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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

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E >> Elisabeth Woodbridge >> More Jonathan Papers

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By
Elisabeth Woodbridge

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
The Riverside Press Cambridge
1915





COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY ELISABETH WOODBRIDGE MORRIS

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

_Published November 1915_





TO
JONATHAN





CONTENTS


I. The Searchings of Jonathan
II. Sap-Time
III. Evenings on the Farm
IV. After Frost
V. The Joys of Garden Stewardship
VI. Trout and Arbutus
VII. Without the Time of Day
VIII. The Ways of Griselda
IX. A Rowboat Pilgrimage
Colophon
Appendix A: Extra Front Pages
Errata






More Jonathan Papers


I


The Searchings of Jonathan


"What I find it hard to understand is, why a person who can see a spray of
fringed gentian in the middle of a meadow can't see a book on the
sitting-room table."

"The reason why I can see the gentian," said Jonathan, "is because the
gentian is there."

"So is the book," I responded.

"Which table?" he asked.

"The one with the lamp on it. It's a red book, about _so_ big."

"It isn't there; but, just to satisfy you, I'll look again."

He returned in a moment with an argumentative expression of countenance.
"It isn't there," he said firmly. "Will anything else do instead?"

"No, I wanted you to read that special thing. Oh, dear! And I have all
these things in my lap! And I know it _is_ there."

"And I _know_ it isn't." He stretched himself out in the hammock and
watched me as I rather ostentatiously laid down thimble, scissors, needle,
cotton, and material and set out for the sitting-room table. There were a
number of books on it, to be sure. I glanced rapidly through the piles,
fingered the lower books, pushed aside a magazine, and pulled out from
beneath it the book I wanted. I returned to the hammock and handed it
over. Then, after possessing myself, again rather ostentatiously, of
material, cotton, needle, scissors, and thimble, I sat down.

"It's the second essay I specially thought we'd like," I said.

"Just for curiosity," said Jonathan, with an impersonal air, "where did
you find it?"

"Find what?" I asked innocently.

"The book."

"Oh! On the table."

"Which table?"

"The one with the lamp on it."

"I should like to know where."

"Why--just there--on the table. There was an 'Atlantic' on top of it, to be
sure."

"I saw the 'Atlantic.' Blest if it looked as though it had anything under
it! Besides, I was looking for it on top of things. You said you laid it
down there just before luncheon, and I didn't think it could have crawled
in under so quick."

"When you're looking for a thing," I said, "you mustn't think, you must
look. Now go ahead and read."

If this were a single instance, or even if it were one of many
illustrating a common human frailty, it would hardly be worth setting
down. But the frailty under consideration has come to seem to me rather
particularly masculine. Are not all the Jonathans in the world continually
being sent to some sitting-room table for something, and coming back to
assert, with more or less pleasantness, according to their temperament,
that it is not there? The incident, then, is not isolated; it is typical
of a vast group. For Jonathan, read Everyman; for the red book, read any
particular thing that you want Him to bring; for the sitting-room table,
read the place where you know it is and Everyman says it isn't.

This, at least, is my thesis. It is not, however, unchallenged. Jonathan
has challenged it when, from time to time, as occasion offered, I have
lightly sketched it out for him. Sometimes he argues that my instances are
really isolated cases and that their evidence is not cumulative, at others
he takes refuge in a _tu quoque_--in itself a confession of weakness--and
alludes darkly to "top shelves" and "bottom drawers." But let us have no
mysteries. These phrases, considered as arguments, have their origin in
certain incidents which, that all the evidence may be in, I will here set
down.

Once upon a time I asked Jonathan to get me something from the top shelf
in the closet. He went, and failed to find it. Then I went, and took it
down. Jonathan, watching over my shoulder, said, "But that wasn't the top
shelf, I suppose you will admit."

Sure enough! There was a shelf above. "Oh, yes; but I don't count that
shelf. We never use it, because nobody can reach it."

"How do you expect me to know which shelves you count and which you
don't?"

"Of course, anatomically--structurally--it is one, but functionally it isn't
there at all."

"I see," said Jonathan, so contentedly that I knew he was filing this
affair away for future use.

On another occasion I asked him to get something for me from the top
drawer of the old "high-boy" in the dining-room. He was gone a long while,
and at last, growing impatient, I followed. I found him standing on an old
wooden-seated chair, screw-driver in hand. A drawer on a level with his
head was open, and he had hanging over his arm a gaudy collection of
ancient table-covers and embroidered scarfs, mostly in shades of magenta.

"She stuck, but I've got her open now. I don't see any pillow-cases,
though. It's all full of these things." He pumped his laden arm up and
down, and the table-covers wagged gayly.

I sank into the chair and laughed. "Oh! Have you been prying at that all
this time? Of _course_ there's nothing in _that_ drawer."

"There's where you're wrong. There's a great deal in it; I haven't taken
out half. If you want to see--"

"I _don't_ want to see! There's nothing I want less! What I mean is--I
never put anything there."

"It's the top drawer." He was beginning to lay back the table-covers.

"But I can't reach it. And it's been stuck for ever so long."

"You said the top drawer."

"Yes, I suppose I did. Of course what I meant was the top one of the ones
I use."

"I see, my dear. When you say top shelf you don't mean top shelf, and when
you say top drawer you don't mean top drawer; in fact, when you say top
you don't mean top at all--you mean the height of your head. Everything
above that doesn't count."

Jonathan was so pleased with this formulation of my attitude that he was
not in the least irritated to have put out unnecessary work. And his
satisfaction was deepened by one more incident. I had sent him to the
bottom drawer of my bureau to get a shawl. He returned without it, and I
was puzzled. "Now, Jonathan, it's there, and it's the top thing."

"The real top," murmured Jonathan, "or just what you call top?"

"It's right in front," I went on; "and I don't see how even a man could
fail to find it."

He proceeded to enumerate the contents of the drawer in such strange
fashion that I began to wonder where he had been.

"I said my bureau."

"I went to your bureau."

"The bottom drawer."

"The bottom drawer. There was nothing but a lot of little boxes and--"

"Oh, _I_ know what you did! You went to the secret drawer."

"Isn't that the bottom one?"

"Why, yes, in a way--of course it is; but it doesn't exactly count--it's not
one of the regular drawers--it hasn't any knobs, or anything--"

"But it's a perfectly good drawer."

"Yes. But nobody is supposed to know it's there; it looks like a molding--"

"But I know it's there."

"Yes, of course."

"And you know I know it's there."

"Yes, yes; but I just don't think about that one in counting up. I see
what you mean, of course."

"And I see what you mean. You mean that your shawl is in the bottom one of
the regular drawers--with knobs--that can be alluded to in general
conversation. Now I think I can find it."

He did. And in addition he amused himself by working out phrases about
"when is a bottom drawer not a bottom drawer?" and "when is a top shelf
not a top shelf?"

It is to these incidents--which I regard as isolated and negligible, and he
regards as typical and significant--that he alludes on the occasions when
he is unable to find a red book on the sitting-room table. In vain do I
point out that when language is variable and fluid it is alive, and that
there may be two opinions about the structural top and the functional top,
whereas there can be but one as to the book being or not being on the
table. He maintains a quiet cheerfulness, as of one who is conscious of
being, if not invulnerable, at least well armed.

For a time he even tried to make believe that he was invulnerable as
well--to set up the thesis that if the book was really on the table he
could find it. But in this he suffered so many reverses that only strong
natural pertinacity kept him from capitulation.

Is it necessary to recount instances? Every family can furnish them. As I
allow myself to float off into a reminiscent dream I find my mind
possessed by a continuous series of dissolving views in which Jonathan is
always coming to me saying, "It isn't there," and I am always saying,
"Please look again."

Though everything in the house seems to be in a conspiracy against him, it
is perhaps with the fishing-tackle that he has most constant difficulties.

"My dear, have you any idea where my rod is? No, don't get up--I'll look if
you'll just tell me where--"

"Probably in the corner behind the chest in the orchard room."

"I've looked there."

"Well, then, did you take it in from the wagon last night?"

"Yes, I remember doing it."

"What about the little attic? You might have put it up there to dry out."

"No. I took my wading boots up, but that was all."

"The dining-room? You came in that way."

He goes and returns. "Not there." I reflect deeply.

"Jonathan, are you _sure_ it's not in that corner of the orchard room?"

"Yes, I'm sure; but I'll look again." He disappears, but in a moment I
hear his voice calling, "No! Yours is here, but not mine."

I perceive that it is a case for me, and I get up. "You go and harness.
I'll find it," I call.

There was a time when, under such conditions, I should have begun by
hunting in all the unlikely places I could think of. Now I know better. I
go straight to the corner of the orchard room. Then I call to Jonathan,
just to relieve his mind.

"All right! I've found it."

"Where?"

"Here, in the orchard room."

"_Where_ in the orchard room?"

"In the corner."

"What corner?"

"The usual corner--back of the chest."

"The devil!" Then he comes back to put his head in at the door. "What are
you laughing at?"

"Nothing. What are you talking about the devil for? Anyway, it isn't the
devil; it's the brownie."

For there seems no doubt that the things he hunts for are possessed of
supernatural powers; and the theory of a brownie in the house, with a
special grudge against Jonathan, would perhaps best account for the way in
which they elude his search but leap into sight at my approach. There is,
to be sure, one other explanation, but it is one that does not suggest
itself to him, or appeal to him when suggested by me, so there is no need
to dwell upon it.

If it isn't the rod, it is the landing-net, which has hung itself on a
nail a little to the left or right of the one he had expected to see it
on; or his reel, which has crept into a corner of the tackle drawer and
held a ball of string in front of itself to distract his vision; or a
bunch of snell hooks, which, aware of its protective coloring, has
snuggled up against the shady side of the drawer and tucked its
pink-papered head underneath a gay pickerel-spoon.

Fishing-tackle is, clearly, "possessed," but in other fields Jonathan is
not free from trouble. Finding anything on a bureau seems to offer
peculiar obstacles. It is perhaps a big, black-headed pin that I want. "On
the pincushion, Jonathan."

He goes, and returns with two sizes of safety-pins and one long hat-pin.

"No, dear, those won't do. A small, black-headed one--at least small
compared with a hat-pin, large compared with an ordinary pin."

"Common or house pin?" he murmurs, quoting a friend's phrase.

"Do look again! I hate to drop this to go myself."

"When a man does a job, he gets his tools together first."

"Yes; but they say women shouldn't copy men, they should develop along
their own lines. Please go."

He goes, and comes back. "You don't want fancy gold pins, I suppose?"

"No, no! Here, you hold this, and I'll go." I dash to the bureau. Sure
enough, he is right about the cushion. I glance hastily about. There, in a
little saucer, are a half-dozen of the sort I want. I snatch some and run
back.

"Well, it wasn't in the cushion, I bet."

"No," I admit; "it was in a saucer just behind the cushion."

"You said cushion."

"I know. It's all right."

"Now, if you had said simply 'bureau,' I'd have looked in other places on
it."

"Yes, you'd have _looked_ in other places!" I could not forbear
responding. There is, I grant, another side to this question. One evening
when I went upstairs I found a partial presentation of it, in the form of
a little newspaper clipping, pinned on my cushion. It read as follows:--


"My dear," said she, "please run and bring me the needle from the
haystack."

"Oh, I don't know which haystack."

"Look in all the haystacks--you can't miss it; there's only one
needle."


Jonathan was in the cellar at the moment. When he came up, he said, "Did I
hear any one laughing?"

"I don't know. Did you?"

"I thought maybe it was you."

"It might have been. Something amused me--I forget what."

I accused Jonathan of having written it himself, but he denied it. Some
other Jonathan, then; for, as I said, this is not a personal matter, it is
a world matter. Let us grant, then, a certain allowance for those who hunt
in woman-made haystacks. But what about pockets? Is not a man lord over
his own pockets? And are they not nevertheless as so many haystacks piled
high for his confusion? Certain it is that Jonathan has nearly as much
trouble with his pockets as he does with the corners and cupboards and
shelves and drawers of his house. It usually happens over our late supper,
after his day in town. He sets down his teacup, struck with a sudden
memory. He feels in his vest pockets--first the right, then the left. He
proceeds to search himself, murmuring, "I thought something came to-day
that I wanted to show you--oh, here! no, that isn't it. I thought I put
it--no, those are to be--what's this? No, that's a memorandum. Now, where
in--" He runs through the papers in his pockets twice over, and in the
second round I watch him narrowly, and perhaps see a corner of an envelope
that does not look like office work. "There, Jonathan! What's that? No,
not that--that!"

He pulls it out with an air of immense relief. "There! I knew I had
something. That's it."

When we travel, the same thing happens with the tickets, especially if
they chance to be costly and complicated ones, with all the shifts and
changes of our journey printed thick upon their faces. The conductor
appears at the other end of the car. Jonathan begins vaguely to fumble
without lowering his paper. Pocket after pocket is browsed through in this
way. Then the paper slides to his knee and he begins a more thorough
investigation, with all the characteristic clapping and diving motions
that seem to be necessary. Some pockets must always be clapped and others
dived into to discover their contents.

No tickets. The conductor is halfway up the car. Jonathan's face begins to
grow serious. He rises and looks on the seat and under it. He sits down
and takes out packet after packet of papers and goes over them with
scrupulous care. At this point I used to become really anxious--to make
hasty calculations as to our financial resources, immediate and
ultimate--to wonder if conductors ever really put nice people like us off
trains. But that was long ago. I know now that Jonathan has never lost a
ticket in his life. So I glance through the paper that he has dropped or
watch the landscape until he reaches a certain stage of calm and definite
pessimism, when he says, "I must have pulled them out when I took out
those postcards in the other car. Yes, that's just what has happened."
Then, the conductor being only a few seats away, I beg Jonathan to look
once more in his vest pocket, where he always puts them. To oblige me he
looks, though without faith, and lo! this time the tickets fairly fling
themselves upon him, with smiles almost curling up their corners. Does the
brownie travel with us, then?

I begin to suspect that some of the good men who have been blamed for
forgetting to mail letters in their pockets have been, not indeed
blameless, but at least misunderstood. Probably they do not forget.
Probably they hunt for the letters and cannot find them, and conclude that
they have already mailed them.

In the matter of the home haystacks Jonathan's confidence in himself has
at last been shaken. For a long time, when he returned to me after some
futile search, he used to say, "Of course you can look for it if you like,
but it is _not_ there." But man is a reasoning, if not altogether a
reasonable, being, and with a sufficient accumulation of evidence,
especially when there is some one constantly at hand to interpret its
teachings, almost any set of opinions, however fixed, may be shaken. So
here.

Once when we shut up the farm for the winter I left my fountain pen
behind. This was little short of a tragedy, but I comforted myself with
the knowledge that Jonathan was going back that week-end for a day's hunt.

"Be sure to get the pen first of all," I said, "and put it in your
pocket."

"Where is it?" he asked.

"In the little medicine cupboard over the fireplace in the orchard room,
standing up at the side of the first shelf."

"Why not on your desk?" he asked.

"Because I was writing tags in there, and set it up so it would be out of
the way."

"And it _was_ out of the way. All right. I'll collect it."

He went, and on his return I met him with eager hand--"My pen!"

"I'm sorry," he began.

"You didn't forget!" I exclaimed.

"No. But it wasn't there."

"But--did you look?"

"Yes, I looked."

"Thoroughly?"

"Yes. I lit three matches."

"Matches! Then you didn't get it when you first got there!"

"Why--no--I had the dog to attend to--and--but I had plenty of time when I got
back, and it _wasn't_ there."

"Well--Dear me! Did you look anywhere else? I suppose I may be mistaken.
Perhaps I did take it back to the desk."

"That's just what I thought myself," said Jonathan. "So I went there, and
looked, and then I looked on all the mantelpieces and your bureau. You
must have put it in your bag the last minute--bet it's there now!"

"Bet it isn't."

It wasn't. For two weeks more I was driven to using other pens--strange and
distracting to the fingers and the eyes and the mind. Then Jonathan was to
go up again.

"Please look once more," I begged, "and don't expect not to see it. I can
fairly see it myself, this minute, standing up there on the right-hand
side, just behind the machine oil can."

"Oh, I'll look," he promised. "If it's there, I'll find it."

He returned penless. I considered buying another. But we were planning to
go up together the last week of the hunting season, and I thought I would
wait on the chance.

We got off at the little station and hunted our way up, making great
sweeps and jogs, as hunters must, to take in certain spots we thought
promising--certain ravines and swamp edges where we are always sure of
hearing the thunderous whir of partridge wings, or the soft, shrill
whistle of woodcock. At noon we broiled chops and rested in the lee of the
wood edge, where, even in the late fall, one can usually find spots that
are warm and still. It was dusk by the time we came over the crest of the
farm ledges and saw the huddle of the home buildings below us, and quite
dark when we reached the house. Fires had been made and coals smouldered
on the hearth in the sitting-room.

"You light the lamp," I said, "and I'll just take a match and go through
to see if that pen _should_ happen to be there."

"No use doing anything to-night," said Jonathan. "To-morrow morning you
can have a thorough hunt."

But I took my match, felt my way into the next room, past the fireplace,
up to the cupboard, then struck my match. In its first flare-up I glanced
in. Then I chuckled.

Jonathan had gone out to the dining-room, but he has perfectly good ears.

"NO!" he roared, and his tone of dismay, incredulity, rage, sent me off
into gales of unscrupulous laughter. He was striding in, candle in hand,
shouting, "It was _not there!_"

"Look yourself," I managed to gasp.

This time, somehow, he could see it.

"You planted it! You brought it up and planted it!"

"I never! Oh, dear me! It pays for going without it for weeks!"

"_Nothing_ will ever make me believe that that pen was standing there when
I looked for it!" said Jonathan, with vehement finality.

"All right," I sighed happily. "You don't have to believe it."

But in his heart perhaps he does believe it. At any rate, since that time
he has adopted a new formula: "My dear, it may be there, of course, but I
don't see it." And this position I regard as unassailable.

One triumph he has had. I wanted something that was stored away in the
shut-up town house.

"Do you suppose you could find it?" I said, as gently as possible.

"I can try," he said.

"I think it is in a box about this shape--see?--a gray box, in the attic
closet, the farthest-in corner."

"Are you sure it's in the house? If it's in the house, I think I can find
it."

"Yes, I'm sure of that."

When he returned that night, his face wore a look of satisfaction very
imperfectly concealed beneath a mask of nonchalance.

"_Good_ for you! Was it where I said?"

"No."

"Was it in a different corner?"

"No."

"Where was it?"

"It wasn't in a corner at all. It wasn't in that closet."

"It wasn't! Where, then?"

"Downstairs in the hall closet." He paused, then could not forbear adding,
"And it wasn't in a gray box; it was in a big hat-box with violets all
over it."

"Why, _Jonathan!_ Aren't you grand! How did you ever find it? I couldn't
have done better myself."

Under such praise he expanded. "The fact is," he said confidentially, "I
had given it up. And then suddenly I changed my mind. I said to myself,
'Jonathan, don't be a man! Think what she'd do if she were here now.' And
then I got busy and found it."

"Jonathan!" I could almost have wept if I had not been laughing.

"Well," he said, proud, yet rather sheepish, "what is there so funny about
that? I gave up half a day to it."

"Funny! It isn't funny--exactly. You don't mind my laughing a little? Why,
you've lived down the fountain pen--we'll forget the pen--"

"Oh, no, you won't forget the pen either," he said, with a certain
pleasant grimness.

"Well, perhaps not--of course it would be a pity to forget that. Suppose I
say, then, that we'll always regard the pen in the light of the violet
hat-box?"

"I think that might do." Then he had an alarming afterthought. "But, see
here--you won't expect me to do things like that often?"

"Dear me, no! People can't live always on their highest levels. Perhaps
you'll _never_ do it again." Jonathan looked distinctly relieved. "I'll
accept it as a unique effort--like Dante's angel and Raphael's sonnet."

"Jonathan," I said that evening, "what do you know about St. Anthony of
Padua?"

"Not much."

"Well, you ought to. He helped you to-day. He's the saint who helps people
to find lost articles. Every man ought to take him as a patron saint."

"And do you know which saint it is who helps people to find lost
virtues--like humility, for instance?"

"No. I don't, really."

"I didn't suppose you did," said Jonathan.





II


Sap-Time


It was a little tree-toad that began it. In a careless moment he had come
down to the bench that connects the big maple tree with the old locust
stump, and when I went out at dusk to wait for Jonathan, there he sat, in
plain sight. A few experimental pokes sent him back to the tree, and I
studied him there, marveling at the way he assimilated with its bark. As
Jonathan came across the grass I called softly, and pointed to the tree.

"Well?" he said.

"Don't you see?"

"No. What?"

"Look--I thought you had eyes!"

"Oh, what a little beauty!"

"And isn't his back just like bark and lichens! And what are those things
in the tree beside him?"

"Plugs, I suppose."

"Plugs?"

"Yes. After tapping. Uncle Ben used to tap these trees, I believe."

"You mean for sap? Maple syrup?"

"Yes."

"Jonathan! I didn't know these were sugar maples."

"Oh, yes. These on the road."

"The whole row? Why, there are ten or fifteen of them! And you never told
me!"

"I thought you knew."

"Knew! I don't know anything--I should think you'd know that, by this time.
Do you suppose, if I had known, I should have let all these years go
by--oh, dear--think of all the fun we've missed! And syrup!"

"You'd have to come up in February."

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