EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY

H >> HUTTON WEBSTER >> EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY

Pages:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45

Anne Soulard, Charles Franks, Robert Fite, and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team.

EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY

BY

HUTTON WEBSTER, PH.D.

"There is no part of history so generally useful as that which relates to
the progress of the human mind, the gradual improvement of reason, the
successive advances of science, the vicissitudes of learning and
ignorance, which are the light and darkness of thinking beings, the
extinction and resuscitation of arts, and the revolutions of the
intellectual world."
--SAMUEL JOHNSON, _Rasselas_.

PREFACE

This book aims to furnish a concise and connected account of human
progress during ancient, medieval, and early modern times. It should meet
the requirements of those high schools and preparatory schools where
ancient history, as a separate discipline, is being supplanted by a more
extended course introductory to the study of recent times and contemporary
problems. Such a course was first outlined by the Regents of the
University of the State of New York in their _Syllabus for Secondary
Schools_, issued in 1910.

Since the appearance of the Regents' _Syllabus_ the Committee of Five of
the American Historical Association has made its _Report_ (1911),
suggesting a rearrangement of the curriculum which would permit a year's
work in English and Continental history. Still more recently the Committee
on Social Studies of the Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary
Education, in its _Report_ (1916) to the National Education Association
has definitely recommended the division of European history into two
parts, of which the first should include ancient and Oriental
civilization, English and Continental history to approximately the end of
the seventeenth century, and the period of American exploration.

The first twelve chapters of the present work are based upon the author's
_Ancient History_, published four years ago. In spite of many omissions,
it has been possible to follow without essential modification the plan of
the earlier volume. A number of new maps and illustrations have been added
to these chapters.

The selection of collateral reading, always a difficult problem in the
secondary school, is doubly difficult when so much ground must be covered
in a single course. The author ventures, therefore, to call attention to
his _Readings in Ancient History_. Its purpose, in the words of the
preface, is "to provide immature pupils with a variety of extended,
unified, and interesting extracts on matters which a textbook treats with
necessary, though none the less deplorable, condensation." A companion
volume, entitled _Readings in Medieval and Modern History_, will be
published shortly. References to both books are inserted in footnotes.

At the end of what has been a long and engrossing task, it becomes a
pleasant duty to acknowledge the help which has been received from
teachers in school and college. Various chapters, either in manuscript or
in the proofs, have been read by Professor James M. Leake of Bryn Mawr
College; Professor J. C. Hildt of Smith College; Very Rev. Patrick J.
Healy, Professor of Church History in the Catholic University of America;
Professor E. F. Humphrey of Trinity College; Dr. James Sullivan, Director
of the Division of Archives and History, State Dept. of Education of New
York; Constantine E. McGuire, Assistant Secretary General, International
High Commission, Washington; Miss Margaret E. McGill, of the Newton
(Mass.) High School; and Miss Mabel Chesley, of the Erasmus Hall High
School, Brooklyn. The author would also express appreciation of the labors
of the cartographers, artists, and printers, to whose accuracy and skill
every page of the book bears witness.

HUTTON WEBSTER

LINCOLN, NEBRASKA, February, 1917

[Illustration: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL GEMS.
1 Steatite from Crete, two lions with forefeet on a pedestal, above
a sun
2 Sardonyx from Elis, a goddess holding up a goat by the horns
3 Rock crystal a bearded Triton
4 Carnelian, a youth playing a trigonon
5 Chalcedony from Athens, a Bacchante
6 Sard, a woman reading a manuscript roll, before her a lyre
7 Carnelian, Theseus
8 Chalcedony, portrait head, Hellenistic Age
9 Aquamarine, portrait of Julia daughter of the emperor Titus
10 Chalcedony, portrait head, Hellenistic Age
11 Carnelian, bust portrait of the Roman emperor Decius
12 Beryl, portrait of Julia Domna wife of the emperor Septimius
Severus
13 Sapphire, head of the Madonna
14 Carnelian, the judgment of Paris, Renaissance work
15 Rock crystal, Madonna with Jesus and St. Joseph, probably Norman
Sicilian work]

CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

LIST OF MAPS

LIST OF PLATES

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

CHAPTER

I. THE AGES BEFORE HISTORY.

1. The Study of History
2. Prehistoric Peoples
3. Domestication of Animals and Plants
4. Writing and the Alphabet
5. Primitive Science and Art
6. Historic Peoples

II. THE LANDS AND PEOPLES OF THE EAST TO ABOUT 500 B.C.

7. Physical Asia
8. Babylonia and Egypt
9. The Babylonians and the Egyptians
10. The Phoenicians and the Hebrews
11. The Assyrians
12. The World Empire of Persia

III. ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION.

13. Social Classes
14. Economic Conditions
15. Commerce and Trade Routes
16. Law and Morality
17. Religion
18. Literature and Art
19. Science and Education

IV. THE LANDS OF THE WEST AND THE RISE OF GREECE TO ABOUT 500 B.C.

20. Physical Europe
21. Greece and the Aegean
22. The Aegean Age (to about 1100 B.C.)
23. The Homeric Age (about 1100-750 B.C.)
24. Early Greek Religion
25. Religious Institutions--Oracles and Games
26. The Greek City-State
27. The Growth of Sparta (to 500 B.C.)
28. The Growth of Athens (to 500 B.C.)
29. Colonial Expansion of Greece (about 750-500 B.C.)
30. Bonds of Union among the Greeks

V. THE GREAT AGE OF THE GREEK REPUBLICS TO 362 B.C.

31. The Perils of Hellas
32. Expeditions of Darius against Greece
33. Xerxes and the Great Persian War
34. Athens under Themistocles, Aristides, and Cimon
35. Athens under Pericles
36. The Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C.
37. The Spartan and Theban Supremacies, 404-362 B.C.
38. Decline of the City-State

VI. MINGLING OF EAST AND WEST AFTER 359 B.C.

39. Philip and the Rise of Macedonia
40. Demosthenes and the End of Greek Freedom
41. Alexander the Great
42. Conquest of Persia and the Far East, 334-323 B.C.
43. The Work of Alexander
44. Hellenistic Kingdoms and Cities
45. The Hellenistic Age
46. The Graeco-Oriental World

VII. THE RISE OF ROME TO 264 B.C.

47. Italy and Sicily
48. The Peoples of Italy
49. The Romans
50. Early Roman Society
51. Roman Religion
52. The Roman City State
53. Expansion of Rome over Italy, 509 (?)-264 B.C.
54. Italy under Roman Rule
55. The Roman Army

VIII. THE GREAT AGE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC, 264-31 B.C.

56. The Rivals Rome and Carthage, 264-218 B.C.
57. Hannibal and the Great Punic War, 218-201 B.C.
58. Roman Supremacy in the West and in the East, 201-133 B.C.
59. The Mediterranean World under Roman Rule
60. The Gracchi
61. Marius and Sulla
62. Pompey and Caesar
63. The Work of Caesar
64. Antony and Octavian
65. The End of an Epoch

IX. THE EARLY EMPIRE: THE WORLD UNDER ROMAN RULE, 31 B.C.-l80 A.D.

66. Augustus, 31 B.C.-l4 A.D.
67. The Successors of Augustus, 14-96 A.D.
68. The "Good Emperors," 96-180 A.D.
69. The Provinces of the Roman Empire
70. The Roman Law and the Latin Language
71. The Municipalities of the Roman Empire
72. Economic and Social Conditions in the First and Second Centuries
73. The Graeco-Roman World

X. THE LATER EMPIRE: CHRISTIANITY IN THE ROMAN WORLD, 180-395 A.D.

74. The "Soldier Emperors," 180-284 A.D.
75. The "Absolute Emperors," 284-395 A.D.
76. Economic and Social Conditions in the Third and Fourth Centuries
77. The Preparation for Christianity
78. Rise and Spread of Christianity
79. The Persecutions
80. Triumph of Christianity
81. Christian Influence on Society

XI. THE GERMANS TO 476 A.D.

82. Germany and the Germans
83. Breaking of the Danube Barrier
84. Breaking of the Rhine Barrier
85. Inroads of the Huns
86. End of the Roman Empire in the West, 476 A.D.
87. Germanic Influence on Society

XII. CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION.

88. The Classical City
89. Education and the Condition of Children
90. Marriage and the Position of Women
91. The Home and Private Life
92. Amusements
93. Slavery
94. Greek Literature
95. Greek Philosophy
96. Roman Literature
97. Greek Architecture
98. Greek Sculpture
99. Roman Architecture and Sculpture
100. Artistic Athens
101. Artistic Rome

XIII. WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, 476-962 A.D.

102. The Ostrogoths in Italy, 488-553 A.D.
103. The Lombards in Italy, 568-774 A.D.
104. The Franks under Clovis and His Successors
105. The Franks under Charles Martel and Pepin the Short
106. The Reign of Charlemagne, 768-814 A.D.
107. Charlemagne and the Revival of the Roman Empire, 800 A.D.
108. Disruption of Charlemagne's Empire, 814-870 A.D.
109. Germany under Saxon Kings, 919-973 A.D.
110. Otto the Great and the Restoration of the Roman Empire, 962 A.D.
111. The Anglo-Saxons in Britain, 449-839 A.D.
112. Christianity in the British Isles
113. The Fusion of Germans and Romans

XIV. EASTERN EUROPE DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, 395-1095 A.D.

114. The Roman Empire in the East
115. The Reign of Justinian, 527-565 A.D.
116. The Empire and its Asiatic Foes
117. The Empire and its Foes in Europe
118. Byzantine Civilization
119. Constantinople

XV. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH IN THE EAST AND IN THE WEST TO 1054 A.D.

120. Development of the Christian Church
121. Eastern Christianity
122. Western Christianity: Rise of the Papacy
123. Growth of the Papacy
124. Monasticism
125. Life and Work of the Monks
126. Spread of Christianity over Europe
127. Separation of Eastern and Western Christianity
128. The Greek Church
129. The Roman Church

XVI. THE ORIENT AGAINST THE OCCIDENT: RISE AND SPREAD OF ISLAM,
622-1058 A.D.

130. Arabia and the Arabs
131. Mohammed: Prophet and Statesman, 622-632 A.D.
132. Islam and the Koran
133. Expansion of Islam in Asia and Egypt
134. Expansion of Islam in North Africa and Spain
135. The Caliphate and its Disruption, 632-1058 A.D.
136. Arabian Civilization
137. The Influence of Islam

XVII. THE NORTHMEN AND THE NORMANS TO 1066 A.D.

138. Scandinavia and the Northmen
139. The Viking Age
140. Scandinavian Heathenism
141. The Northmen in the West
142. The Northmen in the East
143. Normandy and the Normans
144. Conquest of England by the Danes; Alfred the Great
145. Norman Conquest of England; William the Conqueror
146. Results of the Norman Conquest
147. Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily
148. The Normans in European History

XVIII. FEUDALISM

149. Rise of Feudalism
150. Feudalism as a System of Local Government
151. Feudal Justice
152. Feudal Warfare
153. The Castle and Life of the Nobles
154. Knighthood and Chivalry
155. Feudalism as a System of Local Industry
156. The Village and Life of the Peasants
157. Serfdom
158. Decline of Feudalism

XIX THE PAPACY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, 962-1273 A.D.

159. Characteristics of the Medieval Church
160. Church Doctrine and Worship
161. Church Jurisdiction
162. The Secular Clergy
163. The Regular Clergy
164. The Friars
165. Power of the Papacy
166. Popes and Emperors, 962-1122 A.D.
167. Popes and Emperors, 1122-1273 A.D.
168. Significance of the Medieval Church

XX. THE OCCIDENT AGAINST THE ORIENT, THE CRUSADES, 1095-1291 A.D.

169. Causes of the Crusades
170. First Crusade, 1095-1099 A.D.
171. Crusaders' States in Syria
172. Second Crusade, 1147-1149 A.D., and Third Crusade, 1189-1192 A.D.
173. Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople,
1202-1261 A.D.
174. Results of the Crusades

XXI THE MONGOLS AND THE OTTOMAN TURKS TO 1453 A.D.

175. The Mongols
176. Conquests of the Mongols, 1206-1405 A.D.
177. The Mongols in China and India
178. The Mongols in Eastern Europe
179. The Ottoman Turks and their Conquests, 1227-1453 A.D.
180. The Ottoman Turks in Southeastern Europe

XXII. EUROPEAN NATIONS DURING THE LATER MIDDLE AGES

181. Growth of the Nations
182. England under William the Conqueror, 1066-1087 A.D., the Norman
Kingship
183. England under Henry II, 1154-1189 A.D., Royal Justice and the
Common Law
184. The Great Charter, 1215 A.D.
185. Parliament during the Thirteenth Century
186. Expansion of England under Edward I, 1272-1307 A.D.
187. Unification of France, 987-1328 A.D.
188. The Hundred Years' War between England and France, 1337-1453 A.D.
189. The Unification of Spain (to 1492 A.D.)
190. Austria and the Swiss Confederation, 1273-1499 A.D.
191. Expansion of Germany

XXIII. EUROPEAN CITIES DURING THE LATER MIDDLE AGES

192. Growth of the Cities
193. City Life
194. Civic Industry--the Guilds
195. Trade and Commerce
196. Money and Banking
197. Italian Cities
198. German Cities, the Hanseatic League
199. The Cities of Flanders

XXIV. MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION

200. Formation of National Languages
201. Development of National Literatures
202. Romanesque and Gothic Architecture, the Cathedrals
203. Education, the Universities
204. Scholasticism
205. Science and Magic
206. Popular Superstitions
207. Popular Amusements and Festivals
208. Manners and Customs

XXV. THE RENAISSANCE

209. Meaning of the Renaissance
210. Revival of Learning in Italy
211. Paper and Printing
212. Revival of Art in Italy
213. Revival of Learning and Art beyond Italy
214. The Renaissance in Literature
215. The Renaissance in Education
216. The Scientific Renaissance
217. The Economic Renaissance

XXVI. GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION

218. Medieval Geography
219. Aids to Exploration
220. To the Indies Eastward--Prince Henry and Da Gama
221. The Portuguese Colonial Empire
222. To the Indies Westward: Columbus and Magellan
223. The Indians
224. Spanish Explorations and Conquests in America
225. The Spanish Colonial Empire
226. French and English Explorations in America
227. The Old World and the New

XXVII. THE REFORMATION AND THE RELIGIOUS WARS, 1517-1648 A.D.

228. Decline of the Papacy
229. Heresies and Heretics
230. Martin Luther and the Beginning of the Reformation in Germany,
1517-1522 A.D.
231. Charles V and the Spread of the German Reformation, 1519-1556 A.D.
232. The Reformation in Switzerland: Zwingli and Calvin
233. The English Reformation, 1533-1558 A.D.
234. The Protestant Sects
235. The Catholic Counter Reformation
236. Spain under Philip II, 1556-1598 A.D.
237. Revolt of the Netherlands
238. England under Elizabeth, 1558-1603 A.D.
239. The Huguenot Wars in France
240. The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 A.D.

XXVIII. ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE AND ENGLAND, 1603-1715 A.D.

241. The Divine Right of Kings
242. The Absolutism of Louis XIV, 1661-1715 A.D.
243. France under Louis XIV
244. The Wars of Louis XIV
245. The Absolutism of the Stuarts, 1603-1642 A.D.
246. Oliver Cromwell and the Civil War, 1642-1649 A.D.
247. The Commonwealth and the Protectorate, 1649-1660 A.D.
248. The Restoration and the "Glorious Revolution," 1660-1689 A.D.
249. England in the Seventeenth Century

APPENDIX--Table of Events and Dates

INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Disk of Phaestus.
A Papyrus Manuscript.
A Prehistoric Egyptian Grave.
A Hatchet of the Early Stone Age.
Arrowheads of the Later Stone Age.
Early Roman Bar Money.
Various Signs of Symbolic Picture Writing.
Mexican Rebus.
Chinese Picture Writing and Later Conventional Characters.
Cretan Writing.
Egyptian and Babylonian Writing.
The Moabite Stone (Louvre, Paris).
Head of a Girl (Musee S. Germain, Paris).
Sketch of Mammoth on a Tusk found in a Cave in France.
Bison painted on the Wall of a Cave.
Cave Bear drawn on a Pebble.
Wild Horse on the Wall of a Cave in Spain.
A Dolmen.
Carved Menhir.
Race Portraiture of the Egyptians.
The Great Wall of China.
Philae.
Top of Monument containing the Code of Hammurabi (British Museum,
London).
Khufu (Cheops), Builder of the Great Pyramid.
Menephtah, the supposed Pharaoh of the Exodus.
Head of Mummy of Rameses II (Museum of Gizeh).
The Great Pyramid.
The Great Sphinx.
A Phoenician War Galley.
An Assyrian.
An Assyrian Relief (British Museum, London).
The Ishtar Gate, Babylon.
The Tomb of Cyrus the Great.
Darius with his Attendants.
Rock Sepulchers of the Persian Kings.
A Royal Name in Hieroglyphics (Rosetta Stone).
An Egyptian Court Scene.
Plowing and Sowing in Ancient Egypt.
Transport of an Assyrian Colossus.
Egyptian weighing Cow Gold.
Babylonian Contract Tablet.
An Egyptian Scarab.
Amenhotep IV.
Mummy and Cover of Coffin (U.S. National Museum, Washington).
The Judgment of the Dead.
The Deluge Tablet (British Museum, London).
An Egyptian Temple (Restored).
An Egyptian Wooden Statue (Museum of Gizeh).
An Assyrian Palace (Restored).
An Assyrian Winged Human headed Bull.
An Assyrian Hunting Scene (British Museum, London).
A Babylonian Map of the World.
An Egyptian Scribe (Louvre, Paris).
Excavations at Nippur.
Excavations at Troy.
Lions' Gate, Mycenae.
Silver Fragment from Mycenae (National Museum, Athens).
A Cretan Girl (Museum of Candia, Crete).
Aegean Snake Goddess (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston).
A Cretan Cupbearer (Museum of Candia, Crete).
The Francois Vase (Archaeological Museum, Florence).
Consulting the Oracle at Delphi.
The Discus Thrower (Lancelotti Palace, Rome).
Athlete using the Strigil (Vatican Gallery, Rome).
"Temple of Neptune," Paestum.
Croesus on the Pyre.
Persian Archers (Louvre, Paris).
Gravestone of Aristion (National Museum, Athens).
Greek Soldiers in Arms.
The Mound at Marathon.
A Themistocles Ostrakon (British Museum, London).
An Athenian Trireme (Reconstruction).
"Theseum".
Pericles (British Museum, London).
An Athenian Inscription.
The "Mourning Athena" (Acropolis Museum, Athens).
A Silver Coin of Syracuse.
Philip II.
Demosthenes (Vatican Museum, Rome).
Alexander (Glyptothek, Munich).
The Alexander Mosaic (Naples Museum).
A Greek Cameo (Museum, Vienna).
The Dying Gaul (Capitoline Museum, Rome).
A Graeco-Etruscan Chariot (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York).
An Etruscan Arch.
Characters of the Etruscan Alphabet.
An Early Roman Coin.
A Roman Farmer's Calendar.
Cinerary Urns in Terra Cotta (Vatican Museum, Rome).
A Vestal Virgin.
Suovetaurilia (Louvre, Paris).
An Etruscan Augur.
Coop with Sacred Chickens.
Curule Chair and Fasces.
The Appian Way.
A Roman Legionary.
A Roman Standard Bearer (Bonn Museum).
Column of Duilius (Restored).
A Carthaginian or Roman Helmet (British Museum, London).
A Testudo.
Storming a City (Reconstruction).
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Spada Palace, Rome).
Marcus Tullius Cicero (Vatican Museum, Rome).
Gaius Julius Caesar (British Museum, London).
A Roman Coin with the Head of Julius Caesar.
Augustus (Vatican Museum, Rome).
Monumentum Ancyranum.
Pompeii.
Nerva (Vatican Museum, Rome).
Column of Trajan.
The Pantheon.
The Tomb of Hadrian.
Marcus Aurelius in his Triumphal Car (Palace of the Conservatori, Rome).
Wall of Hadrian in Britain.
Roman Baths, at Bath, England.
A Roman Freight Ship.
A Roman Villa.
A Roman Temple.
The Amphitheater at Arles.
A Megalith at Baalbec
The Wall of Rome
A Mithraic Monument
Modern Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives
Madonna and Child
Christ the Good Shepherd (Imperial Museum, Constantinople)
Interior of the Catacombs
The Labarum
Arch of Constantine
Runic Alphabet
A Page of the Gothic Gospels (Reduced)
An Athenian School (Royal Museum, Berlin)
A Roman School Scene
Youth reading a Papyrus Roll
House of the Vettii at Pompeii (Restored)
Atrium of a Pompeian House
Pompeian Floor Mosaic
Peristyle of a Pompeian House
A Greek Banquet
A Roman Litter
Theater of Dionysus, Athens
A Dancing Girl
The Circus Maximus (Restoration)
Gladiators
A Slave's Collar
Sophocles (Lateran Museum, Rome)
Socrates (Vatican Museum, Rome)
Corner of a Doric Facade
Corner of an Ionic Facade
Corinthian Capital
Composite Capital
Tuscan Capital
Interior View of the Ulpian Basilica (Restoration)
A Roman Aqueduct
The Colosseum (Exterior)
The Colosseum (Interior)
A Roman Cameo
Tomb of Theodoric at Ravenna
Charlemagne (Lateran Museum Rome)
The Iron Crown of Lombardy
Cathedral at Aix la Chapelle
Ring Seal of Otto the Great
Anglo Saxon Drinking Horn
St. Martin's Church, Canterbury
Canterbury Cathedral
A Mosaic of Justinian
The Three Existing Monuments of the Hippodrome, Constantinople
Religious Music
The Nestorian Monument
Papal Arms
St. Daniel the Stylite on his Column
Abbey of Saint Germain des Pres, Paris
A Monk Copyist
Mecca
A Letter of Mohammed
A Passage from the Koran
Naval Battle showing Use of "Greek Fire"
Interior of the Mosque of Cordova
Capitals and Arabesques from the Alhambra
Swedish Rock Carving
A Runic Stone
A Viking Ship
Norse Metal Work (Museum, Copenhagen)
Alfred the Great
Alfred's Jewel (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford)
A Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry (Museum of Bayeux, Normandy)
Trial by Combat
Mounted Knight
Pierrefonds
Chateau Gaillard (Restored)
King and Jester
Falconry
Farm Work in the Fourteenth Century
Pilgrims to Canterbury
A Bishop ordaining a Priest
St. Francis blessing the Birds
The Spiritual and the Temporal Power
Henry IV, Countess Matilda, and Gregory VII
Contest between Crusaders and Moslems
"Mosque of Omar," Jerusalem
Effigy of a Knight Templar
Richard I in Prison
Hut-Wagon of the Mongols (Reconstruction)
Tomb of Timur at Samarkand
Mohammed II
The "White Tower"
A Passage from Domesday Book
Windsor Castle
Extract from the Great Charter
Coronation Chair, Westminster Abbey
A Queen Eleanor Cross
Royal Arms of Edward III
English Archer
Walls of Carcassonne
A Scene in Rothenburg
House of the Butchers' Guild, Hildesheim, Germany
Baptistery, Cathedral, and "Leaning Tower" of Pisa
Venice and the Grand Canal
Belfry of Bruges
Town Hall of Louvain, Belgium
Geoffrey Chaucer
Roland at Roncesvalles
Cross Section of Amiens Cathedral
Gargoyles on the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris
View of New College, Oxford
Tower of Magdalen College, Oxford
Roger Bacon
Magician rescued from the Devil
The Witches' Sabbath
Chess Pieces of Charlemagne
Bear Baiting
Mummers
A Miracle Play at Coventry, England
Manor House in Shropshire, England
Interior of an English Manor House
Costumes of Ladies during the Later Middle Ages
Dante Alighieri
Petrarch
An Early Printing Press
Facsimile of Part of Caxton's "Aeneid" (Reduced)
Desiderius Erasmus (Louvre, Paris)
Cervantes
William Shakespeare
Shakespeare's Birthplace, Stratford-on-Avon
Richard II
Geographical Monsters
An Astrolabe
Vasco da Gama
Christopher Columbus (Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid)
Isabella
Ship of 1492 A.D.
The Name "America"
Ferdinand Magellan
Aztec Sacrificial Knife
Aztec Sacrificial Stone
Cabot Memorial Tower
John Wycliffe
Martin Luther
Charles V
John Calvin
Henry VIII
Ruins of Melrose Abbey
Chained Bible
St. Ignatius Loyola
Philip II
The Escorial
William the Silent
Elizabeth
Crown of Elizabeth's Reign
London Bridge in the Time of Elizabeth
The Spanish Armada in the English Channel
Cardinal Richelieu (Louvre, Paris.)
Gustavus Adolphus
Cardinal Mazarin
Louis XIV
Versailles
Medal of Louis XIV
Marlborough
Gold Coin of James I
A Puritan Family
Charles I
Execution of the Earl of Strafford
Oliver Cromwell
Interior of Westminster Hall
Great Seal of England under the Commonwealth (Reduced)
Boys' Sports
Silver Crown of Charles II
A London Bellman
Coach and Sedan Chair
Death Mask of Sir Isaac Newton

LIST OF MAPS

Distribution of Semitic and Indo-European Peoples.
Physical Map of Asia.
Egyptian Empire (about 1450 B.C.)
Canaan as divided among the Tribes.
Solomon's Kingdom.
Assyrian Empire (about 660 B.C.)
Lydia, Media, Babylonia, and Egypt (about 550 B.C.)
Persian Empire at its Greatest Extent (about 500 B.C.)
Ancient Trade Routes
Phoenician and Greek Colonies.
Physical Map of Europe.
Ancient Greece and the Aegean.
Aegean Civilization.
Greek Conquests and Migrations.
The World according to Homer, 900 B.C.
Greece at the Opening of the Persian Wars, 490 B.C.
Vicinity of Athens.
Greece at the Opening of the Peloponnesian War.
Route of the Ten Thousand.
Empire of Alexander the Great (about 323 B.C.)
Kingdoms of Alexander's Successors (about 200 B.C.)
The World according to Eratosthenes, 200 B.C.
The World according to Ptolemy, 150 A.D.
Ancient Italy and Sicily.
Vicinity of Rome.
Expansion of Roman Dominions in Italy, 509-264 B.C.
Colonies and Military Roads in Italy.
Expansion of Roman Dominions, 264-133 B.C.
Expansion of Roman Dominions, 133-31 B.C.
Expansion of Roman Dominions, 31 B.C.-180 A.D.
Plan of Jerusalem and its Environs.
Roman Britain.
Roman Empire (about 395 A.D.)
Palestine.
Growth of Christianity to the End of the Fourth Century.
Germanic Migrations to 476 A.D.
Europe at the Deposition of Romulus Augustulus, 476 A.D.
Plan of the Ulpian Basilica
Plan of Ancient Athens
Plan of the Parthenon
Plan of Ancient Rome
Europe at the Death of Theodoric, 526 A.D.
Europe at the Death of Justinian, 565 A.D.
Growth of the Frankish Dominions, 481-768 A.D.
Europe in the Age of Charlemagne, 800 A.D.
The Frankish Dominions as divided by the Treaties of Verdun
(843 A.D.) and Mersen (870 A.D.)
Europe in the Age of Otto the Great, 972 A.D.
Anglo-Saxon Britain
Peoples of Europe at the Beginning of the Tenth Century
The Roman Empire in the East during the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries
Vicinity of Constantinople
Plan of Constantinople
Plan of Kirkstall Abbey, Yorkshire
Growth of Christianity from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Century
Expansion of Islam
Discoveries of the Northmen in the West
England under Alfred the Great
Dominions of William the Conqueror
Plan of Chateau Gaillard
Plan of Hitchin Manor, Hertfordshire
Germany and Italy during the Interregnum, 1254-1273 A.D.
Mediterranean Lands after the Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204 A.D.
The Mongol Empire
Russia at the End of the Middle Ages
Empire of the Ottoman Turks at the Fall of Constantinople, 1453 A.D.
Dominions of the Plantagenets in England and France
Scotland in the Thirteenth Century
Unification of France during the Middle Ages
Unification of Spain during the Middle Ages
Growth of the Hapsburg Possessions
The Swiss Confederation, 1291-1513 A.D.
German Expansion Eastward during the Middle Ages
Trade Routes between Northern and Southern Europe in the
Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
Medieval Trade Routes
Plan of Salisbury Cathedral, England
The World according to Cosmas Indicopleustes, 535 A.D.
The Hereford Map, 1280 A.D.
Behaim's Globe
Portuguese and Spanish Colonial Empires in the Sixteenth Century
The West Indies
An Early Map of the New World (1540 A.D.)
The Great Schism, 1378-1417 A.D.
Europe at the Beginning of the Reformation, 1519 A.D.
Extent of the Reformation, 1524-1572 A.D.
The Netherlands in the Sixteenth Century
Western Europe in the Time of Elizabeth
Europe at the End of the Thirty Years' War, 1648 A.D.
Acquisitions of Louis XIV and Louis XV
Europe after the Peace of Utrecht, 1713 A.D.
England and Wales--The Civil Wars of the Seventeenth Century
Ireland in the Sixteenth Century