of, 37, 56; corrector of the senses, 61; governs
evolution, 70; worse made to appear better, 84; realises itself through
individuals, 114; gives law to pleasure, 149, 156; man possesses, 191;
actual and latent, 192; partly obedient, partly contemplative, 194; an
element in Habit, 195; an impersonal ruler, 196

Recollection (or Reminiscence), departure and renewal of knowledge,
138; doctrine of, in Plato, 142; Platonic criticism of, 154; nature of,
165; relation of Aristotle's theory to, 188

Reminiscence, see _Recollection_

Republic, dialogue, 146; relation of, to Aristotle's doctrine, 192

Revelation, how criticise? 158

Right, Might without, is weak, 147

Samos, birthplace of Pythagoras, 23; of Melissus, 46; of Epicurus, 211

Scepticism, its isolating influence, 94; destroys not appetite, but
moral restraint, 95; represented birth of new conditions, 98; phase of
decay in distinctively Greek life, 211

Science, philosophy different from, 9; happy guesses in, 152;
different kinds of, 180; can never exhaust object, 188

Scrip and staff, emblems of Cynics, 130

Semitic elements in later Greek philosophy, 228

Seneca, on Epicurus, 225; exponent of Roman Stoicism, 242

Senses (or Sensation), channel for the eternal wisdom, 18; data of, no
measure of reality, 40; not source of ideas, 45; untrustworthy, 49;
necessary to truth, 56; no test of truth, 60; relation to reason, 61;
based on composite character of body, 71; atomic theory of, 79; give no
absolute truth, 80; no distinction between, and thing or mind, 87;
reaction of moral theory on theory of sensation, 102; invalid as
against reason, 133; has rational elements conditioning, 151; universal
cannot belong to, 163; universals furthest removed from, 180; only
source of knowledge, 214; Epicurean theory of emission, 221; Stoic
theory, 230

Shakespeare, Plato compared to, 134

Sicily, birthplace of Empedocles, 58; connection with rise of
Sophistry, 84, 86, 92; connection of Plato with, 135

Sin, willing and unwilling, 121

Sinope, birthplace of Diogenes, 130

Sleep, cuts us off from eternal wisdom, 18

Socrates, 101; relation to Anaxagoras, 54; his doctrine in general,
100; marks a parting of ways, 103; warning 'voice' or 'daemon' of, 104;
philosophic midwifery, _ib._; irony, 105; not an expositor, 115;
relation to Sophists, _ib._; Aristippus student of, 124; criticises
Antisthenes, 129; Plato pupil of, 134; dialogue concerning, 136;
conversation of Diotima with, 137; in _Republic_, 146

Socratics, complete and incomplete, 103; incomplete, 125, 128

Solon, Plato descended from, 134; praised, 140

Sophists, 82; name first used by Protagoras, 85; influence of, on
politics, 88, 97; refuted by the arts, 111; relation to Socrates, 115;
Platonic dialogues on, 136; dialogue so named, 159

Soul of all things, 6; a fiery exhalation, 18; God soul of the world,
27; soul realised in body, _ib._; soul double, 28; triple, 28, 169;
life of soul a harmony, 29; composed of finest atoms, 78; even that of
universe, 80; loss of one's soul, 150; world-soul the first creation,
151; divisions of, 169; an entelechy, 203; definition of, 204; _v._
body, 205; Epicurean theory of, 220

Space, existence prior to, 37, 167; unthinkable except with reference
to body, 75

Sparta, ideas from, in _Republic_, 148; influence on Plato's Laws, 160

Species, has more of existence than genus, 183

Speusippus, successor of Plato, 172

Stagira, birthplace of Aristotle, 172

State, Justice writ large in, 147; classes in, 169; an entelechy, 196

Statesman (or Politicus), dialogue, 159

Stoicism, Semitic element in, 228; origin of name, 229

Strife, original of things, 17; one of two principles, 38, 63

Substance defined, 203

Sulla, brought Aristotle's library to Rome, 176

Summum bonum, what? 156; relation of man's perfection, 168; philosophy
search for, 229

Symposium, dialogue, 137

Tabula rasa, Stoic theory of, 231

Tarsus, birthplace of St. Paul and (possibly) of Chrysippus, 229

Temperance, treated of in _Charmides_, 136; fairest sort of wisdom, 139

Thales, 2

Theaetetus, quoted from, 89; dialogue, 159

Theophrastus, successor of Aristotle, 175

Things, in themselves, how known? 158; partake in the idea, 164; _v._
Propositions, 189

Thought, of God, 150; ideal elements in, 152; of God, source of
reality, 164; relation to matter, 184; of God, eternally existing in
ideas, 187; an entelechy, 188; without desire, no motive, 191; arms
of, 198; only converted sensation, 223

Thucydides, quoted, 97

Thurii, code for, drawn up by Protagoras, 86

Timaeus, dialogue, 150

Time, brings its revenges, 8; plays with the dice, 20; existence prior
to, 37, 168

Tortoise, see _Achilles_

Transmigration of souls, 27, 73

Truth, first duty of man, 29 senses give no absolute, 80; title of work
by Protagoras, 86; man measure of, 87; abstract truth impossible,
_ib._; dialogue concerning, 137

Tyranny, in politics and in philosophy, 83

Ultimately, significance of word, 190

Unity, _v._ Multiplicity, 28; of objects only apparent, 76; no absolute
unity either of body or soul, 138; analysis of, 159; in thoughts of
God, 164

Universal, _v._ Particular, 48; _v._ Individual, 99; search after lost,
105, 163; three forms, Justice, Beauty, Utility, 110; cannot belong to
sense, 163; knowledge of, function of philosophy, 180; does not exist
apart from particulars, 181; has less of existence than particulars,
183; they are not antithetical, 189

Universe, the self-picturing of God, 27; mechanical theory of, 56;
ideal working in, 112; origin of, 151, 165, 200, 216, 232

Utility, relation to Justice, 120; philosophy does not seek, 178

Virtue, teachable through persuasion, 88; is knowledge, 112, 118;
teachable through training, 131; sufficient for happiness, _ib._;
teachableness of, 136, 191; immortal product of soul, 139; a habit,
195; a mean, _ib._; Reason standard of, 196; alone absolutely good, 238

Void, existence of, 75; proofs of, 219

Water, beginning of things, 4

Weeping philosopher, 20; _v._ laughing philosopher, 74

Wisdom, persuasion only true, 88; moderate indulgence, 126; a weaning
of soul from pleasure, 131; temperance and justice the fairest, 139;
heavenly and earthly, 148; Is it chief good? 156; Divine wisdom
governor, 157; Aristotle's definition of, 180

Wise man, personification of reason, 196

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