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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

Kate Carnegie and Those Ministers

I >> Ian Maclaren >> Kate Carnegie and Those Ministers

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"A 've heard him wi' ma ain ears crackin' her up by the 'oor, an' a'
canna mak' oot what set him against her the day; but he 's young,"
remarked Elspeth, sagely, "an' wi' his age it's either saint or deevil,
an' ae day the one an' the next day the ither; there 's nae medium.
Noo, maist fouk are juist half an' between, an' Mary hed her faults.

"Ma word, Jeems," continued Elspeth with much relish, "Mary wud sune
hae settled the minister gin she hed been in the kirk the day."

"Ay, ay," inquired Jeems, "noo what wud the hizzie hae dune?"

"She wud juist hae sent for him an' lookit wi' her een, an' askit him
what ill he hed at her, an' gin that wesna eneuch she wud hae pit her
handkerchief tae her face."

"Of coorse he cudna hae stude that; a' micht hae gien in masel',"
admitted Jeems, "but Knox wes stiff."

"Maister Carmichael is no a Knox, naither are ye, Jeems, an' it's a
mercy for me ye arena. Mary wud hae twistit Maister Carmichael roond
her finger, but a 'm judgin' he 'll catch it as it is afore mony days,
or ma name 's no Elspeth Macfadyen. Did ye see Miss Carnegie rise an'
gae oot afore he feenished?"

"Div ye mean that, Elspeth?" and her husband was amazed at such
penetration. "Noo a' thocht it hed been the heat; a' never held wi'
that stove; it draws up the air. Hoo did ye jalouse yon?"

"She wes fidgetin' in her seat when he yokit on Mary, an' the meenut he
named her 'our Scottish Jezebel' the Miss rose an' opened the seat door
that calm, a' knew she wes in a tantrum, and she gied him a look afore
she closed the kirk door that wud hae brocht ony man tae his senses.

"Jeems," went on Elspeth with solemnity, "a' coont this a doonricht
calamity, for a' wes houpin' he wud hae pleased them the day, an' noo a
'm sair afraid that the minister hes crackit his credit wi' the Lodge."

"Div ye think, Elspeth, he saw her gang oot an' suspeckit the cause?"

"It's maist michty tae hear ye ask sic a question, Jeems. What gared
him mak' a hash o' the baptism prayer, and return thanks that there wes
a leevin' father, instead o' mither, and gie oot the 103rd Paraphrase?
Tak' ma word for't, he 's wishin' by this time that he 'd lat puir Mary
alane."

It was just above Hillocks' farm that the General overtook Kate, who
was still blazing.

"Did you ever hear such vulgar abuse and . . . abominable language from
a pulpit? He 's simply a raging fanatic, and not one bit better than
his Knox. And I . . . we thought him quite different . . . and a
gentleman. I 'll never speak to him again. Scottish Jezebel: I
suppose he would call me Jezebel if it occurred to him."

"Very likely he would," replied the General, dryly, "and I must say his
talk about Queen Mary seemed rather bad taste. But that's not the
question, Kate, which is your conduct in leaving a place of worship in
such an . . . unladylike fashion."

"What?" for this was new talk from her father.

"As no Carnegie ought to have done. You have forgotten yourself and
your house, and there is just one thing for you to do, and the sooner
the better."

"Father, I 'll never look at him again . . . and after that evening at
Dr. Davidson's, and our talking . . . about Queen Mary, and . . . lots
of things."

"Whether you meet Mr. Carmichael again or not is your own affair, but
this touches us both, and you . . . must write a letter of apology."

"And if I don't?" said Kate, defiantly.

"Then I shall write one myself for you. A Carnegie must not insult any
man, be he one faith or the other, and offer him no amends."

So Donald handed in this letter at the Free Kirk Manse that evening,
and left without an answer.


TOCHTY LODGE.

SIR,--Your violent and insolent attack on a martyred Queen caused me to
lose self-control in your church to-day, and I was unable to sit longer
under such language.

It has been pointed out to me that I ought not to have left church as I
did, and I hereby express regret.

The books you were so good as to lend me I have sent back by the
messenger.--Yours truly,

CATHERINE CARNEGIE.


When Carmichael called next day, Donald informed him with unconcealed
satisfaction that Lord Hay was lunching with the family, and that the
General and Miss Carnegie were going to Muirtown Castle to-morrow for a
visit; but Janet had not lost hope.

"Do not be taking this to heart, my dear, for I will be asking a
question. What will be making Miss Kate so very angry? it is not every
man she would be minding, though he spoke against Queen Mary all the
day. When a woman does not care about a man she will not take the
trouble to be angry. That is what I am thinking; and it is not Lord
Hay that has the way, oh no, though he be a proper man and good at
shooting."




CHAPTER XVIII.

LOVE SICKNESS.

College friends settled in petty lowland towns, and meeting Carmichael
on sacramental occasions, affected to pity him, inquiring curiously
what were his means of conveyance after the railway ceased, what time a
letter took to reach him, whether any foot ever crossed his door from
October to May, whether the great event of the week was not the arrival
of the bread cart. Those were exasperating gibes from men who could
not take a walk without coming on a coal pit, nor lift a book in their
studies without soiling their hands, whose windows looked on a street
and commanded the light of a grocer's shop instead of a sunset. It ill
became such miserables to be insolent, and Carmichael taught them
humility when he began to sound the praises of Drumtochty; but he could
not make townspeople understand the unutterable satisfaction of the
country minister, who even from old age and great cities looks back
with fond regret to his first parish on the slope of the Grampians.
Some kindly host wrestles with him to stay a few days more in
civilisation, and pledges him to run up whenever he wearies of his
exile, and the ungrateful rustic can hardly conceal the joy of his
escape. He shudders on the way to the station at the drip of the dirty
sleet and the rags of the shivering poor, and the restless faces of the
men and the unceasing roar of the traffic. Where he is going the white
snow is falling gently on the road, a cart full of sweet-smelling roots
is moving on velvet, the driver stops to exchange views with a farmer
who has been feeding his sheep, within the humblest cottage the fire is
burning clearly. With every mile northwards the Glenman's heart lifts;
and as he lands on his far-away little station, he draws a deep breath
of the clean, wholesome air. It is a long walk through the snow, but
there is a kindly, couthy smell from the woods, and at sight of the
squares of light in his home, weariness departs from a Drumtochty man.
Carmichael used to say that a glimpse of Archie Moncur sitting with his
sisters before the fire as he passed, and the wild turmoil of his dogs
within the manse as the latch of the garden gate clicked, and the flood
of light pouring out from the open door on the garden, where every
branch was feathered with snow, and to come into his study, where the
fire of pine logs was reflected from the familiar titles of his loved
books, gave him a shock of joy such as he has never felt since, even in
the days of his prosperity.

[Illustration: The driver stops to exchange views.]

"The city folk are generous with their wealth," he was saying to me
only last week, when I was visiting him in his West End manse and we
fell a-talking of the Glen, "and they have dealt kindly by me; they are
also full of ideas, and they make an inspiring audience for a preacher.
If any man has a message to deliver from the Eternal, then he had
better leave the wilderness and come to the city, and if he has plans
for the helping of his fellow men, let him come where he can get his
work and his labourers.

"No, I do not repent leaving the Glen, for the Divine Hand thrust me
forth and has given me work to do, and I am not ungrateful to the
friends I have made in the city; but God created me a countryman,
and"--here Carmichael turned his back to me--"my heart goes back to
Drumtochty, and the sight of you fills me with . . . longing.

"Ah, how this desiderium, as the Rabbi would have said, comes over one
with the seasons as they come and go. In spring they send me the first
snowdrops from the Glen, but it is a cruel kindness, for I want to be
where they are growing in Clashiegar den. When summer comes people
praise the varied flower-beds of the costly city parks, but they have
not seen Tochty woods in their glory. Each autumn carries me to the
harvest field, till in my study I hear the swish of the scythe and feel
the fragrance of the dry, ripe grain. And in winter I see the sun
shining on the white sides of Glen Urtach, and can hardly keep pen to
paper in this dreary room.

"What nonsense this is," pulling himself together; "yes, that is the
very chair you sat in, and this is the table we stuck between us with
our humble flask of Moselle of a winter's night . . . let's go to bed;
we 'll have no more good talk to-night."

When he had left me, I flung open my window in search of air, for it
seemed as if the city were choking me. A lamp was flaring across the
street, two cabs rattled past with revellers singing a music-hall song,
a heavy odour from many drains floated in, the multitude of houses
oppressed one as with a weight. How sweet and pure it was now at the
pool above Tochty mill, where the trout were lying below the stones and
the ash boughs dipping into the water.

Carmichael once, however, lost all love of the Glen, and that was after
Kate flung herself out of the Free Kirk and went on a visit to Muirtown
Castle. He was completely disenchanted and saw everything at its
poorest. Why did they build the manse so low that an able-bodied man
could touch the ceiling of the lower rooms with an effort and the upper
rooms easily? What possessed his predecessor to put such an impossible
paper on the study and to stuff the room with book-shelves? A row of
Puritan divines offended him--a wooden, obsolete theology--but he also
pitched a defence of Queen Mary into a cupboard--she had done enough
mischief already. The garden looked squalid and mean, without flowers,
with black patches peeping through the thin covering of snow, with a
row of winter greens opposite the southern window. He had never
noticed the Glen so narrow and bare before, nor how grey and unlovely
were the houses. Why had not the people better manners and some
brightness? they were not always attending funerals and making
bargains. What an occupation for an educated man to spend two hours in
a cabin of a vestry with a dozen labouring men, considering how two
pounds could be added to the Sustentation Fund, or preaching on Sunday
to a handful of people who showed no more animation than stone gods
except when the men took snuff audibly. Carmichael was playing the
spoiled child--not being at all a mature or perfect character, then or
now--and was ready to hit out at anybody. His bearing was for the
first and only time in his life supercilious, and his sermons were a
vicious attack on the doctrines most dear to the best of his people.
His elders knew not what had come over him, although Elspeth Macfadyen
was mysteriously apologetic, and in moments of sanity he despised
himself. One day he came to a good resolution suddenly, and went down
to see Rabbi Saunderson--the very thought of whose gentle, patient,
selfless life was a rebuke and a tonic.

When two tramps held conference on the road, and one indicated to the
other visibly that any gentleman in temporary distress would be treated
after a Christian fashion at a neighbouring house, Carmichael, who had
been walking in a dream since he passed the lodge, knew instantly that
he must be near the Free Kirk manse of Kilbogie. The means of
communication between the members of the nomadic profession is almost
perfect in its frequency and accuracy, and Saunderson's manse was a
hedge-side word. Not only did all the regular travellers by the north
road call on their going up in spring and their coming down in autumn,
but habitues of the east coast route were attracted and made a circuit
to embrace so hospitable a home, and even country vagrants made their
way from Dunleith and down through Glen Urtach to pay their respects to
the Rabbi. They had particular directions to avoid Barbara--expressed
forcibly on five different posts in the vicinity and enforced in
picturesque language, of an evening--and they were therefore careful to
waylay the Rabbi on the road, or enter his study boldly from the front.
The humbler members of the profession contented themselves with
explaining that they had once been prosperous tradesmen, and were now
walking to Muirtown in search of work--receiving their alms, in
silence, with diffidence and shame; but those in a higher walk came to
consult the Rabbi on Bible difficulties, which were threatening to
shake their faith, and departed much relieved--with a new view of Lot's
wife, as well as a suit of clothes the Rabbi had only worn three times.

[Illustration: Two tramps held conference.]

"You have done kindly by me in calling"--the vagabond had finished his
story and was standing, a very abject figure, among the books--"and in
giving me the message from your friend. I am truly thankful that he is
now labouring--in iron, did you say? and I hope he may be a cunning
artificer.

"You will not set it down to carelessness that I cannot quite recall
the face of your friend, for, indeed, it is my privilege to see many
travellers, and there are times when I may have been a minister to them
on their journeys, as I would be to you also if there be anything in
which I can serve you. It grieves me to say that I have no clothing
that I might offer you; it happens that a very worthy man passed here a
few days ago most insufficiently clad and . . . but I should not have
alluded to that; my other garments, save what I wear, are . . . kept in
a place of . . . safety by my excellent housekeeper, and she makes
their custody a point of conscience; you might put the matter before
her. . . . Assuredly it would be difficult, and I crave your pardon
for putting you in an . . . embarrassing position; it is my misfortune
to have to-day neither silver nor gold," catching sight of Carmichael
in the passage, "this is a Providence. May I borrow from you, John,
some suitable sum for our brother here who is passing through
adversity?"

"Do not be angry with me, John"--after the tramp had departed, with
five shillings in hand and much triumph over Carmichael on his
face--"nor speak bitterly of our fellow men. Verily theirs is a hard
lot who have no place to lay their head, and who journey in weariness
from city to city. John, I was once a stranger and a wayfarer,
wandering over the length and breadth of the land. Nor had I a friend
on earth till my feet were led to the Mains, where my heart was greatly
refreshed, and now God has surrounded me with young men of whose
kindness I am not worthy, wherefore it becometh me to show mercy unto
others," and the Rabbi looked at Carmichael with such sweetness, that
the lad's sullenness began to yield, although he made no sign.

"Moreover," and the Rabbi's voice took a lower tone, "as often as I
look on one of those men of the highways, there cometh to me a vision
of Him who was an outcast of the people, and albeit some may be as
Judas, peradventure one might beg alms of me, a poor sinful man, some
day, and lo it might be . . . the Lord Himself in a saint," and the
Rabbi bowed his head and stood awhile much moved.

"Rabbi," after a pause, during which Carmichael's face had changed,
"you are incorrigible. For years we have been trying to make you a
really good and wise man, both by example and precept, and you are
distinctly worse than when we began--more lazy, miserly, and
uncharitable. It is very disheartening.

"Can you receive another tramp and give him a bed, for I am in low
spirits, and so, like every other person in trouble, I come to you, you
dear old saint, and already I feel a better man."

"Receive you, John? It is doubtless selfish, but it is not given to
you to know how I weary to see your faces, and we shall have much
converse together--there are some points I would like your opinion
on--but first of all, after a slight refreshment, we must go to Mains:
behold the aid to memory I have designed"--and the Rabbi pointed to a
large square of paper hung above Chrysostom, with "Farewell, George
Pitillo, 3 o'clock." "He is the son's son of my benefactor, and he
leaves his father's house this day to go into a strange land across the
sea: I had a service last night at Mains, and expounded the departure
of Abraham, but only slightly, being somewhat affected through the
weakness of the flesh. There was a covenant made between the young man
and myself, that I should meet him at the crossing of the roads to-day,
and it is in my mind to leave a parable with him against the power of
this present world."

Then the Rabbi fell into a meditation till the dog-cart came up, Mains
and his wife in the front and George alone in the back, making a brave
show of indifference.

"George," said the Rabbi, looking across the field and speaking as to
himself, "we shall not meet again in this world, and in a short space
they will bury me in Kilbogie kirkyard, but it will not be in me to lie
still for thinking of the people I have loved. So it will come to pass
that I may rise--you have ears to understand, George---and I will
inquire of him that taketh charge of the dead about many and how it
fares with them."

"And George Pitillo, what of him, Andrew?"

"'Oh, it's a peety you didna live langer, Mr. Saunderson, for George
hes risen in the warld and made a great fortune.'"

"How does it go with his soul, Andrew?"

"'Well, you see, Mister Saunderson, George hes hed many things to think
about, and he maybe hasna hed time for releegion yet, but nae doot he
'll be turnin' his mind that wy soon.'"

"Poor George, that I baptised and admitted to the sacrament and . . .
loved: exchanged his soul for the world."

The sun was setting fast, and the landscape--bare stubble fields,
leafless trees, still water, long, empty road--was of a blood-red
colour fearsome to behold, so that no one spake, and the horse chafing
his bit made the only sound.

Then the Rabbi began again.

"And George Pitillo--tell me, Andrew?"

"'Weel, ye see, Mister Saunderson, ye wud be sorry for him, for you and
he were aye chief; he's keepit a gude name an' workit hard, but hesna
made muckle o' this warld.'"

"And his soul, Andrew?"

"'Oo, that's a' richt; gin we a' hed as gude a chance for the next
warld as George Pitillo we micht be satisfied.'"

"That is enough for his old friend; hap me over again, Andrew, and I'll
rest in peace till the trumpet sound."

Carmichael turned aside, but he heard something desperately like a sob
from the back of the dog-cart, and the Rabbi saying, "God be with you,
George, and as your father's father received me in the day of my sore
discouragement, so may the Lord God of Israel open a door for you in
every land whithersoever you go, and bring you in at last through the
gates into the city." The Rabbi watched George till the dog-cart faded
away into the dusk of the winter's day, and they settled for the night
in their places among the books before the Rabbi spoke.

It was with a wistful tenderness that he turned to Carmichael and
touched him slightly with his hand, as was a fashion with the Rabbi.

"You will not think me indifferent to your welfare because I have not
inquired about your affairs, for indeed this could not be, but the
going forth of this lad has tried my heart. Is there aught, John, that
it becometh you to tell me, and wherein my years can be of any avail?"

"It is not about doctrine I wished to speak to you, Rabbi, although I
am troubled thus also, but about . . . you remember our talk."

"About the maid, surely; I cannot forget her, and indeed often think of
her since the day you brought me to her house and made me known unto
her, which was much courtesy to one who is fitter for a book-room than
a woman's company.

"She is fair of face and hath a pleasant manner, and surely beauty and
a winsome way are from God; there seemed also a certain contempt of
baseness and a strength of will which are excellent. Perhaps my
judgment is not even because Miss Carnegie was gracious to me, and you
know, John, it is not in me to resist kindness, but this is how she
seems to me. Has there been trouble between you?"

"Do not misunderstand me, Rabbi; I have not spoken one word of love to
. . . Miss Carnegie, nor she to me; but I love her, and I thought that
perhaps she saw that I loved her. But now it looks as if . . . what I
hoped is never to be," and Carmichael told the Queen Mary affair.

"Is it not marvellous," mused the Rabbi, looking into the fire, "how
one woman who was indeed at the time little more than a girl did carry
men, many of them wise and clever, away as with a flood, and still
divideth scholars and even . . . friends?

"It was not fitting that Miss Carnegie should have left God's house in
heat of temper, and it seemeth to us that she hath a wrong reading of
history, but it is surely good that she hath her convictions, and
holdeth them fast like a brave maid.

"Is it not so, John, that friends and doubtless also . . . lovers have
been divided by conscience and have been on opposite sides in the great
conflict, and doth not this show how much of conscience there is among
men?

"It may be this dispute will not divide you--being now, as it were,
more an argument of the schools than a matter of principle, but if it
should appear that you are far apart on the greater matters of faith,
then . . . you will have a heavy cross to carry. But it is my mind
that the heart of the maiden is right, and that I may some day see her
. . . in your home, whereat my eyes would be glad."

The Rabbi was so taken up with the matter that he barely showed
Carmichael a fine copy of John of Damascus he had secured from London,
and went out of his course at worship to read, as well as to expound
with much feeling, the story of Ruth the Moabitess, showing
conclusively that she had in her a high spirit, and that she was
designed of God to be a strength to the house of David. He was also
very cheerful in the morning, and bade Carmichael good-bye at Tochty
woods with encouraging words. He also agreed to assist his boy at the
Drumtochty sacrament.

It was evident that the Rabbi's mind was much set on this visit, but
Carmichael did not for one moment depend upon his remembering the day,
and so Burnbrae started early on the Saturday with his dog-cart to
bring Saunderson up and deposit him without fail in the Free Kirk manse
of Drumtochty. Six times that day did the minister leave his "action"
sermon and take his way to the guest room, carrying such works as might
not be quite unsuitable for the old scholar's perusal, and arranging a
lamp of easy management, that the night hours might not be lost. It
was late in the afternoon before the Rabbi was delivered at the manse,
and Burnbrae gave explanations next day at the sacramental dinner.

"It wes just ten when a' got tae the manse o' Kilbogie, an' his
hoosekeeper didna ken whar her maister wes; he micht be in Kildrummie
by that time, she said, or half wy tae Muirtown. So a' set oot an'
ransackit the parish till a' got him, an' gin he wesna sittin' in a
bothie takin' brose wi' the plowmen an' expoundin' Scripture a' the
time.

"He startit on the ancient martyrs afore we were half a mile on the
road, and he gied ae testimony aifter anither, an' he wesna within
sicht o' the Reformation when we cam tae the hooses; a 'll no deny that
a' let the mare walk bits o' the road, for a' cud hae heard him a'
nicht; ma bluid 's warmer yet, freends."

The Rabbi arrived in great spirits, and refused to taste meat till he
had stated the burden of his sermon for the morrow.

"If the Lord hath opened our ears the servant must declare what has
been given him, but I prayed that the message sent through me to your
flock, John, might be love. It hath pleased the Great Shepherd that I
should lead the sheep by strange paths, but I desired that it be
otherwise when I came for the first time to Drumtochty.

"Two days did I spend in the woods, for the stillness of winter among
the trees leaveth the mind disengaged for the Divine word, and the
first day my soul was heavy as I returned, for this only was laid upon
'vessels of wrath, fitted to destruction.' And, John, albeit God would
doubtless have given me strength according to His will, yet I was loath
to bear this awful truth to the people of your charge.

"Next day the sun was shining pleasantly in the wood and it came to me
that clouds had gone from the face of God, and as I wandered among the
trees a squirrel sat on a branch within reach of my hand and did not
flee. Then I heard a voice, 'I have loved thee with an everlasting
love, therefore with loving kindness have I drawn thee.'

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