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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

Boy Scouts in the Philippines

G >> G. Harvey Ralphson >> Boy Scouts in the Philippines

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The Captain looked Ned over from head to foot and laughed.

"My boy," he said, "you surely know what your eyes were given to you
for. Can you tell by looking at my coat how much money I have in the
pocketbook in the breast pocket?"

"Hardly," laughed Ned, "but I can tell by looking at that light coat you
have on that you went to sleep in your chair last night, with the lower
part wrinkled up under you! Did you sleep that way all night? Own up,
now!"

Captain Godwin blushed through his coat of tan like a schoolgirl.

"To tell you the truth," he said, "I did sleep in my clothes last night.
After I left the Lieutenant at the hut I went home and mixed a little
drink and sat down to read a bit. Well, sir, I fell asleep!"

"And woke up at daylight?" asked Ned.

"Pretty close to it," was the reply. "I awoke with a headache, too!"

"You mixed the drink yourself?" asked the boy.

"Yes; I always do."

"But your servant brought the glass?"

"Why, yes."

"Have you seen the servant to-day?"

"Sure! He got my early breakfast. We have two here, you know."

"Ever sleep like that before?"

"Not here."

Ned looked serious. This was something new. The Captain had without
doubt been drugged, but who had contrived the thing?

"What are you getting at?" demanded Captain Godwin. "You don't think I
was doped, do you?"

"Looks like it," was the reply.

"Then the whole native population is up to something!" shouted the
Captain. "I've noticed a good deal of whispering lately. Do you think
the tribe on the island has gone over to the insurrectos?"

"I don't know," Ned said, "but it seems to me that something is going to
happen here before long."

"I'll watch out," declared the Captain.

"How long have you been in charge here?" asked the boy.

"Two years. There's really nothing to do, but Uncle Sam thinks he needs
a man in charge here, and pays pretty well, and so I've remained. It is
a dull life, and I'm not certain that I don't enjoy this little
excitement."

"Unless I am mistaken," Ned smiled, "it will not be so dull here in the
future. I see trouble for the whole group."

"About a thousand of these brown leaders will have to be killed off
before there will be any security of life or property here," said the
Captain. "The natives would behave themselves if let alone."

"Now," Ned said, "you have been insisting all along that Lieutenant Rowe
voluntarily left the island. Let us see about that."

"I never said he left the island. He may be here still, plotting with
the natives, for all I know."

"You are mistaken there. Whether voluntarily or not, his party left the
island last night, with the men who came here in the canoe."

"If he left the island, why didn't he go in the launch he came in? That
would have been the most comfortable mode of leaving the place."

"Because, as has been said, the man who was sent to seize the motor boat
could not make it move."

"How do you know that?"

"The fellow burned matches like those used In the hut as already stated,
and threw the sticks about. He left the electric apparatus out of order,
and that is why it would not run this morning when the Major wanted to
use it."

"Originally that might have been the reason," laughed the Captain, "but
I have an idea that the boys--"

"Never mind that!" Ned said. "We are not supposed to know anything about
it. For if the Lieutenant had been a willing member of the party,
wouldn't he have taken charge of the motor boat and got the party away
in it?"

"Oh, all right! Have your own way about it!" smiled the Captain. "Let us
suppose, solely for the sake of argument, that the Lieutenant was taken
prisoner and went away against his will. Does that prove that he was
taken from the island?"

"I was coming to that point," Ned replied.

He then called the attention of the Captain to the food tins which lay
scattered about.

"These tins," he said, "have been opened within a few hours, which shows
that the intruders rested and waited here and ate their suppers, perhaps
their early breakfasts also. There were several of them, as you will see
by the number of tins opened. The party embarked here. You can see where
the nose of the canoe struck the mud."

"I reckon, as I remarked before," the Captain said, "that you don't need
any instructions as to the use of your eyes! And the gray matter back of
them seems to know what to do with the material unloaded on it! What
next?"

"About the Lieutenant going away voluntarily," Ned went on. "Now step
down here to the river bank. You notice the footprints in the mud, close
to the water's edge?"

"Yes; they are plain enough."

"And some are heavy and some are light. See that? Some are faint
impressions in the mushy soil, while some sink in a couple of inches.
Some of the deep ones are clean cut, while others show that the foot
wobbled in the track."

"There must have been a fat man who was unsteady on his feet," observed
the Captain.

"Yes, there was a heavy man, but his tracks are cut sharply in the mud.
His step was quick and firm. Now these other deep tracks show a
staggering foot. What does that mean?"

"Blessed if I know!" cried the Captain.

"It means, to my mind, that the men who made these deep, wobbly tracks
carried a burden into the boat. What do you think that burden was?"

"You will be telling me next that it was a wounded man--perhaps the
Lieutenant himself," said the Captain, his face alive with interest.

"It was a wounded man, all right," Ned replied, "but we have no means of
knowing whether it was the Lieutenant. See, there are drops of blood
close to the margin of the river!"

"You're a genius!" roared the Captain.

"Just observation," Ned said modestly. "There is nothing unusual about
the faculty of seeing things. We all draw the same conclusions after the
facts are pointed out. So, you see, there was a struggle in the hut,
after all, and some one was cut with a knife, for there were no shots
fired. As there would have been no fight if the Lieutenant had been in
the game, as you express it, the inference is that he was taken
prisoner."

"Granted--for the sake of argument!"

"Now," Ned continued, "you have seen Indian service, I understand, so
you will no doubt recognize these signs in grass. Read them!"

"Sure I can read them," exclaimed the Captain, "but I never would have
discovered them. Indian signals in grass, eh? Now, who do you think put
them there?"

At the edge of the thicket were two bunches of grass, each tied tightly
at a point near the top. On one the grass stood straight up beyond the
band. On the other the top was bent toward the river.

"'Here is the trail,'" Captain Godwin read, pointing to the first one,
"and the trail leads this way," he added, pointing to the other. "They
left by the river!"

"There is one more," Ned said. "Read this," pointing to three bunches of
grass, each tied near the top and standing in a row.

"That is a warning. It says, 'Be careful,'" read the other. "What does
it mean?"

"Just what it says. It also means that there is a Boy Scout with the
party!"




CHAPTER V.

ON THE RIM OF THE CHINA SEA.


The rain fell heavily, persistently, provokingly. Now and then came a
crash of thunder which seemed to shake the earth; vivid lightning cut
zigzags in the murky sky. The little islands of the Babuyan group in the
Balintang channel seemed to rock in the arms of the storm.

The motor boat _Manhattan_ lay tossing and drawing at her anchor in an
obscure bay of tiny dimensions on the west coast of a small island which
is a member of the Babuyan group and faces the China Sea. Ned, Frank,
Jack and Jimmie sat sweating in the little cabin, which was in the back
of the boat, the engine being located toward the center. The day was
dark because of the clouds and the downpour of the rain, and the heavy
foliage of the trees which came down to the very lip of the bay made it
dim in the little cabin, but there was no artificial light.

The boys were waiting for the storm to subside. They knew the moods of
the weather man of the Philippines well enough to understand that the
rain was likely to continue for several days, it being the opening of
the rainy season, but they preferred not to face the initial tempest. In
a few hours comparative quiet would come, and there would be only the
steady fall of rain.

Since leaving the little island where the transport had landed them,
they had visited three little dots of land in the channel, and on each
one they had found signals in grass pointing to the north and west.

"That Boy Scout, whoever he is," Jimmie said, as they discussed the
signals in the almost stifling atmosphere of the cabin, "is strictly
next to his job! He's showing the way, all right!"

"I'll bet you a can of corn against a bite of canned pie that he's from
New York," Jack Bosworth observed.

"Speaking of pie," Frank cut in, "there's a little restaurant on Beekman
street where they serve hot pies at noon for a dime. You go in there at
twelve and get a peach pie, and an apple pie, and a berry pie, hot out
of the oven, and buy a piece of cheese, and go back to the office and
consume your frugal repast. What?"

"If you talk about hot pie here," Jack said, threateningly, "I'll tip
you out of the boat. Pie! When I go back to little old New York I'm
going to have mother meet me at the pier with a pie under each arm!"

"I won't take your bet, Jack," Jimmie said. "I'd lose. I know he's from
New York, an' he belongs to the Wolf Patrol."

"I thought you left your dream book at home!" cried Frank.

"There was a boy named Pat Mack," Jimmie went on, "who enlisted and went
to the Philippines a year ago. He was sixteen when he enlisted, but
looked older, and so they let him in, he bein' a husky chap. He belonged
to the Wolf Patrol, an' was a chum of Ned's. You remember him, Ned?"

"Pat Mack?" repeated Ned. "Who would ever forget him? Why, that
red-headed Irishman is not a person to be forgotten, if once known. Why
do you think he is with the party we are following, Jimmie?"

"Because Captain Godwin said one of the young men with the Lieutenant
has hair so red that he didn't need a light to go to bed by. That's Pat
Mack! And if he is with that bunch there'll be something doing before
long. That boy will fight a rattlesnake an' give him the first bite."

"He is all to the good as a pugilist," Ned said. "That was the trouble
with him in New York. He was always in some kind of a mess because of
his quick temper and his ready fists. I hope it is Pat who is leaving
these signs."

"You bet it is," Jimmie insisted. "Say, look here! Who's rockin' this
boat?"

The boys were all sitting quietly in their seats, but the _Manhattan_
was rocking in a manner not accounted for by the storm. Motioning the
others to remain where they were, Ned arose and passed out of the cabin.

The boat was still swaying violently, and Ned could at first see no good
reason for it, but presently a commotion in the water, a commotion not
caused by the wind and rain, caught his eyes and he advanced to the
stern. After looking into the water for a moment he went to the cabin
and beckoned to the boys.

"If you don't mind getting soaking wet," he said, "come out here."

"What is it?" asked Frank, lazily.

"Is it anything good to eat?" asked Jimmie.

Jack made no response but bounded forward and looked over the edge of
the boat into the bay. What he saw was a great head with protruding jaws
and a long, dark back covered with enormous half defined scales, like
armor plate.

"What is it?" he asked, drawing a revolver from his pocket.

Ned pushed his hand back and the weapon was returned to a pocket.

"Don't shoot," he said. "We are not yet ready to announce our presence
here."

"But what is that thing?" demanded Jack. "Is he trying to eat up the
boat?"

"That is a crocodile," Ned replied. "Corker, eh?"

"Will he bite?" asked Jack, reaching for a boathook.

"Jump in and see," laughed Ned. "They live on fish, but eat dogs and men
when they feel just right. The rivers and lakes of the Philippines swarm
with them."

Jimmie and Frank now came out of the cabin and looked down at the
crocodile.

"He's scratching his old nose on the boat!" Jimmie said. "That's what
makes it rock so!"

"He thinks it's a sandwich, with meat inside," laughed Frank. "Suppose
we give him a poke in the ribs?"

He reached forward with the boathook, which he took from Jack's hand,
and jabbed at the creature, which did not appear to mind the presence of
the boys at all, but continued his nosing of the boat.

"His hide is as tough as the crust of the pies Bridget used to make!"
the boy said, jabbing harder than before and throwing his weight on the
handle of the hook.

Just then the boat shunted to one side, the crocodile swished away, and
Frank fell headlong into the agitated waters of the little bay. Jack saw
him going and tried to catch him, but did not succeed.

The crocodile had turned away from the boat when Frank struck the water
with a great splash, but he turned back and surveyed the submerged
figure with some degree of interest.

Frank of course went down under the surface as he fell, and remained
there for a second. When his body rose toward the surface the crocodile
approached him. Jimmie and Jack drew their revolvers.

"Don't shoot!" commanded Ned.

"He'll eat Frank alive!" whispered Jimmie.

"He's making a grab for his leg now!" Jack added.

Frank came to the surface and struck out for the boat, which was only a
few strokes away, the crocodile following in his wake, the giant
armor-plated body moving through the water stolidly and without visible
means of motion. The rough back looked like a log which had lain long in
the waters of a swamp and had caught rust from mineral deposits and a
nasty brown from decaying vegetation.

Frank knew the danger he was in, but did not seem to understand that the
boys on the boat were aware of his peril, for he swung his body out of
the water and whirling, pointed to the crocodile. As he did so the
monster speeded forward and snapped at his arm.

"Shoot! Shoot!" cried Jimmie.

But no shots were fired. When the great mouth of the monster opened
something shot out from the boat and landed squarely between the
extended jaws of the crocodile. There was a snap, a crunching sound,
then the water was whipped into commotion by the writhing body of the
monster.

A rope was thrown to Frank and he was soon on board, not much wetter
than his chums, standing in the driving rain, and not at all injured by
his adventure.

"Cripes!" Jimmie cried, as Frank stood panting by his side, "I thought
he had you where the whale had Jonah."

"What was that you fed him?" asked Frank of Ned.

"Just a bottle of gasoline which lay here," was the reply.

"You couldn't make a throw like that again in a hundred years!" Frank
said.

"If you're goin' to feed gasoline to the crocodiles," grinned Jimmie,
"I'll notify the government."

"If the breed listens to what that fellow has to say of gasoline as an
article of food," Ned laughed, "there won't be much demand for it."

"He'd have had my arm if you hadn't hit the mark," Frank said. "I'll owe
you an arm as long as I live, old man!"

"And that big fish owes Uncle Sam a quart of gasoline and a good blue
glass bottle," laughed Jack. "I wonder how it will set on his tummy?"

"Now," Ned said, "I'm as wet as it is possible to get, so I'm going on
shore to see if our Boy Scout left any mail for us. I'm getting anxious
to catch up with the Lieutenant and his abductors."

"I'm goin' too!" said Jimmie.

"You're not," Ned replied. "I'm not going to the trouble of keeping
track of you in that wilderness."

"All right!" Jimmie grunted, apparently resigned to his fate, but when
Ned rowed ashore and disappeared in the thicket which skirted the bay
the little fellow recklessly slipped into the water and came out
unharmed on the beach farther to the south than Ned had landed. He stood
for a moment with the salt water running out of his hair and over his
freckled face, made an amusing grimace at the boys in the boat, and
scurried into the jungle.

"The little dunce!" Jack exclaimed.

"If he keeps close to Ned he will be all right," Frank observed, "but if
he goes to wandering about on his own account he will get into trouble.
I've got a hunch that the people we are following are on that island."

In five minutes Ned made his appearance, rowing swiftly out to the boat.

"They are there!" he exclaimed. "I found the trail mark and the
direction. A yard from the last direction I found the triple warning
three times repeated. You know what that means?"

"Life or death," was the reply, and the three boys stood looking into
each other's faces for a moment without speaking.

"I guess they're going to murder the prisoners," Jack said, presently,
breaking the painful silence.

"That is what the sign seems to read," Ned said, gravely.

"Then we may as well be getting out our guns," Frank said.

Ned nodded, and turned toward the shore again. In a moment he faced his
chums again, his eyes startled and anxious.

"Where's Jimmie?" he asked.

"He went ashore!"

"Didn't you see him?"

Ned turned from Frank to Jack and then pointed toward an elevation
toward the center of the island.

The clouds hung low and the rain was still falling in torrents, but
under the gray sky and through the downpour of the rain two columns of
smoke lifted an eloquent voice.

"That's a Boy Scout call!" exclaimed Jack.

"Two columns of smoke," Frank said, "mean 'Help'! Jimmie couldn't have
kindled two fires since he has been gone, could he?"

"Of course not," Jack replied. "That's Pat Mack, the red-headed rascal!"

"I bet he wishes he was back on Chatham Square!" observed Frank.

The boys waited ten minutes, but Jimmie did not make his appearance.

"He's in trouble!" cried Frank. "We better go and see what kind of a fix
he's gotten into."

"It may be," Ned said, after a short pause, "that he has seen the call
for help, and is making his way in that direction."

"That is just like him!" Jack burst out.

"Are we going in there after him?" Frank asked.

"We are likely to lose him in the thicket if we go," Ned cautioned, "and
it seems to me that we ought to wait a short time. He is wise enough not
to go butting into a camp."

"What sort of a place is it in there?" asked Jack.

"It is one of the nameless islands of the Babuyan group," Ned answered.
"Like most of the others, it is of volcanic formation. There is a
central elevation, and a stream of good size starts up there somewhere
and runs into a bay farther north. I was thinking of speeding up and
trying to get into the interior by way of the river."

"With the engine barking like a terrier in a rat pit!" said Frank.

"For once," said Ned, with a smile, "you have said a good thing! We've
got to lie here and wait until dark. Then we can advance through the
jungle and look for their campfire."

"Perhaps they won't build a fire."

This from Frank, who was stuffing his pockets with cartridges.

"Of course they will!" Jack put in. "They will have to keep the wildcats
away."

"Wildcats!" laughed Frank. "There isn't a wildcat within a thousand
miles of this island."

"Don't you ever think it," Jack insisted. "There are plenty of wildcats
in the Philippines, and snakes, and lizards. In fact, the islands are
not unlike the Isthmus of Panama in this regard. And monkeys! Well,
we've heard enough chattering already to put us wise to them."

As the boy spoke a great chattering broke out in a thicket only a few
rods away from the beach. The monkeys seemed frightened, and moving
toward the shore.

"Jimmie is in there!" Ned exclaimed. "I wish I could chloroform the
little pests. They will betray the presence of the lad."

While the boys waited, wondering what was to be the outcome of the
dangerous situation, the sharp whistle of a launch came from the
opposite side of the island. The first blast was followed by three
others, in quick succession, and then a shot was heard from the
interior.

"This must be receiving day for the little brown men!" said Jack.
"There's a boat over there talking to them. What about it, Ned?"

"If you boys will promise not to leave the boat," Ned said, "I'll go
ashore and try to find out what is going on. This island lies on the rim
of the China Sea, and that boat may be from the land of the Celestials!"

"Bringing arms to put Uncle Sam to the bad!" exclaimed Frank. "I'd like
to pull their pigtails!"

The boys promised not to leave the _Manhattan_, and Ned rowed ashore and
struck into the jungle. There was now an uproar of chattering all over
the island, it seemed, and he walked swiftly under cover of the racket.
In half an hour he was on an elevation which gave him a view of the
China Sea. What he saw caused him to drop suddenly to the ground.




CHAPTER VI.

THE LOW CALL OF A WOLF.


When Jimmie left the _Manhattan_ he thought it would be perfectly easy
to follow Ned into the jungle. Before leaving Captain Godwin's charge
the boys had been provided with bolos, and the youngster slipped one
under his jacket before leaving the motor boat. This he used to good
purpose, though with great caution, as he crept through the thickets.

As is well known, it is almost impossible to make headway in a
Philippine forest without chopping down creepers and tangled vines. The
bolo is always in use by parties hunting or exploring. It is a short,
heavy sword, or knife, similar to the machete of Cuba, and is frequently
used in warfare. In the hands of an expert it becomes a very effective
weapon.

Gaining the thicket, Jimmie stood still and listened for some indication
of the presence of his patrol leader. But the patter of the rain, the
rustling of the great leaves, the scolding of the wet and alarmed
monkeys in the trees about him, served to shut out any other sounds.

He walked as fast as he could through the jungle toward the center of
the island, or in the direction which he believed to be the center.
Always his way was uphill, and now and then he was obliged to draw
himself up some acclivity by pulling, hand over hand, on a creeper
trailing from a tree.

Certain that he could find his way back, he did not blaze the way. Here
and there he hewed down a thorny limb which tore at his clothes, or cut
a creeper from a tree, but he made no effort to mark his path.

Occasionally he came to a little glade, a space clear of trees but
hemmed in by the eternal jungle just the same. Here the way was choked
with rank cogon grass, growing from eight to twelve feet high. He found
this as mean a growth to pass through as any briar patch or cane-brake.

Cogon grass seems a useless parasite on the bosom of old Mother Earth,
and yet it presents a compensation in its gorgeous white bloom, for,
like the poppy, the cogon is a show-piece of nature, and she flaunts it
in places where beauty is needed, too. Jimmie had never seen a field of
buckwheat in blossom, or he might have compared the cogon stretches to
fields in the United States at certain seasons of the year.

Even in his haste, in the uncomfortable day, the boy stopped to gaze in
wonder at the wonderful balete tree, which is a representative of the
fig family. This tree begins life as a parasite, at least it springs to
life in a crotch of some other tree. Here it thrives on the humus and
decayed vegetable matter and sends long, winding tendrils down to the
ground.

These tendrils take root and grow with such vigor that the supporting
trunk is rapidly enveloped in a coalescing mass of stems, while its own
branches are overtopped by the usurper, which kills it eventually as
much by stealing its sunshine as by appropriating the soil at its base.
When very old these trees possess a massive trunk, usually, with a large
cavity in the middle where the trunk of the other tree rotted out. Some
of the younger trees, however, seem to stand on stilts.

Jimmie saw many things to marvel at, for a Philippine forest is not at
all like a forest in the states of New York or Illinois. In the glades
he saw plants of enormous size, with leaves seven feet long. He came
upon rattan or bejuco thickets, where thorns, pointing down the stems
like barbs on a fish-hook, snatched at his clothes and clung to them
too.

A variety of this plant has a stem, trailing on the ground, five hundred
feet long. This stem is hollow and divided into compartments by
diaphragms at the joints, like the bamboo. Each compartment contains
about a mouthful of pure water.

Jimmie climbed upward for half an hour, thinking every moment that he
would come upon some trace of Ned, but Ned, as the reader knows, was at
that time waiting in the cabin of the _Manhattan_ for the return of his
friend. Unconsciously he wandered off to the right, or north, and
presently came to an elevation from which he could overlook the
rain-splashed waters of the China Sea.

By the time he reached this position Ned was also in the forest, hoping
to meet Jimmie as well as to learn the meaning of the signals from the
unknown launch and the firing on the island. Ned, however, for a long
time kept to the left, and when at last he came to an elevation he was
at least a mile away from that to which Jimmie had ascended.

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