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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

The Seventh Noon

F >> Frederick Orin Bartlett >> The Seventh Noon

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There were now just two doubtful points which checked him in his first
impulse to swallow the deadly elixir at once,--two questions needing
further thought before he would have a clear conscience about it; he must
convince himself a trifle more clearly that he shifted nothing to the
load of those he left behind, and he must make sure that no element of
fear entered into his act. That phrase of Barstow's, "It's quitting not
to stay," smarted a bit.

In spite of these vital problems, Donaldson was keenly conscious, even
with his wild freedom still nothing but a conception, of sharpened senses
which responded keenly to the lights and sounds about him. This bottle
which he held made him feel like some old time king's messenger who
carried a warrant making him exempt from local laws. He moved among
people whose perplexed thoughts wandered restlessly down the everlasting
vista of the days ahead, and he alone of them all knew the secret of
being untroubled beyond the week. The world had not for ten years
appeared so gay to him. He felt the exhilarating sting of life as he had
when it first surged in upon him at twenty. The very fact that he held
even a temporary solution to his barren days was enough. In the joy of
his almost august scorn of circumstance he forgot the minor difficulties
which still lay before him.

He turned aside from the direct course to his room into Broadway. It was
the last of May and early evening. The month revealed itself in the warm
night sky and the buoyant spirits of those below its velvet richness.
Spring was in the air--a stimulation as of etherialized champagne. The
spirit of adventure, the spirit of renaissance, the spirit of creation
was abroad once more. Not a cranny in even this sprawling section of
denaturalized earth but thrilled for the time being with budding hopes,
sap-swollen courage, and bright, colorful dreams. Walking beneath the
spitting glare of the arc-lights, through the golden mist flooding from
the store windows, Donaldson hazily saw again the careless unburdened
world of his early youth. He caught the spirit of Broadway and all
Broadway means in the spring. It was a marionette world where
marionettes dance their gayest. Yesterday this would have been to him
nothing but a dead bioscope picture; now, though he still sat an onlooker
in the pit, it was a living human drama at which he gazed.

Two dark-haired grisettes passed him, their cheeks aglow and their eyes
dancing. They appeared so full of life, so very gay, that he turned to
glance back at them. He found the eyes of the prettier one upon him; she
had turned to look at him. It was long since even so trifling an
intrigue as this had quickened his life.

As a matter of fact Donaldson always attracted more interest in feminine
eyes than, in his self engrossment, he was ever aware. Even in his shiny
blue serge suit, baggy at the knees and sagging at the shoulders, even in
his shabby hat, he carried himself with an air. Two things about his
person were always as fine and immaculate as though he were a gentleman
of some fortune, his linen and his shoes. But in addition to such slight
externals Donaldson, although not a large man, had good shoulders, a
well-poised head, and walked with an Indian stride from the hips that
made him noticeable among the flat-footed native New Yorkers. He might
have been mistaken for an ambitious actor of the younger school; even for
a forceful young cleric, save for the fact that he smoked his cigarette
with evident satisfaction.

He followed an aimless course--but a course fairly prickling with new
sensations--until he stood before one of the popular cafes, now
effervescing with sprightly life. He paused here a moment to listen to
the music. A group of well-groomed men and women laughingly clambered
out of a big touring car and passed in before the obsequious attendants.
He watched them with some envy. Music, good food, good wines, laughter,
and bright eyes--the flimsiest vanities of life to be sure--and yet there
was something in his hungry heart that craved them all. Well, ten years
from now perhaps,--his hand fell upon the vial. No. Not ten years from
now, but to-morrow, even tomorrow, he might claim these luxuries!

He jumped on a car and in thirty minutes stood in the lean, quiet street
into which for three years he had stared from his third floor room.
These quarters seemed now more than ever a parody on home. This row of
genteel structures which had degenerated into boarding houses for the
indigent and struggling younger generation, and the wrecks of the past,
embodied, in even the blank stare of their exteriors, stupid mediocrity.
He fumbled nervously in his pocket for his latch-key, and opening the
door climbed the three stale flights to his room. He lighted both
gas-jets, but even then the gloom remained. He craved more light--the
dazzling light of arc-lamps, the glare reflected from polished mirrors.
Better absolute darkness than this. He turned out the gas and throwing
open his window leaned far out over the sill. Then he concentrated his
thoughts upon the issue confronting him.

At the end of other colorless days, when he had come back here only to be
tortured by the stretch of gray road before him, he had considered as a
possibility that which now was almost a reality. He had always been
checked by this desire to have first his taste of life and by the
troublesome conviction that there was something unfair about seizing it
in this way. Furthermore, though he could, without Barstow's discovery,
have lived his week and closed it by any one of a dozen effective means,
he realized that he could not trust even himself to fulfill at the
end--no matter how binding the oath--so fearful a decree. A few deep
draughts of joyous life might turn his head. It was as dangerous an
experiment as taking the first smoke of opium, as tampering with the
first injection of morphine, upon the promise of stopping there. No,
before beginning he must set at work some power outside himself which
should be operative even against his will; which should be as final as
death itself. Until to-night this had seemed an impossibility. Now,
with that chief obstruction removed, he had but to consider the ethics of
the question.

In arguing with Barstow he had been sincere. He believed as he had said
that a man had the right to end the contract so long as he cheated no one
by so doing. All his life he had paid his way like a man, done his duty
like a good citizen, given a fair return for everything he took. He did
not feel himself indebted to his country, his state, his city, nor to any
living man or woman. In one form and another, he had paid. Few men
could claim this as sincerely as Donaldson. He had lived
conscientiously, so very conscientiously in fact that it was as much
rebellion against self-imposed fetters which now drove him on to an
opposite extreme as any bitterness against that society which had spurned
his idealism. He had refused to compromise and learned that the world
uses only as martyrs those who so refuse. The limitations of his nature
were defined by the fact that he withdrew from so self sacrificing an end
as that. But now if he demanded nothing more--if he was tired of this
give and take--why should he not balance accounts?

Chiefly because there would still be one week to account for--that last
week in which he should demand most. Like an inspiration came the
solution to this, the final difficulty; economically he was wasting a
life; very well, but if he could find a way of not wasting it, of giving
his life to another, then he would have paid even this last bill. In the
excitement of this new idea, he paced his room. If he could give his
life for another! But supposing this were impossible, supposing no
opportunity should offer, it would be something if he held himself open,
offered himself a free instrument of Fate. He could promise--and he knew
he could keep so sacred a promise as this with death approaching in so
inevitable a form,--he could promise to offer himself upon the slightest
pretext, recklessly and without fear, instantly and without thought, to
the first chance which might come to him to give his life for another.
That was the bond he would give to Fate--the same Fate which had produced
him--his life for the life of another. Let society use him so if such
use could be found for him. He would stand ready, would live up to the
spirit and the letter of the bond unhesitatingly. For one week he would
live his life in the present upon that condition--one week with the
eighth day a blank, one week with the whole world his plaything.

He stared with new eyes from his window to the jumble of houses below, to
the jumble of stars above. The whole world expanded and vibrated before
the intensity of his passion. He was to condense a possible thirty or
forty years into seven days. To-day was the twenty-third of May. By
to-morrow noon he could adjust all his affairs. With nothing to demand
of them in the future it would be an easy matter to cut them off. On
Friday, May twenty-fourth, then, he could begin. This would bring the
end on the thirty-first.

He considered a moment; was it better to die at noon or at night? An odd
thing for a man to decide, but such details as this might as well be
fixed now as later. It took but a moment's deliberation; he elected to
go out at high noon. There would be dark enough afterwards--possibly an
eternity of dark. He would face the sun with his last gaze; he would
have the mad riot of men and women at midday ringing last in his ears.

As he drew in deep breaths it was as if he inhaled the whole world. He
felt as though, if he but stepped out sturdily enough, he could foot the
darkness. His head was light; his brain teemed with wild fancies. Then
pressing through this medley he saw for a moment the young woman who had
come to Barstow's laboratory. The effect was to steady him. He
remembered the sweet girlishness of her face, the freshness of it which
was like the freshness of a garden in the early morning. He realized
that she stood for one thing that he could never know. What was it that
he saw now in those strange eyes that left him a bit wistful at thought
of this? There was not a detail of her features, of her dress, of her
speech, that he could not see now as vividly as though she were still
standing before him. That was odd, too. He was not ordinarily so
impressionable. It occurred to him that he would not like her to know
what he was about to do. Bah, he was getting maudlin!

Late as it was, he left his room and went downtown to his office. He
worked here until daylight, falling asleep in his chair from four to
seven. He awoke fresh, and even more eager than the night before to
undertake his venture.

There remained still a few men to be seen. He transacted his business
with a brilliant dispatch and swift decision that startled them. He
disposed of all his office furniture, his books, destroyed all his
letters, made a will leaving instructions for the disposal of his body,
and concluded every other detail of his affairs before eleven o'clock.
When he left his office to go back to his room, he had in his pocket
every cent he possessed in the world in crisp new bank notes. It
amounted to twenty-eight hundred and forty-seven dollars. Not much to
scatter over a long life,--not much as capital. Invested it might yield
some seventy dollars a year. But as ready cash, it really stood for a
fortune. It was the annual income at four per cent on over seventy
thousand dollars, the monthly income on eight hundred and forty thousand
dollars, the weekly income on over three million. For seven days then he
could squander the revenue of a princely estate.

As a matter of fact his position was even more remarkable; he was as
wealthy--so far as his own capacity for pleasure went--as though the
possessor of thirty million. This because of his limitations; he was
barred from travel; barred from the purchase of future holdings; barred
from everything by this time restriction save what he could absorb within
seven days through his five senses. Being an intelligent man of decent
morals and no bad habits, he was also restrained from license and the
gross extravagance accompanying it. But within his own world, there was
not a desire which need remain unsatisfied.

Back again in his room he summoned his landlady.

"I am going away," he informed her briefly. "I sha'n't leave any address
and I 'm going to take with me only the few things I can pack into a
dress-suit case. I 'll give you the rest."

The woman--she had become rather fond of the quiet, gentle third story
front--looked up sympathetically.

"Have you had bad news?"

"Bad news? No," he smiled. "Very good news. I 'm going to take a sort
of vacation."

"Then perhaps you 'll come back."

"So, I 'm quite sure I shall never come back."

She watched him at his packing, still puzzled by his behavior. She
noticed that he took nothing but a few trinkets, a handful of linen, and
a book or two. He glanced at his watch.

"Madame," he announced, offering her his hand, "it is now eleven thirty.
My vacation begins in half an hour. I must hurry. The remainder of
these things I bequeath to you."

In twenty minutes he was at the Waldorf. He asked for and was allotted
one of the best rooms in the house, for which he paid the suspicious
clerk in advance. When at length he was left alone in his luxurious
apartments, it was still a few minutes before twelve. He drew the vial
from his pocket without fear, without hesitation. He placed his watch
upon the table before him. Then he sat down and wrote out the following
oath:


"I, Peter Donaldson, swear by all that I hold most sacred that I will
offer my life freely and without question for the protection of any human
being needing it during these next seven days in which I shall live."


He signed this in a bold scrawling hand. It was as simply and earnestly
expressed as he knew how to make it.

He uncorked the vial and poured the liquid into a glass without a quaver
of his hand. He mixed a little water with it and raised it to his lips.
There he paused, for once again he seemed to see the big, calm eyes of
the girl now staring at him as though in surprise. But this time he
smiled, and with a little lift of the glass towards her swallowed the
liquid at a gulp.




CHAPTER III

_The Beginning of the End_

Before the bitter taste of the syrup faded from his tongue, Donaldson's
thoughts shifted from the Ultimate to the Now. He was too good a
sportsman to question his judgment by worry when once committed to an
enterprise. The world now lay before him as he had wished it--an
enchanted land in which he could move with as great freedom as a prince
in the magical kingdoms of Arabia. The Present became sharpened to
poignancy. Even as he stood there musing over the marvel of the new
world into which he had leaped--the old thin world of years condensed
into one thick week--he realized that this very wondering had cost him
five precious minutes. A dozen such periods made an hour, two dozen
hours a day--one seventh of his living space. This thought so whetted
his interest that he could have sat on here indefinitely, thrilled to
the marrow by the mere pageant of life as it passed before his eyes on
the street below. The slightest incident was now dramatic; the hurry
of men and women on their way up-town and down-town, the swift movement
of vehicles, the fluttering of birds in the sunshine, the unceasing,
eager flux of life. It was through the eyes of youth he was
looking--for is youth anything more than the ability to live the
irresponsible days as they come? Youth is Omar without his philosophy.
He grew dizzy. Life taken so was too powerful a stimulant. He must
brace himself.

He settled into one of the big chairs, closing his eyes to the wonders
about him, and tried to think more soberly. He felt as though he must
dull his quickened senses in some way. His unsheathed nerves quivered
back from so direct a contact with life.

"Quiet, old man, quiet," he cautioned himself. "There 's a lot of
things you wish to do in these next few days. So you must sober
down--you must get a grip on yourself."

He rose to his feet determinedly. He must work out of such moods as
this. One of the first things for him to do was to buy a decent
personal outfit. As soon as he gave his mind a definite object upon
which to work, his thoughts instantly cleared. It was just some such
matter-of-fact task as this which he needed.

He went down-stairs, and stepping into a taxicab, was whisked to one of
the large retail stores. He had no time to squander upon a tailor, but
he was successful in securing a good fit in ready-made clothing. He
bought several street suits, evening clothes, overcoats and hats, much
silk underwear--a luxury he had always promised himself in that ghost
future--and an extravagant supply of cravats, gloves, socks, and odds
and ends. He omitted nothing necessary to make him feel a well-dressed
man so far as he could find it ready made. There was nothing conceited
about Donaldson, nothing of the fop, but he enjoyed both the feeling
and the appearance of rich garments. He hired a messenger boy who
announced his name as Bobby and who followed along at his heels,
collecting the bundles and carrying them out to the waiting cab.

He was a fresh cheeked youngster with a quick interest in things. He
could n't make up his mind whether Donaldson was really an Indian
prince or whether as a result of drinking he merely felt like one. As
time passed and he saw that the man was neither an oriental nor drunk,
his imagination then wavered between accepting him as an English duke
or a member of the Vanderbilt family.

Donaldson perceived the keen interest the boy was taking in his
purchases, saw the wonder in his eyes grow, based upon a faith that
still accepted Aladdin as an ever-present possibility, and realized
that Bobby was getting almost as much fun out of this game as he
himself. He began to humor him further by consulting his taste in the
matter of ties and waistcoats, though he found that the latter's
sporting instincts led him to colors too pronounced to harmonize with
his own ideas. Still he appreciated the fact that Bobby was indulging
in almost as many thrills as though he were actually holding the purse.
This became especially true when Donaldson allowed the boy to purchase
for himself such articles as struck his fancy. As a matter of fact
there was not so much difference in the present point of view of the
man and the boy; it was to them both a fairy episode.

They lounged from one store to another, enjoying the lights, the
colors, the beautiful cloths, choosing where they would with all the
abandon of those with genii to serve them. Donaldson was indulging
something more fundamental than his enjoyment of the things themselves;
this was his first taste, as well as Bobby's, of gratifying desires
without worry of the reckoning. His wishes were now stripped to bare
wants. He was free of the skeleton hand of the Future which had so
long held him prisoner--which had frightened him into depriving himself
of all life's garnishings until his condition had been reduced to one
of monastic simplicity without the monk's redeeming inspiration. He
was no longer mocked by the thin cry of "Wait!"

He moved about this gay store world with a sense of kingly superiority.
He listened indulgently to the idle chatter of the shop girls, the
rattle of the cash boxes, and smiled at the seriousness with which this
business of selling was pressed. What a tremendous ado they made of
living, with year after year, month after month, day after day, looming
endlessly before them! Not an act which they performed, even to the
tying up of a bundle, ended in itself, but was one of an endless vista
of acts. The burden of the Future was upon them. They drooped, poor
bloodless things, beneath the weight of the relentless days before
them. And so this faded present was all their future, too. They saw
nothing of the joyous world which spun around him bright as a new coin.
They were dead, because of the weary days to come, to the magical
brilliancy of the big arc-lights, to the humor and action of the crowd,
to the quick shifts of colors; they were stupefied by this great flux
of life which swept them on day after day to another day. Often
unexpressed, this, but felt dumbly below the chatter and dry laughter.
They waited, waited, circling about in a gray maelstrom until the grave
sucked them in. He himself had been in the clutch of it. But that was
yesterday.

To-day he saw all that lay unseen before their dulled vision--all the
show with its million actors. He saw for example the pathos in the
patient eyes of the old lady yonder--still waiting at eighty; he caught
the flash of scarlet ribbon beyond, the silent message of the black one
(another long waiting); the muffled laugh and the muffled oath; the
careless eyes that tossed the coin to the counter, the sharp eyes that
followed it, the dead ones that picked it up and threw it into the
nickeled cash box which flew with it to its golden nest; the tread, the
tread, the tread of a thousand feet, the beat, beat, beat of a thousand
hearts. All these things he saw and heard and felt.

When he had fully replenished his wardrobe he still had several hours
left to him. He remembered a unique book store just off Fifth Avenue
at West Thirty-ninth Street which he had frequently passed, often
lingering in front of the windows to admire quaint English prints. On
cloudy days especially he had often made it a point to walk up there
and breathe in the spirit of sunshine that he found in the green grass
of the old hunting scenes and in the scarlet coats of the
hearty-cheeked men riding to hounds upon their lean horses.

"Come on," he called enthusiastically to Bobby. "We 've just begun."

"Gee!" gasped Bobby. "H'aint you spent it all? Have yer gut more
left?"

"Lots. As much as I can spend until I die."

The boy's face grew eager.

"Say," he asked confidentially. "Where 'd yer git it?"

"Earned it,--the most of it. Sweat for it and starved for it and
suffered for it! And I earned with it the right to spend it, the
_right_, I tell you!"

Bobby shrank back a little before such fierceness. The boy felt a
faint suspicion of what had not before occurred to him: that the man
was crazy. But the next second the gentle smile returned to soften the
tense mouth, and the boy's fear vanished. No one could fear Donaldson
when he smiled.

In front of the modest shop with its quaint sign swinging above the
door, they paused. Donaldson found it difficult to believe that he now
had the right to enter. To him this store had never been anything else
but a part of the scenery of life, a part of the setting of some
foreign world at which he gazed like a boy from the upper galleries of
a theatre. He had rebelled at this, looking with some hostility at the
well groomed men and women who accepted it with such assurance that it
was for them alone, but now he realized the pettiness of that position.
With a few unmortgaged dollars in his pocket, he was instantly one of
them. He could stride in and use the quiet luxury of the place as his
own.

For half an hour then, he browsed about the sun-lit shop, selecting
here and there bits with which to brighten his room during the week.
He picked out an engraving or two, several English prints which seemed
to welcome him like old friends, and a marine in water color because of
the golden blue in it. His bill exceeded that of the department
stores, and Bobby confidently delivered himself of the opinion that he
had been soaked, "good and plenty."

From here Donaldson began an extravagant course down Fifth Avenue that
left the boy, who watched him closely every time he paid his bill,
convinced that he had on his hands nothing short of an Arabian Prince
such as his sister had told him of when he had thought her fooling.
They wandered from book store to art store, to Tiffany's, to an antique
shop back to another book store and then to where in his lean days he
had seen a bit of Dresden that brought comfort to him through its
dainty beauty. He took for his own now all the old familiar friends
who had done what they could through store windows to brighten those
days. They should be a part of him; share his week with him. There
was that old hammered copper tray which in the sun glowed like a
cooling ember; there was that hand-illumined volume of Keats which he
had so long craved; there was that vase of Cloisonne, that quaint piece
of ivory browned with age, that old pewter mug reflecting the burden of
its years in its sober surface. All these things he had long ago known
as his own, and now he came to claim them.

"Mine, all mine!" he exclaimed to the boy. "And was n't it decent of
them to wait for me?"

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