The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4)

J >> J. Arthur Thomson >> The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4)

Pages:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26

[Illustration: THE GREAT SCARLET SOLAR PROMINENCES, WHICH ARE SUCH A
NOTABLE FEATURE OF THE SOLAR PHENOMENA, ARE IMMENSE OUTBURSTS OF FLAMING
HYDROGEN RISING SOMETIMES TO A HEIGHT OF 500,000 MILES]

THE
OUTLINE OF SCIENCE

A PLAIN STORY SIMPLY TOLD

EDITED BY
J. ARTHUR THOMSON
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN

WITH OVER 800 ILLUSTRATIONS
OF WHICH ABOUT 40 ARE IN COLOUR

IN FOUR VOLUMES

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Knickerbocker press

Copyright, 1922
by
G. P. Putnam's Sons

_First Printing April, 1922
Second Printing April, 1922
Third Printing April, 1922
Fourth Printing April, 1922
Fifth Printing June, 1922
Sixth Printing June, 1922
Seventh Printing June, 1922
Eighth Printing June, 1922
Ninth Printing August, 1922
Tenth Printing September, 1922
Eleventh Printing Sept., 1922
Twelfth Printing, May, 1924_

Made in the United States of America

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

By Professor J. Arthur Thomson

Was it not the great philosopher and mathematician Leibnitz who said
that the more knowledge advances the more it becomes possible to
condense it into little books? Now this "Outline of Science" is
certainly not a little book, and yet it illustrates part of the meaning
of Leibnitz's wise saying. For here within reasonable compass there is a
library of little books--an outline of many sciences.

It will be profitable to the student in proportion to the discrimination
with which it is used. For it is not in the least meant to be of the
nature of an Encyclopaedia, giving condensed and comprehensive articles
with a big full stop at the end of each. Nor is it a collection of
"primers," beginning at the very beginning of each subject and working
methodically onwards. That is not the idea.

What then is the aim of this book? It is to give the intelligent
student-citizen, otherwise called "the man in the street," a bunch of
intellectual keys by which to open doors which have been hitherto shut
to him, partly because he got no glimpse of the treasures behind the
doors, and partly because the portals were made forbidding by an
unnecessary display of technicalities. Laying aside conventional modes
of treatment and seeking rather to open up the subject as one might on a
walk with a friend, the work offers the student what might be called
informal introductions to the various departments of knowledge. To put
it in another way, the articles are meant to be clues which the reader
may follow till he has left his starting point very far behind. Perhaps
when he has gone far on his own he will not be ungrateful to the simple
book of "instructions to travellers" which this "Outline of Science" is
intended to be. The simple "bibliographies" appended to the various
articles will be enough to indicate "first books." Each article is meant
to be an invitation to an intellectual adventure, and the short lists of
books are merely finger-posts for the beginning of the journey.

We confess to being greatly encouraged by the reception that has been
given to the English serial issue of "The Outline of Science." It has
been very hearty--we might almost say enthusiastic. For we agree with
Professor John Dewey, that "the future of our civilisation depends upon
the widening spread and deepening hold of the scientific habit of mind."
And we hope that this is what "The Outline of Science" makes for.
Information is all to the good; interesting information is better still;
but best of all is the education of the scientific habit of mind.
Another modern philosopher, Professor L. T. Hobhouse, has declared that
the evolutionist's mundane goal is "the mastery by the human mind of the
conditions, internal as well as external, of its life and growth." Under
the influence of this conviction "The Outline of Science" has been
written. For life is not for science, but science for life. And even
more than science, to our way of thinking, is the individual development
of the scientific way of looking at things. Science is our legacy; we
must use it if it is to be our very own.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3

I. THE ROMANCE OF THE HEAVENS 7

The scale of the universe--The solar system--Regions of
the sun--The surface of the sun--Measuring the speed of
light--Is the sun dying?--The planets--Venus--Is there
life on Mars?--Jupiter and Saturn--The moon--The
mountains of the moon--Meteors and comets--Millions of
meteorites--A great comet--The stellar universe--The
evolution of stars--The age of stars--The nebular
theory--Spiral nebulae--The birth and death of
stars--The shape of our universe--Astronomical
instruments.

II. THE STORY OF EVOLUTION 53

The beginning of the earth--Making a home for life--The
first living creatures--The first plants--The first
animals--Beginnings of bodies--Evolution of
sex--Beginning of natural death--Procession of life
through the ages--Evolution of land animals--The flying
dragons--The first known bird--Evidences of
evolution--Factors in evolution.

III. ADAPTATIONS TO ENVIRONMENT 113

The shore of the sea--The open sea--The deep sea--The
fresh waters--The dry land--The air.

IV. THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE 135

Animal and bird mimicry and disguise--Other kinds of
elusiveness.

V. THE ASCENT OF MAN 153

Anatomical proof of man's relationship with a Simian
stock--Physiological proof--Embryological proof--Man's
pedigree--Man's arboreal apprenticeship--Tentative
men--Primitive men--Races of mankind--Steps in human
evolution--Factors in human progress.

VI. EVOLUTION GOING ON 183

Evolutionary prospect for man--The fountain of change;
variability--Evolution of plants--Romance of
wheat--Changes in animal life--Story of the
salmon--Forming new habits--Experiments in locomotion;
new devices.

VII. THE DAWN OF MIND 205

A caution in regard to instinct--A useful law--Senses of
fishes--The mind of a minnow--The mind and senses of
amphibians--The reptilian mind--Mind in
birds--Intelligence co-operating with instinct--The
mind of the mammal--Instinctive aptitudes--Power of
association--Why is there not more intelligence?--The
mind of monkeys--Activity for activity's
sake--Imitation--The mind of man--Body and mind.

VIII. FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNIVERSE 243

The world of atoms--The energy of atoms--The discovery of
X-rays--The discovery of radium--The discovery of the
electron--The electron theory--The structure of the
atom--The new view of matter--Other new views--The
nature of electricity--Electric current--The
dynamo--Magnetism--Ether and waves--Light--What the
blue "sky" means--Light without heat--Forms of
energy--What heat is--Substitutes for coal--Dissipation
of energy--What a uniform temperature would
mean--Matter, ether, and Einstein--The tides--Origin of
the moon--The earth slowing down--The day becoming
longer.

ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING
PAGE

THE GREAT SCARLET SOLAR PROMINENCES, WHICH ARE SUCH A
NOTABLE FEATURE OF THE SOLAR PHENOMENA, ARE IMMENSE
OUTBURSTS OF FLAMING HYDROGEN RISING SOMETIMES TO A
HEIGHT OF 500,000 MILES
_Coloured Frontispiece_

LAPLACE 10

PROFESSOR J. C. ADAMS 10
Photo: Royal Astronomical Society.

PROFESSOR EDDINGTON OF CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY 10
Photo: Elliot & Fry, Ltd.

THE PLANETS, SHOWING THEIR RELATIVE DISTANCES AND
DIMENSIONS 11

THE MILKY WAY 14
Photo: Harvard College Observatory.

THE MOON ENTERING THE SHADOW CAST BY THE EARTH 14

THE GREAT NEBULA IN ANDROMEDA, MESSIER 31 15
From a photograph taken at the Yerkes Observatory.

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MAIN LAYERS OF THE SUN 18

SOLAR PROMINENCES SEEN AT TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE, MAY 29,
1919. TAKEN AT SOBRAL, BRAZIL 18
Photo: Royal Observatory, Greenwich.

THE VISIBLE SURFACE OF THE SUN 19
Photo: Mount Wilson Observatory.

THE SUN PHOTOGRAPHED IN THE LIGHT OF GLOWING HYDROGEN 19
Photo: Mount Wilson Observatory.

THE AURORA BOREALIS (_Coloured Illustration_) 20
Reproduced from _The Forces of Nature_ (Messrs. Macmillan)

THE GREAT SUN-SPOT OF JULY 17, 1905 22
Yerkes Observatory.

SOLAR PROMINENCES 22
From photographs taken at the Yerkes Observatory.

MARS, OCTOBER 5, 1909 23
Photo: Mount Wilson Observatory.

JUPITER 23

SATURN, NOVEMBER 19, 1911 23
Photo: Professor E. E. Barnard, Yerkes Observatory.

THE SPECTROSCOPE, AN INSTRUMENT FOR ANALYSING LIGHT; IT
PROVIDES MEANS FOR IDENTIFYING SUBSTANCES (_Coloured
Illustration_) 24

THE MOON 28

MARS 29
Drawings by Professor Percival Lowell.

THE MOON, AT NINE AND THREE QUARTER DAYS 29

A MAP OF THE CHIEF PLAINS AND CRATERS OF THE MOON 32

A DIAGRAM OF A STREAM OF METEORS SHOWING THE EARTH PASSING
THROUGH THEM 32

COMET, SEPTEMBER 29, 1908 33
Photo: Royal Observatory, Greenwich.

COMET, OCTOBER 3, 1908 33
Photo: Royal Observatory, Greenwich.

TYPICAL SPECTRA 36
Photo: Harvard College Observatory.

A NEBULAR REGION SOUTH OF ZETA ORIONIS 37
Photo: Mount Wilson Observatory.

STAR CLUSTER IN HERCULES 37
Photo: Astrophysical Observatory, Victoria, British Columbia.

THE GREAT NEBULA IN ORION 40
Photo: Yerkes Observatory.

GIANT SPIRAL NEBULA, MARCH 23, 1914 41
Photo: Lick Observatory.

A SPIRAL NEBULA SEEN EDGE-ON 44
Photo: Mount Wilson Observatory.

100-INCH TELESCOPE, MOUNT WILSON 45
Photo: H. J. Shepstone.

THE YERKES 40-INCH REFRACTOR 48

THE DOUBLE-SLIDE PLATE-HOLDER ON YERKES 40-INCH REFRACTING
TELESCOPE 49
Photo: H. J. Shepstone.

MODERN DIRECT-READING SPECTROSCOPE 49
By A. Hilger, Ltd.

CHARLES DARWIN 56
Photo: Rischgitz Collection.

LORD KELVIN 56
Photo: Rischgitz Collection.

A GIANT SPIRAL NEBULA 57
Photo: Lick Observatory.

METEORITE WHICH FELL NEAR SCARBOROUGH AND IS NOW TO BE SEEN
IN THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM 57
Photo: Natural History Museum.

A LIMESTONE CANYON 60
Reproduced from the Smithsonian Report, 1915.

GEOLOGICAL TREE OF ANIMALS 61

DIAGRAM OF AMOEBA 61

A PIECE OF A REEF-BUILDING CORAL, BUILT UP BY A LARGE
COLONY OF SMALL SEA-ANEMONE-LIKE POLYPS, EACH OF WHICH
FORMS FROM THE SALTS OF THE SEA A SKELETON OR SHELL OF
LIME 64
From the Smithsonian Report, 1917.

A GROUP OF CHALK-FORMING ANIMALS, OR FORAMINIFERA, EACH
ABOUT THE SIZE OF A VERY SMALL PIN'S HEAD 65
Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.

A COMMON FORAMINIFER (POLYSTOMELLA) SHOWING THE SHELL IN
THE CENTRE AND THE OUTFLOWING NETWORK OF LIVING MATTER,
ALONG WHICH GRANULES ARE CONTINUALLY TRAVELLING, AND BY
WHICH FOOD PARTICLES ARE ENTANGLED AND DRAWN IN 65
Reproduced by permission of the Natural History Museum
(after Max Schultze).

A PLANT-LIKE ANIMAL, OR ZOOPHYTE, CALLED OBELIA 68
Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.

TRYPANOSOMA GAMBIENSE 69
Reproduced by permission of _The Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci._

VOLVOX 69

PROTEROSPONGIA 69

GREEN HYDRA 72
Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.

DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE BEGINNING OF INDIVIDUAL LIFE 72

EARTHWORM 72
Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.

GLASS MODEL OF A SEA-ANEMONE 72
Reproduced from the Smithsonian Report, 1917.

THIS DRAWING SHOWS THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN FROM FISH TO
MAN 73

OKAPI AND GIRAFFE (_Coloured Illustration_) 74

DIAGRAM OF A SIMPLE REFLEX ARC IN A BACKBONELESS ANIMAL
LIKE AN EARTHWORM 76

THE YUCCA MOTH 76
Photo: British Museum (Natural History).

INCLINED PLANE OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 76

VENUS' FLY-TRAP 77
Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.

A SPIDER SUNNING HER EGGS 77
Reproduced by permission from _The Wonders of Instinct_ by
J. H. Fabre.

THE HOATZIN INHABITS BRITISH GUIANA 82

PERIPATUS 83
Photograph, from the British Museum (Natural History), of a
drawing by Mr. E. Wilson.

ROCK KANGAROO CARRYING ITS YOUNG IN A POUCH 83
Photo: W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.

PROFESSOR THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY (1825-95) 86
Photo: Rischgitz.

BARON CUVIER, 1769-1832 86

AN ILLUSTRATION SHOWING VARIOUS METHODS OF FLYING AND
SWOOPING 87

ANIMALS OF THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD 90
From Knipe's _Nebula to Man_.

A TRILOBITE 90
Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.

THE GAMBIAN MUD-FISH, PROTOPTERUS 91
Photo: British Museum (Natural History).

THE ARCHAEOPTERYX 91
After William Leche of Stockholm.

WING OF A BIRD, SHOWING THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE FEATHERS 91

PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF STRATA OF THE EARTH'S CRUST,
WITH SUGGESTIONS OF CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS (_Coloured
Illustration_) 92

FOSSIL OF A PTERODACTYL OR EXTINCT FLYING DRAGON 94
Photo: British Museum (Natural History).

PARIASAURUS: AN EXTINCT VEGETARIAN TRIASSIC REPTILE 94
From Knipe's _Nebula to Man_.

TRICERATOPS: A HUGE EXTINCT REPTILE 95
From Knipe's _Nebula to Man_.

THE DUCKMOLE OR DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS OF AUSTRALIA 95
Photo: _Daily Mail_.

SKELETON OF AN EXTINCT FLIGHTLESS TOOTHED BIRD, HESPERORNIS 100
After Marsh.

SIX STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE, SHOWING GRADUAL
INCREASE IN SIZE 101
After Lull and Matthew.

DIAGRAM SHOWING SEVEN STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE
FORE-LIMBS AND HIND-LIMBS OF THE ANCESTORS OF THE MODERN
HORSE, BEGINNING WITH THE EARLIEST KNOWN PREDECESSORS OF
THE HORSE AND CULMINATING WITH THE HORSE OF TO-DAY 104
After Marsh and Lull.

WHAT IS MEANT BY HOMOLOGY? ESSENTIAL SIMILARITY OF
ARCHITECTURE, THOUGH THE APPEARANCES MAY BE VERY
DIFFERENT 105

AN EIGHT-ARMED CUTTLEFISH OR OCTOPUS ATTACKING A SMALL CRAB 116

A COMMON STARFISH, WHICH HAS LOST THREE ARMS AND IS
REGROWING THEM 116
After Professor W. C. McIntosh.

THE PAPER NAUTILUS (ARGONAUTA), AN ANIMAL OF THE OPEN SEA 117
Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.

A PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING A STARFISH (_Asterias Forreri_) WHICH
HAS CAPTURED A LARGE FISH 117

TEN-ARMED CUTTLEFISH OR SQUID IN THE ACT OF CAPTURING A FISH 118

GREENLAND WHALE 118

MINUTE TRANSPARENT EARLY STAGE OF A SEA-CUCUMBER 119

AN INTRICATE COLONY OF OPEN-SEA ANIMALS (_Physophora
Hydrostatica_) RELATED TO THE PORTUGUESE MAN-OF-WAR 119
Photo: British Museum (Natural History).

A SCENE IN THE GREAT DEPTHS 119

SEA-HORSE IN SARGASSO WEED 120

LARGE MARINE LAMPREYS (_Petromyzon Marinus_) 120

THE DEEP-SEA FISH _Chiasmodon Niger_ 120

DEEP-SEA FISHES 120

FLINTY SKELETON OF VENUS' FLOWER BASKET (_Euplectella_), A
JAPANESE DEEP-SEA SPONGE 121

EGG DEPOSITORY OF _Semotilus Atromaculatus_ 121

THE BITTERLING (_Rhodeus Amarus_) 124

WOOLLY OPOSSUM CARRYING HER FAMILY 124
Photo: W. S. Berridge.

SURINAM TOAD (_Pipa Americana_) WITH YOUNG ONES HATCHING
OUT OF LITTLE POCKETS ON HER BACK 125

STORM PETREL OR MOTHER CAREY'S CHICKEN (_Procellaria
Pelagica_) 125

ALBATROSS: A CHARACTERISTIC PELAGIC BIRD OF THE SOUTHERN
SEA 128

THE PRAYING MANTIS (_Mantis Religiosa_) 138

PROTECTIVE COLORATION: A WINTER SCENE IN NORTH SCANDINAVIA 138

THE VARIABLE MONITOR (_Varanus_) 139
Photo: A. A. White.

BANDED KRAIT: A VERY POISONOUS SNAKE WITH ALTERNATING
YELLOW AND DARK BANDS 140
Photo: W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.

THE WARTY CHAMELEON 140
Photos: W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.

SEASONAL COLOUR-CHANGE: SUMMER SCENE IN NORTH SCANDINAVIA 141

PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE 142
Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.

WHEN ONLY A FEW DAYS OLD, YOUNG BITTERN BEGIN TO STRIKE THE
SAME ATTITUDE AS THEIR PARENTS, THRUSTING THEIR BILLS
UPWARDS AND DRAWING THEIR BODIES UP SO THAT THEY RESEMBLE
A BUNCH OF REEDS 143

PROTECTIVE COLORATION OR CAMOUFLAGING, GIVING ANIMALS A
GARMENT OF INVISIBILITY (_Coloured Illustration_) 144

ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF PROTECTIVE COLORATION (_Coloured
Illustration_) 144

DEAD-LEAF BUTTERFLY (_Kallima Inachis_) FROM INDIA 146

PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN A SMALL SPIDER (_to the
left_) AND AN ANT (_to the right_) 146

THE WASP BEETLE, WHICH, WHEN MOVING AMONGST THE BRANCHES,
GIVES A WASP-LIKE IMPRESSION 147
Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.

HERMIT-CRAB WITH PARTNER SEA-ANEMONES 147

CUCKOO-SPIT 147
Photo: G. P. Duffus.

CHIMPANZEE, SITTING 156
Photo: New York Zoological Park.

CHIMPANZEE, ILLUSTRATING WALKING POWERS 156
Photo: New York Zoological Park.

SURFACE VIEW OF THE BRAINS OF MAN AND CHIMPANZEE 157

SIDE-VIEW OF CHIMPANZEE'S HEAD 157
Photo: New York Zoological Park.

PROFILE VIEW OF HEAD OF PITHECANTHROPUS, THE JAVA APE-MAN,
RECONSTRUCTED FROM THE SKULL-CAP 157
After a model by J. H. McGregor.

THE FLIPPER OF A WHALE AND THE HAND OF A MAN 157

THE GORILLA, INHABITING THE FOREST TRACT OF THE GABOON IN
AFRICA (_Coloured Illustration_) 158

"DARWIN'S POINT" ON HUMAN EAR 160

PROFESSOR SIR ARTHUR KEITH, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. 161
Photo: J. Russell & Sons.

SKELETONS OF THE GIBBON, ORANG, CHIMPANZEE, GORILLA, MAN 161
After T. H. Huxley (by permission of Messrs. Macmillan).

SIDE-VIEW OF SKULL OF MAN AND GORILLA 164

THE SKULL AND BRAIN-CASE OF PITHECANTHROPUS, THE JAVA
APE-MAN, AS RESTORED BY J. H. MCGREGOR FROM THE SCANTY
REMAINS 164

SUGGESTED GENEALOGICAL TREE OF MAN AND ANTHROPOID APES 165

THE GIBBON IS LOWER THAN THE OTHER APES AS REGARDS ITS
SKULL AND DENTITION, BUT IT IS HIGHLY SPECIALIZED IN THE
ADAPTATION OF ITS LIMBS TO ARBOREAL LIFE 166
Photo: New York Zoological Park.

THE ORANG HAS A HIGH ROUNDED SKULL AND A LONG FACE 166
Photo: New York Zoological Park.

COMPARISONS OF THE SKELETONS OF HORSE AND MAN 167
Photo: British Museum (Natural History).

A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE JAVA MAN (_Coloured Illustration_) 168

PROFILE VIEW OF THE HEAD OF PITHECANTHROPUS, THE JAVA
APE-MAN--AN EARLY OFFSHOOT FROM THE MAIN LINE OF MAN'S
ASCENT 170
After a model by J. H. McGregor.

PILTDOWN SKULL 170
From the reconstruction by J. H. McGregor.

SAND-PIT AT MAUER, NEAR HEIDELBERG: DISCOVERY SITE OF THE
JAW OF HEIDELBERG MAN 171
Reproduced by permission from Osborn's
_Men of the Old Stone Age_.

PAINTINGS ON THE ROOF OF THE ALTAMIRA CAVE IN NORTHERN
SPAIN, SHOWING A BISON AND A GALLOPING BOAR (_Coloured
Illustration_) 172

PILTDOWN MAN, PRECEDING NEANDERTHAL MAN, PERHAPS 100,000 TO
150,000 YEARS AGO 174
After the restoration modelled by J. H. McGregor.

THE NEANDERTHAL MAN OF LA CHAPELLE-AUX-SAINTS 175
After the restoration modelled by J. H. McGregor.

RESTORATION BY A. FORESTIER OF THE RHODESIAN MAN WHOSE
SKULL WAS DISCOVERED IN 1921 176-177

SIDE VIEW OF A PREHISTORIC HUMAN SKULL DISCOVERED IN 1921
IN BROKEN HILL CAVE, NORTHERN RHODESIA 178
Photo: British Museum (Natural History).

A CROMAGNON MAN OR CROMAGNARD, REPRESENTATIVE OF A STRONG
ARTISTIC RACE LIVING IN THE SOUTH OF FRANCE IN THE UPPER
PLEISTOCENE, PERHAPS 25,000 YEARS AGO 178
After the restoration modelled by J. H. McGregor.

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING A NARROW PASSAGE IN THE CAVERN OF
FONT-DE-GAUME ON THE BEUNE 179
Reproduced by permission from Osborn's
_Men of the Old Stone Age_.

A MAMMOTH DRAWN ON THE WALL OF THE FONT-DE-GAUME CAVERN 179

A GRAZING BISON, DELICATELY AND CAREFULLY DRAWN, ENGRAVED
ON A WALL OF THE ALTAMIRA CAVE, NORTHERN SPAIN 179

PHOTOGRAPH OF A MEDIAN SECTION THROUGH THE SHELL OF THE
PEARLY NAUTILUS 186

PHOTOGRAPH OF THE ENTIRE SHELL OF THE PEARLY NAUTILUS 186

NAUTILUS 186

SHOEBILL 187
Photo: W. S. Berridge.

THE WALKING-FISH OR MUD-SKIPPER (_Periophthalmus_), COMMON
AT THE MOUTHS OF RIVERS IN TROPICAL AFRICA, ASIA, AND
NORTH-WEST AUSTRALIA 190

THE AUSTRALIAN MORE-PORK OR PODARGUS 190
Photo: _The Times_.

Pages:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26