Robert Barr - "Jennie Baxter, Journalist"

Herodotus - "THE HISTORY OF HERODOTUS, Volume 1"

Samuel Johnson [AKA Hurlo Thrumbo] - "The Merry Thought: or the Glass Window and Bog House Miscellany. Part 1"

Alexis de Tocqueville et al - "American Institutions and Their Influence"

Editorial
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

The Land We Live In

H >> Henry Mann >> The Land We Live In



THE LAND WE LIVE IN

Or

The Story of Our Country

by

HENRY MANN

Author of "Handbook for American Citizens," etc.







Published by
The Christian Herald,
Louis Klopsch, Proprietor,
Bible House, New York.
Copyright, 1896,
by Louis Klopsch.




INTRODUCTION.


"The Story of Our Country" has been often told, but cannot be told too
often. I have spared no effort to make the following pages interesting as
well as truthful, and to present, in graphic language, a pen-picture of
our nation's origin and progress. It is a story of events, and not a dry
chronicle of official succession. It is an attempt to give some fresh
color to facts that are well known, while depicting also other facts of
public interest which have never appeared in any general history. Wherever
I have taken the work of another I give credit therefor; otherwise this
little book is the fruit of original research and thought. The views
expressed will doubtless not please everybody, and some may think that I
go too far in pleading the cause of the original natives of the soil.
Historic justice demands that some one should tell the truth about the
Indians, whose chief and almost only fault has been that they occupied
lands which the white man wanted. Even now covetous eyes are cast upon the
territory reserved for the use of the remaining tribes.

For such statements in regard to General Jackson at New Orleans as differ
from the ordinary narrative I am indebted to a work never published, so
far as I am aware, in this country or in the English language--Vincent
Nolte's "Fifty Years in Both Hemispheres," issued in Hamburg in 1853. As
Nolte owned the cotton which Jackson appropriated, and also served as a
volunteer in the battle of New Orleans, he ought to be good authority.

In dealing with the late war I have sought to be just to both the Union
and the Confederacy. The lapse of over thirty years has given a more
accurate perspective to the events of that mighty struggle, in which, as
a soldier-boy of sixteen, I was an obscure participant, and all true
Americans, whether they wore the blue or gray, now look back with pride
to the splendid valor and heroic endurance displayed by the combatants
on both sides. Those who belittle the constancy and courage of the South
belittle the sacrifices and successes of the North.

The slavery conflict has long been over, and the scars it left are
disappearing. Other and momentous problems have arisen for settlement,
but there is every reason for confidence that they will be settled at
the ballot-box, and without appeal to rebellion, or thought or threat of
secession. In the present generation, more than in any preceding, is the
injunction of Washington exemplified, that the name of _American_ should
always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation
derived from local discriminations. This supreme National sentiment
overpowering all considerations of local interest and attachment, is the
assurance that our country will live forever, that all difficulties,
however menacing, will yield to the challenge of popular intelligence
and patriotism, and that the glorious record of the past is but the
morning ray of our National greatness to come.

HENRY MANN.




CONTENTS.


FIRST PERIOD.

THE FOOTHOLD.

CHAPTER I.
PAGE.

A Land Without a History--Origin of the American Indians--Their
Semi-civilization--The Spanish Colonial System--The King Was Absolute
Master--The Council of the Indies--The Hierarchy--Servitude of the
Natives--Gold and Silver Mines--Spanish Wealth and Degeneracy--
Commercial Monopoly--Pernicious Effects of Spain's Colonial Policy
--Spaniards Destroy a Huguenot Colony, 21

CHAPTER II.

Queen Elizabeth and Sir Walter Raleigh--English Expedition to North
Carolina--Failure of Attempts to Settle There--Virginia Dare--The Lost
Colony--The Foundation of Jamestown--Captain John Smith--His Life Saved
by Pocahontas--Rolfe Marries the Indian Princess--A Key to Early
Colonial History--Women Imported to Virginia, 32

CHAPTER III.

The French in Canada--Champlain Attacks the Iroquois--Quebec a Military
Post--Weak Efforts at Colonization--Fur-traders and Missionaries--The
Foundation of New France--The French King Claims from the Upper Lakes to
the Sea--Slow Growth of the French Colonies--Mixing With the Savages--The
"Coureurs de Bois," 41

CHAPTER IV.

Henry Hudson's Discovery--Block Winters on Manhattan Island--The
Dutch Take Possession--The Iroquois Friendly--Immigration of the
Walloons--Charter of Privileges and Exemptions--Patroons--Manufactures
Forbidden--Slave Labor Introduced--New Sweden--New Netherlanders Want
a Voice in the Government, 46

CHAPTER V.

Landing of the Pilgrims--Their Abiding Faith in God's Goodness--The
Agreement Signed on the Mayflower--A Winter of Hardship--The Indians
Help the Settlers--Improved Conditions--The Colony Buys Its
Freedom--Priscilla and John Alden--Their Romantic Courtship and
Marriage, 52

CHAPTER VI.

The Puritan Immigration--Wealth and Learning Seek These Shores--Charter
Restrictions Dead Letters--A Stubborn Struggle for Self-government--
Methods of Election--The Early Government an Oligarchy--The Charter of
1691--New Hampshire and Maine--The New Haven Theocracy--Hartford's
Constitution--The United Colonies--The Clergy and Politics--Every
Election Sermon a Declaration of Independence, 57

CHAPTER VII.

Where Conscience Was Free--Roger Williams and His Providence Colony--
Driven by Persecution from Massachusetts--Savages Receive Him
Kindly--Coddington's Settlement in Rhode Island--Oliver Cromwell
and Charles II. Grant Charters--Peculiar Referendum in Early Rhode
Island, 64

CHAPTER VIII.

Puritans and Education--Provision for Public Schools--Puritan
Sincerity--Effect of Intolerance on the Community--Quakers Harshly
Persecuted--The Salem Witchcraft Tragedy--History of the Delusion--
Rebecca Nourse and Other Victims--The People Come to their Senses--
Cotton Mather Obdurate to the Last--Puritan Morals--Comer's Diary--
Rhode Island in Colonial Times, 68

CHAPTER IX.

New England Prospering--Outbreak of King Philip's War--Causes of the
War--White or Indian Had to Go--Philip on the War-path--Settlements
Laid in Ashes--The Attack on Hadley--The Great Swamp Fight--Philip
Renews the War More Fiercely Than Before--His Allies Desert Him--
Betrayed and Killed--The Indians Crushed in New England, 77

CHAPTER X.

Growth of New Netherland--Governor Stuyvesant's Despotic Rule--His
Comments on Popular Election--New Amsterdam Becomes New York--The
Planting of Maryland--Partial Freedom of Conscience--Civil War in
Maryland--The Carolinas--Settlement of North and South Carolina--The
Bacon Rebellion in Virginia--Governor Berkeley's Vengeance, 82

CHAPTER XI.

The Colony of New York--New Jersey Given Away to Favorites--Charter of
Liberties and Franchises--The Dongan Charter--Beginnings of New York
City Government--King James Driven From Power--Leisler Leads a Popular
Movement--The Aristocratic Element Gains the Upper Hand--Jacob Leisler
and Milborne Executed--Struggle For Liberty Continues, 90

CHAPTER XII.

William Penn's Model Colony--Sketch of the Founder of Pennsylvania--
Comparative Humanity of Quaker Laws--Modified Freedom of Religion--
An Early Liquor Law--Offences Against Morality Severely Punished--
White Servitude--Debtors Sold Into Bondage--Georgia Founded as
an Asylum for Debtors--Oglethorpe Repulses the Spaniards--Georgia a
Royal Province, 95


SECOND PERIOD.

THE STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE.

CHAPTER XIII.

Struggle for Empire in North America--The Vast Region Called Louisiana--
War Between England and France--New England Militia Besiege Quebec--
Frontenac Strikes the Iroquois--The Capture of Louisburg--The Forks
of the Ohio--George Washington's Mission to the French--Braddock's
Defeat--Washington Prevents Utter Disaster--Barbarous Treatment of
Prisoners, 103

CHAPTER XIV.

Expulsion of the Acadians--A Cruel Deportation--The Marquis De
Montcalm--The Fort William Henry Massacre--Defeat of Abercrombie--
William Pitt Prosecutes the War Vigorously--Fort Duquesne Reduced--
Louisburg Again Captured--Wolfe Attacks Quebec--Battle of the
Plains of Abraham--Wolfe and Montcalm Mortally Wounded--Quebec
Surrenders--New France a Dream of the Past--Pontiac's War, 108


THIRD PERIOD.

THE REVOLUTION.

CHAPTER XV.

Causes of the Revolution--The Act of Navigation--Acts of Trade--Odious
Customs Laws--English Jealousy of New England--Effect of Restrictions on
Colonial Trade--Du Chatelet Foresees Rebellion and Independence--The
Revolution a Struggle for More Than Political Freedom, 115

CHAPTER XVI.

Writs of Assistance Issued--Excitement in Boston--The Stamp Act--Protests
against Taxation Without Representation--Massachusetts Appoints a
Committee of Correspondence--Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry--Henry's
Celebrated Resolutions--His Warning to King George--Growing Agitation
in the Colonies--The Stamp Act Repealed--Parliament Levies Duties on Tea
and Other Imports to America--Lord North's Choice of Infamy--Measures of
Resistance in America--The Massachusetts Circular Letter--British Troops
in Boston--The Boston Massacre--Burning of the Gaspee--North Carolina
"Regulators"--The Boston Tea Party--The Boston Port Bill--The First
Continental Congress--A Declaration of Rights--"Give Me Liberty, or Give
Me Death!" 122

CHAPTER XVII.

The Battle of Lexington--The War of the Revolution Begun--Fort
Ticonderoga Taken--Second Continental Congress--George Washington
Appointed Commander-in-Chief--Battle of Bunker Hill--Last Appeal to King
George--The King Hires Hessian Mercenaries--The Americans Invade
Canada--General Montgomery Killed--General Howe Evacuates Boston--North
Carolina Tories Routed at Moore's Creek Bridge--The Declaration of
Independence--The British Move on New York--Battle at Brooklyn--Howe
Occupies New York City--General Charles Lee Fails to Support
Washington--Lee Captured--Washington's Victory at Trenton--The Marquis
De Lafayette Arrives, 133

CHAPTER XVIII.

Sir John Burgoyne's Campaign--His Bombastic Proclamation--The Tragic
Story of Jane McCrea--Her Name a Rallying Cry--Washington Prevents Howe
From Aiding Burgoyne--The Battle of Brandywine--Burgoyne Routed at
Saratoga--He Surrenders, With All His Army--Articles of Confederation
Submitted to the Several States--Effect of the Surrender of Burgoyne--
Franklin the Washington of Diplomacy--Attitude of France--France
Concludes to Assist the United States--Treaties of Commerce and
Alliance--King George Prepares for War with France--The Winter at
Valley Forge--Conspiracy to Depose Washington Defeated--General Howe
Superseded by Sir Henry Clinton--The Battle of Monmouth--General Charles
Lee's Treachery--Awful Massacre of Settlers in the Wyoming Valley--
General Sullivan Defeats the Six Nations--Brilliant Campaign of George
Rogers Clark--Failure of the Attempt to Drive the British from Rhode
Island, 143

CHAPTER XIX.

The British Move Upon the South--Spain Accedes to the Alliance Against
England--Secret Convention Between France and Spain--Capture of Stony
Point--John Paul Jones--The Bon Homme Richard and the Serapis--A
Thrilling Naval Combat--Wretched Condition of American Finances--
Franklin's Heavy Burden--The Treason of Benedict Arnold--Capture of
Andre--Escape of Arnold--Andre Executed as a Spy--Sir Henry Clinton
Captures Charleston, General Lincoln and His Army--Lord Cornwallis
Left in Command in the South--The British Defeat Gates Near Camden,
South Carolina--General Nathanael Greene Conducts a Stubborn Campaign
Against Cornwallis--The Latter Retreats Into Virginia--Siege of
Yorktown--Cornwallis Surrenders--"Oh, God; it is All Over!" 155


FOURTH PERIOD.

UNION.

CHAPTER XX.

Condition of the United States at the Close of the Revolution--New
England Injured and New York Benefited Commercially by the Struggle--
Luxury of City Life--Americans an Agricultural People--The Farmer's
Home--Difficulty of Traveling--Contrast Between North and South--
Southern Aristocracy--Northern Great Families--White Servitude--The
Western Frontier--Early Settlers West of the Mountains--A Hardy
Population--Disappearance of the Colonial French--The Ordinance of
1787--Flood of Emigration Beyond the Ohio, 167

CHAPTER XXI.

The Spirit of Disunion--Shays' Rebellion--A National Government
Necessary--Adoption of the Constitution--Tariff and Internal
Revenue--The Whiskey Insurrection--President Washington Calls Out the
Military--Insurgents Surrender--"The Dreadful Night"--Hamilton's
Inquisition, 174


INDEPENDENCE VINDICATED.

CHAPTER XXII.

Arrogance of France--Americans and Louis XVI.--Genet Defies Washington
--The People Support the President--War With the Indians--Defeat of St.
Clair--Indians State Their Case--General Wayne Defeats the Savages--
Jay's Treaty--Retirement of Washington--His Character--His Military
Genius--Washington as a Statesman--His Views on Slavery--His Figure in
History, 180

CHAPTER XXIII.

John Adams President--Jefferson and the French Revolution--The French
Directory--Money Demanded From America--"Millions for Defence; Not One
Penny for Tribute"--Naval Warfare with France--Capture of The Insurgent
--Defeat of The Vengeance--Peace With France--Death of Washington--
Alien and Sedition Laws--Jefferson President--The Louisiana Purchase--
Burr's Alleged Treason--War with the Barbary States--England Behind the
Pirates--Heroic Naval Exploits--Carrying War Into Africa--Peace With
Honor, 191

CHAPTER XXIV.

French Decrees and British Orders in Council--Damage to American
Commerce--The Embargo--Causes of the War of 1812--The Chesapeake and The
Leopard--President and Little Belt--War Declared--Mr. Astor's Messenger
--The Two Navies Compared--American Frigate Victories--Constitution
and Guerriere--United States and Macedonian--Constitution and Java--
American Sloop Victories--The Shannon and Chesapeake--"Don't Give Up
the Ship!" 200

CHAPTER XXV.

The War on Land--Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy--Harrison at Tippecanoe--
General Hull and General Brock--A Fatal Armistice--Surrender of Detroit
--English Masters of Michigan--General Harrison Takes Command in the
Northwest--Harrison's Answer to Proctor--"He Will Never Have This Post
Surrendered"--Croghan's Brave Defence--The British Retreat--War on the
Niagara Frontier--Battle of Queenstown--Death of Brock--Colonel Winfield
Scott and the English Doctrine of Perpetual Allegiance, 209

CHAPTER XXVI.

Battle of Lake Erie--Master-Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry--Building a
Fleet--Perry on the Lake--A Duel of Long Guns--Fearful Slaughter on the
Lawrence--"Can Any of the Wounded Pull a Rope?"--At Close Quarters--
Victory in Fifteen Minutes--"We Have Met the Enemy and They Are Ours"--
The Father of Chicago Sees the End of the Battle--The British Evacuate
Detroit--General Harrison's Victory at the Thames--Tecumseh Slain--The
Struggle in the Southwest--Andrew Jackson in Command--Battle of Horseshoe
Bend--The Essex in the Pacific--Defeat and Victory on the Ocean--Captain
Porter's Brave Defence--Burning of Newark--Massacre at Fort Niagara--
Chippewa and Lundy's Lane--Devastation by the British Fleet--British
Vandalism at Washington--Attempt on Baltimore--"The Star Spangled
Banner" 216

CHAPTER XXVII.

British Designs on the Southwest--New Orleans as a City of Refuge--The
Baratarians--The Pirates Reject British Advances--General Jackson Storms
Pensacola--Captain Reid's Splendid Fight at Fayal--Edward Livingston
Advises Jackson--Cotton Bales for Redoubts--The British Invasion--Jackson
Attacks the British at Villere's--The Opposing Armies--General Pakenham
Attempts to Carry Jackson's Lines by Storm--The British Charge--They are
Defeated with Frightful Slaughter--Pakenham Killed--Last Naval Engagement
--The President-Endymion Fight--Peace--England Deserts the Indians as
She Had Deserted the Tories--Decatur Chastises the Algerians, 225


SOUTH AMERICA FREE.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

England and Spanish America--A Significant Declaration--The Key to
England's Policy in South America--Alexander Hamilton and the South
Americans--President Adams' Grandson a Filibuster--Origin of the
Revolutions in South America--Colonial Zeal for Spain--Colonists Driven
to Fight for Independence--A War of Extermination--Patriot Leaders--The
British Assist the Revolutionists--American Caution and Reserve--The
Monroe Doctrine--Why England Championed the Spanish-American Republics
--A Free Field Desired for British Trade--The Holy Alliance--Secretary
Canning and President Monroe--The Monroe Declaration Not British, But
American, 233


PROGRESS.

CHAPTER XXIX.

The United States Taking the Lead in Civilization--Manhood Suffrage and
Freedom of Worship--Humane Criminal Laws--Progress the Genius of the
Nation--A Patriotic Report--State Builders in the Northwest--Illinois
and the Union--Immigration--British Jealousy--An English Farmer's
Opinion of America--Commerce and Manufactures--England Tries to Prevent
Skilled Artisans From Emigrating--The Beginning of Protection--The
British Turn on their Friends the Algerians--General Jackson Invades
Florida--Spain Sells Florida to the United States, 246

CHAPTER XXX.

The Missouri Compromise--Erie Canal Opened--Political Parties and Great
National Issues--President Jackson Crushes the United States Bank--South
Carolina Pronounces the Tariff Law Void--Jackson's Energetic Action--A
Compromise--Territory Reserved for the Indians--The Seminole War--
Osceola's Vengeance--His Capture and Death--The Black Hawk War--Abraham
Lincoln a Volunteer--Texas War for Independence--Massacre of the Alamo
--Mexican Defeat at San Jacinto--The Mexican President a Captive--Texas
Admitted to the Union--Oregon--American Statesmen Blinded by the Hudson
Bay Company--Marcus Whitman's Ride--Oregon Saved to the Union--The "Dorr
War," 253

CHAPTER XXXI.

War With Mexico--General Zachary Taylor Defeats the Mexicans--Buena
Vista--Mexicans Four to One--"A Little More Grape, Captain Bragg!"--
Glorious American Victory--General Scott's Splendid Campaign--A
Series of Victories--Cerro Gordo--Contreras--Churubusco--Molino del
Rey--Chapultepec--Stars and Stripes Float in the City of Mexico--
Generous Treatment of the Vanquished--Peace--Cession of Vast Territory
to the United States--The Gadsden Purchase, 264

CHAPTER XXXII.

The Union in 1850--Comparative Population of Cities and Rural Districts
--Agriculture the General Occupation--Commercial and Industrial
Development--Growth of New York and Chicago--The Southern States--
Importance of the Cotton Crop--Why the South Was Sensitive to
Anti-Slavery Agitation--Manufactures--Religion and Education--The Cloud
on the Horizon, 272


THE SLAVERY CONFLICT.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

Aggressiveness of Slavery--The Cotton States and Border States--The
Fugitive Slave Law--Nullified in the North--Negroes Imported from
Africa--The Struggle in Kansas--John Brown--Abraham Lincoln Pleads for
Human Rights--Treason in Buchanan's Cabinet--Citizens Stop Guns at
Pittsburg--Conditions at the Beginning of the Struggle--Southern
Advantages--The Soldiers of Both Armies Compared--Conscription in the
Confederacy--Southern Resources Limited--The North at a Disadvantage at
First, but Its Resources Inexhaustible--Conscription in the North--
Popular Support of the War--Unfriendliness of Great Britain and
France--Why They Did Not Interfere, 277

CHAPTER XXXIV.

The Confederate Government Organized--Fort Sumter--President Lincoln
Calls for 75,000 Men--Command of the Union Forces Offered to Robert E.
Lee--Lee Joins the Confederacy--Missouri Saved to the Union--Battle of
Bull Run--Union Successes in the West--General Grant Captures Fort
Donelson--"I Have No Terms But Unconditional Surrender"--The Monitor
and Merrimac Fight--Its World-wide Effect--Grant Victorious at Shiloh
--Union Naval Victory Near Memphis--That City Captured--General
McClellan's Tactics--He Retreats from Victory at Malvern Hill--Second
Bull Run Defeat--Great Battle of Antietam--Lee Repulsed, but Not
Pursued--McClellan Superseded by Burnside--Union Defeat at Fredericksburg
--Union Victories in the West--Bragg Defeated by Rosecrans at Stone
River--The Emancipation Proclamation, 287

CHAPTER XXXV.

General Grant Invests Vicksburg--The Confederate Garrison--Scenes in the
Beleaguered City--The Surrender--Hooker Defeated at Chancellorsville--
Death of "Stonewall" Jackson--General Meade Takes Command of the Army
of the Potomac--Lee Crosses the Potomac--The Battle of Gettysburg--The
First Two Days--The Third Day--Pickett's Charge--A Thrilling Spectacle
--The Harvest of Death--Lee Defeated--General Thomas, "The Rock of
Chickamauga"--"This Position Must Be Held Till Night"--General Grant
Defeats Bragg at Chattanooga--The Decisive Battle of the West, 295

CHAPTER XXXVI.

Grant Appointed Lieutenant-General--Takes Command in Virginia--Battles
of the Wilderness--The Two Armies--Battle of Cedar Creek--Sheridan's
Ride--He Turns Defeat Into Victory--Confederate Disasters on Land and
Sea--Farragut at Mobile--Last Naval Battle of the War--Sherman Enters
Atlanta--Lincoln's Re-election--Sherman's March to the Sea--Sherman
Captures Savannah--Thomas Defeats Hood at Nashville--Fort Fisher
Taken--Lee Appointed General-in-Chief--Confederate Defeat at Five
Forks--Lee's Surrender--Johnston's Surrender--End of the War--The South
Prostrate--A Resistance Unparalleled in History--The Blots on the
Confederacy--Cruel Treatment of Union Men and Prisoners--Murder of
Abraham Lincoln--The South Since the War, 301


THIRTY YEARS OF PEACE.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

Reconstruction in the South--The Congress and the President--Liberal
Republican Movement--Nomination, Defeat and Death of Greeley--Troops
Withdrawn by President Hayes--Foreign Policy of the Past Thirty
Years--French Ordered from Mexico--Last Days of Maximilian--Russian
America Bought--The Geneva Arbitration--Alabama Claims Paid--The
Northwest Boundary--The Fisheries--Spain and The Virginius--The Custer
Massacre--United States of Brazil Established--President Harrison and
Chile--Venezuela--American Prestige in South America--Hawaii--Behring
Sea--Garfield, the Martyr of Civil Service Reform--Labor Troubles--
Railway Riots of 1877 and 1894--Great Calamities--The Chicago Fire,
Boston Fire, Charleston Earthquake, Johnstown Flood, 308

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

The American Republic the Most Powerful of Nations--Military and Naval
Strength--Railways and Waterways--Industry and Art--Manufactures--The
New South--Foreign and Domestic Commerce--An Age of Invention--Americans
a Nation of Readers--The Clergy--Pulpit and Press--Religion and Higher
Education--The Currency Question--Leading Candidates for the Presidency
--A Sectional Contest Deplorable--What Shall the Harvest Be? 322

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