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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

Welsh Folk Lore

E >> Elias Owen >> Welsh Folk Lore



WELSH FOLK-LORE
a collection by the Rev. Elias Owen, M.A., F.S.A.


CONTENTS


TITLE PAGE i
PREFACE iii-vi
INDEX vii-xii
ESSAY 1-352
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS 353-359

WELSH FOLK-LORE
A COLLECTION OF THE
FOLK-TALES AND LEGENDS OF
NORTH WALES
BEING THE PRIZE ESSAY OF THE NATIONAL EISTEDDFOD
1887, BY THE
REV. ELIAS OWEN, M.A, F.S.A.




PREFACE


To this Essay on the "Folk-lore of North Wales," was awarded the first
prize at the Welsh National Eisteddfod, held in London, in 1887. The
prize consisted of a silver medal, and 20 pounds. The adjudicators were
Canon Silvan Evans, Professor Rhys, and Mr Egerton Phillimore, editor of
the _Cymmrodor_.

By an arrangement with the Eisteddfod Committee, the work became the
property of the publishers, Messrs. Woodall, Minshall, & Co., who, at the
request of the author, entrusted it to him for revision, and the present
Volume is the result of his labours.

Before undertaking the publishing of the work, it was necessary to obtain
a sufficient number of subscribers to secure the publishers from loss.
Upwards of two hundred ladies and gentlemen gave their names to the
author, and the work of publication was commenced. The names of the
subscribers appear at the end of the book, and the writer thanks them one
and all for their kind support. It is more than probable that the work
would never have been published had it not been for their kind
assistance. Although the study of Folk-lore is of growing interest, and
its importance to the historian is being acknowledged; still, the
publishing of a work on the subject involved a considerable risk of loss
to the printers, which, however, has been removed in this case, at least
to a certain extent, by those who have subscribed for the work.

The sources of the information contained in this essay are various, but
the writer is indebted, chiefly, to the aged inhabitants of Wales, for
his information. In the discharge of his official duties, as Diocesan
Inspector of Schools, he visited annually, for seventeen years, every
parish in the Diocese of St. Asaph, and he was thus brought into contact
with young and old. He spent several years in Carnarvonshire, and he had
a brother, the Revd. Elijah Owen, M.A., a Vicar in Anglesey, from whom he
derived much information. By his journeys he became acquainted with many
people in North Wales, and he hardly ever failed in obtaining from them
much singular and valuable information of bye-gone days, which there and
then he dotted down on scraps of paper, and afterwards transferred to
note books, which still are in his possession.

It was his custom, after the labour of school inspection was over, to ask
the clergy with whom he was staying to accompany him to the most aged
inhabitants of their parish. This they willingly did, and often in the
dark winter evenings, lantern in hand, they sallied forth on their
journey, and in this way a rich deposit of traditions and superstitions
was struck and rescued from oblivion. Not a few of the clergy were
themselves in full possession of all the quaint sayings and Folk-lore of
their parishes, and they were not loath to transfer them to the writer's
keeping. In the course of this work, the writer gives the names of the
many aged friends who supplied him with information, and also the names
of the clergy who so willingly helped him in his investigations. But so
interesting was the matter obtained from several of his clerical friends,
that he thinks he ought in justice to acknowledge their services in this
preface. First and foremost comes up to his mind, the Rev. R. Jones,
formerly Rector of Llanycil, Bala, but now of Llysfaen, near Abergele.
This gentleman's memory is stored with reminiscences of former days, and
often and again his name occurs in these pages. The Rev. Canon Owen
Jones, formerly Vicar of Pentrefoelas, but now of Bodelwyddan, near Rhyl,
also supplied much interesting information of the people's doings in
former days, and I may state that this gentleman is also acquainted with
Welsh literature to an extent seldom to be met with in the person of an
isolated Welsh parson far removed from books and libraries. To him I am
indebted for the perusal of many MSS. To the Rev. David James, formerly
Rector of Garthbeibio, now of Pennant, and to his predecessor the Rev. W.
E. Jones, Bylchau; the late Rev. Ellis Roberts (Elis Wyn o Wyrfai); the
Rev. M. Hughes, Derwen; the Rev. W. J. Williams, Llanfihangel-Glyn-Myfyr,
and in a great degree to his aged friend, the Rev. E. Evans,
Llanfihangel, near Llanfyllin, whose conversation in and love of Welsh
literature of all kinds, including old Welsh Almanacks, was almost
without limit, and whose knowledge and thorough sympathy with his
countrymen made his company most enjoyable. To him and to all these
gentlemen above named, and to others, whose names appear in the body of
this work, the writer is greatly indebted, and he tenders his best thanks
to them all.

The many books from which quotations are made are all mentioned in
connection with the information extracted from their pages.

Welsh Folk-lore is almost inexhaustible, and in these pages the writer
treats of only one branch of popular superstitions. Ancient customs are
herein only incidentally referred to, but they are very interesting, and
worthy of a full description. Superstitions associated with particular
days and seasons are also omitted. Weather signs are passed over, Holy
wells around which cluster superstitions of bye-gone days form no part of
this essay. But on all these, and other branches of Folk-lore, the
author has collected much information from the aged Welsh peasant, and
possibly some day in the uncertain future he may publish a continuation
of the present volume.

He has already all but finished a volume on the Holy Wells of North
Wales, and this he hopes to publish at no very distance period.

The author has endeavoured in all instances to give the names of his
informants, but often and again, when pencil and paper were produced, he
was requested not to mention in print the name of the person who was
speaking to him. This request was made, not because the information was
incorrect, but from false delicacy; still, in every instance, the writer
respected this request. He, however, wishes to state emphatically that
he has authority for every single bit of Folk-lore recorded. Very often
his work was merely that of a translator, for most of his information,
derived from the people, was spoken in Welsh, but he has given in every
instance a literal rendering of the narrative, just as he heard it,
without embellishments or additions of any kind whatsoever.

ELIAS OWEN

_Llanyblodwel Vicarage_,
_St. Mark's Day_, _1896_.




INDEX

Aberhafesp, Spirit in Church of 169
_Angelystor_, announcing deaths 170
AEschylus' Cave-dwellers 113
_Annwn_, _Gwragedd_ 3 134
Annwn, Plant 3
Antagonism between Pagan faiths 160 161 181
_Animal Folk-Lore_ 308-352
Ass 337
Bee 337-340
Birds Singing 310
Flocking 310
Blind worm 352
Cat 321 323 340-342
Cow 129-137 342
Crow 304 314-315
Crane 321
Crickets 342-3
Cuckoo 317-321
Cock 310 321
Duck 321
Eagle 321
Flying Serpent 349
Frog 281
Fox 193
Goose 304 305 312
Goatsucker 322
Haddock 345
Hare 343-345
Heron 321 323
Hen 305 322
Hedgehog 345
Horse 346
Jackdaw 324
Ladybird 347
Magpie 324-327
Mice 348
Mole 348
Owl 304 327
Peacock 327
Pigeon 327
Pigs 348
Raven 304 328
Rook, Crow 304 314 316 316
Robin Redbreast 329 332
Seagull 329 330
Sawyer, Tit 331
Snakes 348-350
Slowworm 352
Sheep 351
Swallow 330 331
Swan 331
Swift 331
Spider 351
Squirrel 351
Tit-Major 331
Woodpigeon 333-336
Woodpecker 336
Wren 331-333
Yellowhammer 337

All Hallow Eve, Nos Glan Gaua 95
Spirits abroad 138-9 168-70
Divination on 280-1 286 288-9
Apparitions 181-209 293-297
Applepip divination 290
Arawn 128
_Avanc_ 133

"_Bardd Cwsg_, _Y_" 144 284 285
Baring-Gould--Spirit leaving body 293
Piper of Hamelin 307
Beaumaris spirit tale 293
Bell, Hand, used at funerals 171-2
Corpse 172
Passing 171-2
Veneration for 172
Devil afraid of 171
Ringing at storms 173
Spirits flee before sound of 173
Bella Fawr, a witch 223
Betty'r Bont, a witch 236 240
Belief in witchcraft 217
Bennion, Doctor 216
Bees, Buying a hive of 337
Swarming 338
Strange swarm 339
Deserting hive 339
Hive in roof of house 339
Informing bees of a death 339
Putting bees into mourning 340
Stolen 340
_Bendith y Mamau_ 2
Bible, a talisman 151 245 248
Bible and key divination 288
Bingley's North Wales--Knockers 121
Birds singing in the night 305
before February 310
Flocking in early Autumn 310
Feathers of 310
Blindworm 352
Boy taken to Fairyland 48
_Brenhin Llwyd_ 142
Bryn Eglwys Man and Fairies 36
"_British Goblins_," Fairy dances 94 97
"_Brython_, _Y_," Fairies' revels 95
Burne's, Miss, Legend of White Cow 131-2
Burns, Old Nick in Kirk 168
Nut divination 289

_Canwyll Corph_, see Corpse Candle,
Canoe in Llyn Llydaw 28
Card-playing 147-151
Cat, Fable of 323
Black, unlucky, &c 321 341
indicates weather 340
Black, drives fevers away 341
May, brings snakes to house 341
Witches taking form of 224
Caesar's reference to Celtic Superstitions 277 310 343
_Careg-yr-Yspryd_ 212
_Careg Gwr Drwg_ 190
Caellwyngrydd Spirit 214
Cave-dwellers 112-13
_Ceffyl y Dwfr_, the Water Horse 138-141
_Cetyn y Tylwyth Teg_ 109
Ceridwen 234
Cerrig-y-drudion Spirit Tale 294
Cerrig-y-drudion, Legend of Church 132
_Ceubren yr Ellyll_, Legend of 191
Changelings, Fairy 51-63
Churches built on Pagan sites 160
Mysterious removal of 174-181
Chaucer on Fairies 89
Charms 238-9 258 262 276
Charm for Shingles 262-3
Toothache 264-266
Whooping Cough 266
Fits 266
Fighting Cocks 267 312
Asthma 267
Warts 267-8
Stye 268
Quinsy 268
Wild wart 268
Rheumatism 269
Ringworm 269
Cattle 269-272
Stopping bleeding 272
Charm with Snake's skin 273
Rosemary 273-4
Charm for making Servants reliable 272
Sweethearts 281
Charm of Conjurors 239-254
Charm for Clefyd y Galon, or Heart Disease 274
_Clefyd yr Ede Wlan_, or Yarn Sickness 275
Christmas Eve, free from Spirits 192
Churns witched 238
_Clefyd y Galon_ 274
_Clefyd yr Ede Wlan_ 275
Crickets in House lucky 342
Deserting house unlucky 343
Crane, see Heron
_Coblynau_, Knockers 112-121
_Coel Ede Wlan_, or Yarn Test 283
Corpse Candle 298-300
Cock, unlawful to eat 343
Devil in form of 310
Offering of 311
Crowing of, at doors 311
Crowing at night 298
Crowing drives Spirits away 311
Charm for Fighting 312
White, unlucky 321 341
Crow 304 314 315
Conjurors 251-262
Charms of 239 254 258-260
Tricks of 255 257 260-1
Cow, Dun 129 131 137
Legend of White 131
Freckled 130-1
Fairy Stray 134-137
Witched 243
_Cyhyraeth_, Death Sound 302
Cynon's Ghost 212
Cuckoo Superstitions 317-321
_Cwn Annwn_ 125-129

Dancing with Fairies 36-39
Davydd ab Gwilym and the Fairies 3 24
Death Portents 297-307
_Deryn Corph_, Corpse Bird 297
Devil 143-192
Devil's Tree 185
Bridge 190
Kitchen 190
Cave 191
Door 170
Destruction of Foxes 193
Dick Spot 212 255 256
Dick the Fiddler 84
Divination 279-290
Candle and Pin 287
_Coel Ede Wlan_, or Yarn Test 283
Frog stuck with Pins 281
Grass 288
Hemp Seed 286
Holly Tree 288
Key and Bible 288
Lovers' 289-90
Nut 289
Pullet's Egg 286
Snail 280
St. John's Wort 280
_Troi Crysau_, Clothes Drying 285
_Twca_, or Knife 284
Washing at Brook 285
Water in Basin 287
Dogs, Hell 125 127
Sky 125 127
Fairy 49 81 83 125
Dwarfs of Cae Caled 97
Droich 113-121
_Dyn Hysbys_ 209 259
_Drychiolaeth_, Spectre 301 302

Eagle, Superstitions about 263-4 321
_Erdion Banawg_ 131
_Ellyll_ 3 4 111 191
_Dan_ 112
_Ellyllon_, _Menyg_ 111
_Bwyd_ 111
Elf Dancers of _Cae Caled_ 98-100
Stones 110
Shots 110-11
Elidorus, the Fairies and 32-35
Epiphany 285-6
Evil Eye 219

Fable of Heron, Cat, and Bramble 323
Magpie and Woodpigeon 335
Robin Redbreast 329
Sea Gull 329
Famous Witches--
Betty'r Bont 236 240
Bella Fawr 223
Moll White 229 232
Pedws Ffoulk 242
Fabulous Animals, see Mythic Beings
Fairies, Origin of 1 2 35 36
Chaucer's reference to 89
Shakespeare's reference to 72 96 97
Milton's reference to 86
Fairies inveigling Men 36-44
Working for Men 85-87
Carrying Men in the air 100-102
in Markets and Fairs 108
Binding Men 112
Children offered to Satan by 63
Love of Truth 35
Grateful 72
Fairy Animals 81-3 124-5 129-132
Dances 87-97
Tricks 100-103
Knockers 112-124
Ladies marrying Men 5-24
Changelings 51-63
Implements 109-112
Men captured 104-107
Mothers and Human Midwives 63-67
Money 82-84
Riches and Gifts 72-81
Visits to human abodes 68-71
Families descended from 6 28
Fetch 294
Fire God 152
Fish, Satan in 153
Flying Serpent 349
Foxglove 111
Frog Divination 281
_Fuwch Frech_ 129-132
_Gyfeiliorn_ 129 134-137
_Ffynnon y Fuwch Frech_ 130
_Elian_ 216
_Oer_ 223

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