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Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

The Man With The Broken Ear

E >> Edmond About >> The Man With The Broken Ear

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"Too indulgent Beauty, I----" The muse dictated nothing more. He was not
in the mood for writing. He felt rather more in the mood for supper. His
scruples scattered like clouds driven before a brisk North East wind; he
put on the frogged surtout, and carried his reply himself. It was the
first time that he had been out to supper since his resuscitation. He
gave evidence of a good appetite, and got moderately drunk, but not as
much so as usual. The Baroness de Marcomarcus, astonished at his high
spirits and inexhaustible vivacity, kept him as long as she could. And
moreover she said to her friends, on showing them the Colonel's
portrait, "Nothing is needed but these French officers to conquer the
world!"

The next day he packed a black leather trunk which he had bought at
Paris, drew his money from the treasury, and set out for Dantzic. He
went to sleep in the cars because he had been out to supper the night
before. A terrible snoring awoke him. He looked around for the snorer,
and, not finding him near him, opened the door into the adjoining
compartment (for the German cars are much larger than the French), and
shook a fat gentleman, who seemed to have a whole organ playing in his
person. At one of the stations he drank a bottle of Marsala and ate a
couple of dozen sandwiches, for last night's supper seemed to have
hollowed out his stomach. At Dantzic, he rescued his black trunk from
the hands of an enormous baggage-snatcher who was trying to take
possession of it.

He went to the best hotel in the place, ordered his supper, and hastened
to Meiser's house. His friends at Berlin had given him accounts of that
charming family. He knew that he would have to deal with the richest and
most avaricious of sharpers: that was why he assumed the cavalier tone
that may have seemed strange to more than one reader in the preceding
chapter.

Unhappily, he let himself become a little too human as soon as he had
his million in his pocket. A curiosity to investigate the long yellow
bottles all the way to the bottom, came near doing him an ugly turn. His
reason wandered, about one o'clock in the morning, if I am to believe
the account he himself gave. He said that, after saying "good night" to
the excellent people who had treated him so well, he tumbled into a
large and deep well, whose rim was hardly raised above the level of the
street, and ought at least to have had a lamp by it. "I came to" (it is
still he speaking) "in water, very fresh and of a pleasant taste. After
swimming around a minute or two, looking for a firm place to take hold
of, I seized a big rope, and climbed without any trouble to the surface
of the earth, which was not more than forty feet off. It required
nothing but wrists and a little gymnastic skill, and was not much of a
feat, anyhow. On getting on to the pavement, I found myself in the
presence of a sort of night watchman, who was bawling the hours through
the street, and who asked me insolently what I was doing there. I
thrashed him for his impudence, and the gentle exercise did me good, as
it set my blood well in circulation again. Before getting back to the
inn, I stopped under a street lamp, opened my pocket-book, and saw with
pleasure that my million was not wet. The leather was thick, and the
clasp firm; moreover, I had enveloped Herr Meiser's check in a
half-dozen hundred-franc bills, in a roll as fat as a monk. These
surroundings had preserved it."

This examination being made, he went home, went to bed, and slept with
his fists clenched. The next morning he received, on getting up, the
following memoranda, which came from the Nancy police:

"Clementine Pichon, aged eighteen, minor daughter of Auguste Pichon,
hotel-keeper, and Leonie Francelot, was married, in this town, January
11, 1814, to Louis Antoine Langevin; profession not stated.

"The name of Langevin is as rare in this department, as the name of
Pichon is common. With the exception of the Hon. M. Victor Langevin,
Counsellor to the Prefecture at Nancy, there is only known Langevin
(Pierre), usually called Pierrot, miller in the commune of Vergaville,
canton of Dieuze."

Fougas jumped nearly to the ceiling, crying,

"I have a son!"

He called the hotel-keeper, and said to him:

"Make out my bill, and send my baggage to the depot. Take my ticket for
Nancy; I shall not stop on the way. Here are two hundred francs, with
which I want you to drink to the health of my son! He is called Victor,
after me! He is counsellor of the Prefecture! I'd rather he were a
soldier; but never mind! Ah! first get somebody to show me the way to
the bank! I must go and get a million for him!"

As there is no direct connection between Dantzic and Nancy, he was
obliged to stop at Berlin. M. Hirtz, whom he met accidentally, told him
that the scientific societies of the city were preparing an immense
banquet in his honor; but he declined positively.

"It's not," said he, "that I despise an opportunity to drink in good
company, but Nature has spoken: her voice draws me on! The sweetest
intoxication to all rightly constituted hearts is that of paternal
love!"

To prepare, his dear child for the joy of a return so little expected,
he enclosed his million in an envelope addressed to M. Victor Langevin,
with a long letter which closed thus:

"A father's blessing is more precious than all the gold
in the world!

"VICTOR FOUGAS."

The infidelity of Clementine Pichon touched his _amour-propre_ a little,
but he soon consoled himself for it.

"At least," thought he, "I'll not have to marry an old woman, when
there's a young one waiting for me at Fontainebleau. And, moreover, my
son has a name, and a very presentable name. Fougas would be a great
deal better, but Langevin is not bad."

He arrived, on the 2d of September, at six o'clock in the evening, at
that large and beautiful but somewhat stupid city which constitutes the
Versailles of Lorraine. His heart was beating fit to burst. To
recuperate his energies, he took a good dinner. The landlord, when
catechized at dessert, gave him the very best accounts of M. Victor
Langevin: a man still young, married for the past six years, father of a
boy and a girl, respected in the neighborhood, and prosperous in his
affairs.

"I was sure of it!" said Fougas.

He poured down a bumper of a certain kirsch-wasser from the Black
Forest, which he fancied delicious with his maccaroni.

The same evening, M. Langevin related to his wife how, on returning from
the club at ten o'clock, he had been brutally accosted by a drunken man.
He at first took him for a robber, and prepared to defend himself; but
the man contented himself with embracing him, and then ran away with all
his might. This singular accident threw the two spouses into a series of
conjectures, each less probable than the preceding. But as they were
both young, and had been married barely seven years, they soon changed
the subject.

The next morning, Fougas, laden down like a miller's ass with bon-bons,
presented himself at M. Langevin's. In order to make himself welcome to
his two grandchildren, he had skimmed the shop of the celebrated
Lebegue--the Boissier of Nancy. The servant who opened the door for him
asked if he were the gentleman her master expected.

"Good!" said he; "my letter has come?"

"Yes, sir; yesterday morning. And your baggage?"

"I left it at the hotel."

"Monsieur will not be satisfied at that. Your room is ready, up stairs."

"Thanks! thanks! thanks! Take this hundred franc note for the good
news."

"Oh, monsieur! it was not worth so much."

"But where is he? I want to see him--to embrace him--to tell him----"

"He's dressing, monsieur; and so is madame."

"And the children--my dear grandchildren?"

"If you want to see them, they're right here, in the dining room."

"If I want to! Open the door right away!"

He discovered that the little boy resembled him, and was overjoyed to
see him in the dress of an artillerist playing with a sabre. His pockets
were soon emptied on the floor; and the two children, at the sight of so
many good things, hung about his neck.

"O philosophers!" cried the Colonel, "do you dare to deny the existence
of the voice of Nature?"

A pretty little lady (all the young women are pretty in Nancy) ran in at
the joyous cries of the little brood.

"My daughter-in-law!" cried Fougas, opening his arms.

The lady of the house modestly recoiled, and said, with a slight smile:

"You are mistaken, sir; I am not your daughter-in-law;[9] I am Madame
Langevin."

"What a fool I am!" thought the Colonel. "Here I was going to tell our
family secrets before these children. Mind your manners, Fougas! You are
in fine society, where the ardor of the sweetest sentiments is hidden
under the icy mask of indifference."

"Be seated," said Mme. Langevin. "I hope that you have had a pleasant
journey?"

"Yes, madame. Only steam seemed too slow for me!"

"I did not know that you were in such a hurry to get here."

"You did not, then, appreciate that I was fairly burning to be with
you?"

"I am glad to hear it; it is a proof that Reason and Family Affection
have made themselves heard at last."

"Was it my fault that family ties did not speak effectually sooner?"

"Well, after all, the main thing is that you have listened to them. We
will exert ourselves to prevent your finding Nancy uninteresting."

"How could I, since I am to live with you?"

"Thank you! Our house will be yours. Try to imagine yourself entirely at
home."

"In imagination, and affection too, madame."

"And you'll not think of Paris again?"

"Paris!---- I don't care any more for it than I do for doomsday!"

"I forewarn you that people are not in the habit of fighting duels
here."

"What? You know already----"

"We know all about it, even to the history of that famous supper with
those rather volatile ladies."

"How the devil did you hear of that? But that time, believe me, I was
very excusable."

M. Langevin here made his appearance, freshly shaven and rubicund--a
fine specimen of the sub-prefect in embryo.

"It's wonderful," thought Fougas, "how well all our family bear their
years! One wouldn't call that chap over thirty-five, and he's forty-six
if he's a day. He doesn't look a bit like me, by the way; he takes after
his mother!"

"My dear!" said Mme. Langevin, "here's a tough subject, who promises to
be wiser in future."

"You are welcome, young man!" said the Counsellor, offering his hand to
Fougas.

This reception appeared cold to our poor hero. He had been dreaming of a
shower of kisses and tears, and here his children contented themselves
with offering their hands.

"My chi---- monsieur," said he to Langevin, "there is one person still
needed to complete our reunion. A few mutual wrongs, and those smoothed
over by time, ought not to build an insurmountable barrier between us.
May I venture to request the favor of being presented to your mother?"

M. Langevin and his wife opened their eyes in astonishment.

"How, monsieur?" said the husband. "Paris life must have affected your
memory. My poor mother is no more. It is now three years since we lost
her!"

The good Fougas burst into tears.

"Forgive me!" said he; "I didn't know it. Poor woman!"

"I don't understand you! You knew my mother?"

"Ingrate!"

"Why, you're an amusing fellow! But your parents were invited to the
funeral, were they not?"

"Whose parents?"

"Your father and mother!"

"Eh! What's this you're cackling to me about? My mother was dead before
yours was born!"

"Your mother dead?"

"Yes, certainly; in '89!"

"What! Wasn't it your mother who sent you here?"

"Monster! It was my fatherly heart that brought me!"

"Fatherly heart?---- Why, then you're not young Jamin, who has been
cutting up didoes in the capital, and has been sent to Nancy to go
through the Agricultural School?"

The Colonel answered with the voice of Jupiter tonans:

"I am Fougas!"

"Very well!"

"If Nature says nothing to you in my behalf, ungrateful son, question
the spirit of your mother!"

"Upon my soul, sir," cried the Counsellor, "we can play at cross
purposes a good while! Sit down there, if you please, and tell me your
business--Marie, take away the children."

Fougas did not require any urging. He detailed the romance of his life,
without omitting anything, but with many delicate touches for the filial
ears of M. Langevin. The Counsellor heard him patiently, with an
appearance of perfect disinterestedness.

"Monsieur," said he, at last, "at first I took you for a madman; but now
I remember that the newspapers have contained some scraps of your
history, and I see that you are the victim of a mistake. I am not
forty-six years old, but thirty-four. My mother's name was not
Clementine Pichon, but Marie Herval. She was not born at Nancy, but at
Vannes, and she was but seven years old in 1813. Nevertheless, I am
happy to make your acquaintance."

"Ah! you're not my son!" replied Fougas, angrily. "Very well! So much
the worse for you! No one seems to want a father of the name of Fougas!
As for sons by the name of Langevin, one only has to stoop to pick them
up. I know where to find one who is not a Counsellor of the Prefecture,
it is true, and who does not put on a laced coat to go to mass, but who
has an honest and simple heart, and is named Pierre, just like me! But,
I beg your pardon, when one shows gentlemen the door, one ought at least
to return what belongs to them."

"I don't prevent your collecting the bon-bons which my children have
scattered over the floor."

"Yes, I'm talking about bon-bons with a vengeance! My million, sir!"

"What million?"

"Your brother's million!---- No! The million that belongs to him who is
not your brother--to Clementine's son, my dear and only child, the only
scion of my race, Pierre Langevin, called Pierrot, a miller at
Vergaville!"

"But I assure you, monsieur, that I haven't your million, or anybody's
else."

"You dare to deny it, scoundrel, when I sent it to you by mail, myself!"

"Possibly you sent it, but I certainly have not received it!"

"Aha! Defend yourself!"

He made at his throat, and perhaps France would have lost a Counsellor
of Prefecture that day, if the servant had not come in with two letters
in her hand. Fougas recognized his own handwriting and the Berlin
postmark, tore open the envelope, and displayed the check.

"Here," said he, "is the million I intended for you, if you had seen fit
to be my son! Now it's too late for you to retract. The voice of Nature
calls me to Vergaville. Your servant, sir!"

On the 4th of September, Pierre Langevin, miller at Vergaville,
celebrated the marriage of Cadet Langevin, his second son. The miller's
family was numerous, respectable, and in comfortable circumstances.
First, there was the grandfather, a fine, hale old man, who took his
four meals a day, and doctored his little ailings with the wine of Bar
or Thiaucourt. The grandmother, Catharine, had been pretty in her day,
and a little frivolous; but she expiated by absolute deafness the crime
of having listened too tenderly to gallants. M. Pierre Langevin, alias
Pierrot, alias Big Peter, after having sought his fortune in America (a
custom becoming quite general in the rural districts), had returned to
the village in pretty much the condition of the infant Saint John, and
God only knows how many jokes were perpetrated over his ill luck. The
people of Lorraine are terrible wags, and if you are not fond of
personal jokes, I advise you not to travel in their neighborhood. Big
Peter, stung to the quick, and half crazed at having run through his
inheritance, borrowed money at ten per cent., bought the mill at
Vergaville, worked like a plough-horse in heavy land, and repaid his
capital and the interest. Fortune, who owed him some compensations,
gave him _gratis pro Deo_, a half dozen superb workers--six big boys,
whom his wife presented him with, one annually, as regularly as
clock-work. Every year, nine months, to a day, after the _fete_ of
Vergaville, Claudine (otherwise known as Glaudine) presented one for
baptism. At last she died after the sixth, from eating four huge pieces
of _quiche_ before her churching. Big Peter did not marry again, having
concluded that he had workers enough, and he continued to add to his
fortune nicely. But, as standing jokes last a long time in villages, the
miller's comrades still spoke to him about those famous millions which
he did not bring back from America, and Big Peter grew very red under
his flour, just as he used to in his earlier days.

On the 4th of September, then, he married his second son to a good big
woman of Altroff, who had fat and blazing cheeks: this being a kind of
beauty much affected in the country. The wedding took place at the mill,
because the bride was orphaned of father and mother, and had previously
lived with the nuns of Molsheim.

A messenger came and told Pierre Langevin that a gentleman wearing
decorations had something to say to him, and Fougas appeared in all his
glory. "My good sir," said the miller, "I am far from being in a mood to
talk business, as we just took a good pull at white wine before mass;
but we are going to drink some red wine that's by no means bad, at
dinner, and if your heart prompts you, don't be backward! The table is
a long one. We can talk afterwards. You don't say no? Then that's yes."

"For once," thought Fougas, "I am not mistaken. This is surely the voice
of Nature! I would have liked a soldier better, but this genial rustic,
so comfortably rounded, satisfies my heart. I cannot be indebted to him
for many gratifications of my pride; but never mind! I am sure of _his_
good-will."

Dinner was served, and the table more heavily laden with viands than the
stomach of Gargantua. Big Peter, as proud of his big family as of his
little fortune, made the Colonel stand by as he enumerated his children.
And Fougas was joyful at learning that he had six welcome grandchildren.

He was seated at the right of a little stunted old woman who was
presented to him as the grandmother of the youngsters. Heavens! how
changed Clementine appeared to him. Save the eyes which were still
lively and sparkling, there was no longer anything about her that could
be recognized. "See," thought Fougas, "what I would have been like
to-day, if the worthy John Meiser had not desiccated me!" He smiled to
himself on regarding Grandfather Langevin, the reputed progenitor of
this numerous family. "Poor old fellow," murmured Fougas, "you little
think what you owe to me!"

They dine boisterously at village weddings. This is an abuse which, I
sincerely hope, Civilization will never reform. Under cover of the
noise, Fougas entered into conversation, or thought he did, with his
left-hand neighbor. "Clementine!" he said to her. She raised her eyes,
and her nose too, and responded:

"Yes, monsieur."

"My heart has not deceived me, then?--you are indeed my Clementine!"

"Yes, monsieur."

"And you have recognized me, noble and excellent woman!"

"Yes, monsieur."

"But how did you conceal your emotion so well?---- How strong women
are!---- I fall from the skies into the midst of your peaceful
existence, and you see me without moving a muscle!"

"Yes, monsieur."

"Have you forgiven me for a seeming injury for which Destiny alone is
responsible?"

"Yes, monsieur."

"Thanks! A thousand thanks!---- What a charming family you have about
you! This good Pierre, who almost opened his arms on seeing me approach,
is my son, is he not?"

"Yes, monsieur."

"Rejoice! He shall be rich! He already has happiness; I bring him
fortune. His portion shall be a million. Oh, Clementine! what a
commotion there will be in this simple assembly, when I raise my voice
and say to my son: 'Here! this million is for you!' Is it a good time
now? Shall I speak? Shall I tell all?"

"Yes, monsieur."

Fougas immediately arose, and requested silence. The people thought he
was going to sing a song, and all kept quiet.

"Pierre Langevin," said he with emphasis, "I have come back from the
other world, and brought you a million."

If Big Peter did not want to get angry, he at least got red, and the
joke seemed to him in bad taste. But when Fougas announced that he had
loved the grandmother in her youth, grandfather Langevin no longer
hesitated to fling a bottle at his head. The Colonel's son, his splendid
grandchildren, and even the bride all jumped up in high dudgeon and
there was a very pretty scrimmage indeed.

For the first time in his life, Fougas did not get the upper hand. He
was afraid that he might injure some of his family. Paternal affection
robbed him of three quarters of his power.

But having learned during the clamor that Clementine was called
Catharine, and that Pierre Langevin was born in 1810, he resumed the
offensive, blacked three eyes, broke an arm, mashed two noses, knocked
in four dozen teeth, and regained his carriage with all the honors of
war.

"Devil take the children!" said he, while riding in a post-chaise toward
the Avricourt station. "If I have a son, I wish he may find me!"




CHAPTER XIX.

HE SEEKS AND BESTOWS THE HAND OF CLEMENTINE.


On the fifth of September, at ten o'clock in the morning, Leon Renault,
emaciated, dejected and scarcely recognizable, was at the feet of
Clementine Sambucco in her aunt's parlor. There were flowers on the
mantel and flowers in all the vases. Two great burglar sunbeams broke
through the open windows. A million of little bluish atoms were playing
in the light, crossing each other and getting fantastically mixed up,
like the ideas in a volume of M. Alfred Houssaye. In the garden, the
apples were falling, the peaches were ripe, the hornets were ploughing
broad, deep furrows in the _duchesse_ pears; the trumpet-flowers and
clematis-vines were in blossom, and to crown all, a great mass of
heliotropes, trained over the left window, was flourishing in all its
beauty. The sun had given all the grapes in the arbor a tint of golden
bronze; and the great Yucca on the lawn, shaken by the wind like a
Chinese hat, noiselessly clashed its silver bells. But the son of M.
Renault was more pale and haggard than the white lilac sprays, more
blighted than the leaves on the old cherry-tree; his heart was without
joy and without hope, like the currant bushes without leaves and without
fruit!

To be exiled from his native land, to have lived three years in an
inhospitable climate, to have passed so many days in deep mines, so many
nights over an earthenware stove in the midst of an infinity of bugs and
a multiplicity of serfs, and to see himself set aside for a
twenty-five-louis Colonel whom he himself had brought to life by soaking
him in water!

All men are subject to disappointments, but surely never had one
encountered a misfortune so unforeseen and so extraordinary. Leon knew
that Earth is not a valley flowing with chocolate and soup _a la reine_.
He knew the list of the renowned unfortunates beginning with Abel slain
in the garden of Paradise, and ending with Rubens assassinated in the
gallery of the Louvre at Paris. But history, which seldom instructs us,
never consoles us. The poor engineer in vain repeated to himself that a
thousand others had been supplanted on the day before marriage, and a
hundred thousand on the day after. Melancholy was stronger than Reason,
and three or four soft locks were beginning to whiten about his temples.

"Clementine!" said he, "I am the most miserable of men. In refusing me
the hand which you have promised, you condemn me to agony a hundred
times worse than death. Alas! What would you have me become without you?
I must live alone, for I love you too well to marry another. For four
long years, all my affections, all my thoughts have been centred upon
you; I have become accustomed to regard other women as inferior beings,
unworthy of attracting the interest of a man! I will not speak to you of
the efforts I have made to deserve you; they brought their reward in
themselves, and I was already too happy in working and suffering for
you. But see the misery in which your desertion has left me! A sailor
thrown upon a desert island has less to deplore than I: I will be forced
to live near you, to witness the happiness of another, to see you pass
my windows upon the arm of my rival! Ah! death would be more endurable
than this constant agony. But I have not even the right to die! My poor
old parents have already sorrows enough. What would it be, Great God! if
I were to condemn them to bear the loss of their son?"

This complaint, punctuated with sighs and tears, lacerated the heart of
Clementine. The poor child wept too, for she loved Leon with her whole
soul, but she was interdicted from telling him so. More than once, on
seeing him half dying before her, she felt tempted to throw her arms
about his neck, but the recollection of Fougas paralyzed all her tender
impulses.

"My poor friend," said she, "you judge me very wrongfully if you think
me insensible to your sufferings. I have known you thoroughly, Leon,
and that too since my very childhood. I know all that there is in you
of devotion, delicacy and precious and noble virtues. Since the time
when you carried me in your arms to the poor, and put a penny in my hand
to teach me to give alms, I have never heard benevolence spoken of
without involuntarily thinking of you. When you whipped a boy twice your
size for taking away my doll, I felt that courage was noble and that a
woman would be happy in being able to lean on a brave man. All that I
have ever seen you do since that time, has only redoubled my esteem and
my sympathy. Believe me that it is neither from wickedness or
ingratitude that I make you suffer now. Alas! I no longer belong to
myself, I am under external control; I am like those automatons that
move without knowing why. Yes, I feel an impulse within me more powerful
than my self control, and it is the will of another that leads me."

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