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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

Letters of Edward FitzGerald

E >> Edward FitzGerald >> Letters of Edward FitzGerald

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{204a} Address to the members of the Norwich Athenaeum, October 17th,
1845.

{204b} Now Professor of Sanskrit at Cambridge.

{205a} Professor Cowell explains to me that this refers to a passage of
Ausonius in his poem on the Moselle. It occurs in the description of the
bank scenery as reflected in the river (194, 5):

Tota natant crispis juga motibus et tremit absens
Pampinus, et vitreis vindemia turget in undis.

FitzGerald used to admire the break in the line after _absens_.

{205b} A reminiscence of Shelley's Evening, as this was of a line in
Wordsworth's Elegiac Stanzas suggested by a picture of Peele Castle in a
storm.

{205c} The short _pasticcio_ of the battle referred to in the letter to
Barton, 22 Sept. 1842.

{209} Trinity Church, Bedford.

{210a} On King's Parade.

{210b} Mrs. Perry.

{211a} F. B. Edgeworth died 12th Oct. 1846.

{211b} Euphranor.

{213} The Rev. J. T. Nottidge of Ipswich died 21 Jan. 1847.

{220} [The last two words are crossed out.--W. A. W.]

{222} Francis Duncan, rector of West Chelborough.

{225} Morris Moore's letters on the Abuses of the National Gallery were
addressed to The Times at the end of 1846 and the beginning of 1847 with
the signature 'Verax.' They were collected and published in a pamphlet
by Pickering in 1847.

{227} See Carlyle's Cromwell (ed. I), i. 193.

{230a} Pliny, Ep. III. 21.

{230b} In a subsequent letter, written when this was supposed to be
lost, he says, 'I liked all your quotations, and wish to read Busbequius;
whose name would become an owl.'

{231} Lord Hatherley.

{232} In the People's Journal, ed. Saunders, iv. 355-358.

{233} iv. 104.

{235} 26 Feb. 1848.

{238} Dombey and Son.

{240} Hellenica, II. i. 25.

{241} Evenings with a Reviewer.

{242} A lithograph of the portrait by Laurence.

{243} Bernard Barton died 19 Feb. 1849.

{247} Grandson of the poet, afterwards Rector of Merton, near Walton,
Norfolk.

{251} No one but FitzGerald in humorous self-depreciation would apply
such an epithet to this delightful piece of biography.

{252a} Selections from the Poems and Letters of Bernard Barton.

{252b} Of course this is not intended to be taken quite seriously. It
is to be remembered that FitzGerald also said of them, 'There are many
verses whose melody will linger in the ear, and many images that will
abide in the memory. Such surely are those of men's hearts brightening
up at Christmas "like a fire new-stirred"--of the stream that leaps along
over the pebbles "like happy hearts by holiday made light"--of the
solitary tomb showing from afar "like a lamb in the meadow," etc.'

{254a} Diogenes and his Lantern.

{254b} Old Lady Lambert.

{261} E. B. Cowell.

{262a} The Rev. George Crabbe, son of the Poet, and Vicar of Bredfield.

{262b} Bramford, near Ipswich.

{265} Charles Childs.

{266} Containing an article by Spedding on Euphranor.

{267a} The Cowells had gone to live in Oxford.

{267b} Euphranor.

{268} Azael the Prodigal, adapted from Scribe and Auber's L'Enfant
Prodigue.

{272} On the English Humourists of the Eighteenth Century

{273} To Polonius.

{274} To visit his friend John Allen.

{275} Esmond.

{282} Six Dramas from Calderon.

{283a} Chief Justice.

{283b} Baron Parke, afterwards Lord Wensleydale.

{284} This conjecture was correct. See p. 307.

{285a} The Gardener and the Nightingale in Sir W. Jones's Persian
Grammar.

{285b} Vicarage.

{287a} Farlingay Hall, sometimes called Farthing Cake Hall.

{287b} Mrs. De Soyres.

{291} Not Harry, but Franklin Lushington in Points of War.

{292a} It was in the autumn of 1791.

{292b} From Cowley's translation of Anacreon.

{292c} P. 148.

{302a} This with a wider margin, or in some other way distinguishable
from the rest of the inscription.

{302b} Some volumes of which C. had brought down to Suffolk, being then
engaged with his Frederick II. _MS. note by FitzGerald_.

{304} Salaman and Absal.

{307} In another letter written about the same time he says, 'The letter
to Major Price at the beginning is worth any Money, and almost any Love!'
This dedication by Major Moor to his old comrade-in-arms FitzGerald would
sometimes try to read aloud but would break down before he could finish
it.

{308a} The Selection from his Letters, etc., published after his death,
in which FitzGerald wrote a sketch of his life.

{308b} On Comparative Mythology, in the Oxford Essays for 1856.

{308c} Life's a Dream: The Great Theatre of the World. From the Spanish
of Calderon.

{309} In an article on Spanish Literature in the Westminster Review for
April 1851, pp. 281-323.

{311} In his 'Memoire sur la poesie philosophique et religieuse chez les
Persans.' His edition of the text of Attar's poem came out in 1857, but
the French translation only in 1863.

{312} In his 'Geschichte der schonen Redekunste Persiens.'

{313} Mrs. Cowell's father and mother.

{316} This Apologue FitzGerald afterwards turned into verse; but it
remained an unfinished fragment. Professor Cowell has kindly filled up
the gaps which were left.

A Saint there was who three score Years and ten
In holy Meditation among Men
Had spent, but, wishing, ere he came to close
With God, to meet him in complete Repose,
Withdrew into the Wilderness, where he
Set up his Dwelling in an aged Tree
Whose hollow Trunk his Winter Shelter made,
And whose green branching Arms his Summer Shade.
And like himself a Nightingale one Spring
Making her Nest above his Head would sing
So sweetly that her pleasant Music stole
Between the Saint and his severer Soul,
And made him sometimes [heedless of his] Vows
Listening his little Neighbour in the Boughs.
Until one Day a sterner Music woke
The sleeping Leaves, and through the Branches spoke--
'What! is the Love between us two begun
And waxing till we Two were nearly One
For three score Years of Intercourse unstirr'd
Of Men, now shaken by a little Bird;
And such a precious Bargain, and so long
A making, [put in peril] for a Song?'

{317} George Borrow, Author of The Bible in Spain, etc.

{318} Evan Banks, by Miss Williams. See Allan Cunningham's Songs of
Scotland, iv. 59.

{319} Boswell's Johnson, 11 April 1776.

{320} This struck E. F. G. so much that he introduced it into Omar
Khayyam, stanza xxxiii. Professor Cowell writes, 'I well remember
shewing it to FitzGerald and reading it with him in his early Persian
days at Oxford in 1855. I laughed at the quaintness; but the idea seized
his imagination from the first, and, like Virgil with Ennius' rough
jewels, his genius detected gold where I had seen only tinsel. He has
made two grand lines out of it.'

{322} A retired clergyman who lived at Bramford.

{323a} On Comparative Mythology. Oxford Essays, 1856.

{323b} Fraser's Magazine for April 1857.

{328} M. Garcin de Tassy scrupulously observed this injunction in his
Note sur les Ruba'iyat de Omar Khaiyam, which appeared in the journal
Asiatique.

{337} See Letter to John Allen, 12 July 1840.

{344} Rather of the Orthodox reader by Omar himself.

{348} Hatifi's Haft Paikar, a poem on the Seven Castles of Bahram Gur,
as I learn from Professor Cowell, 'each with its princess who lives in
it, and tells Bahram a story.' He adds, 'We always used the name with an
understood playful reference to Corporal Trim's unfinished story of the
King of Bohemia and _his_ Seven Castles.'




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