Form and Function

E >> E. S. (Edward Stuart) Russell >> Form and Function

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Bonnet, C.--
Scale of Beings, 22-3, 220, 227
Evolution, 215
Regeneration, 315

Bonnet, R., 350

Bonnier, G., on Albertus Magnus, 17

Born, G., 330

Boveri, T., 270 f.n., 333

Braem, 347 f.n.

Braun, A., 355

Breschet, 138, 173

Bronn, H. G., 200-3, 248
_Naturphilosophie_, 201
Functional attitude, 201-3
Geometry of Organism, 201, 249
Theory of Types, 202
Principle of Connections, 202
Intrinsic Laws of Evolution, 202
Division of Labour, 202
Ecological Adaptation and Classification, 203

Brown, R., 171

Bruch, C., 203 f.n.

Buechner, 194, 248

Buffon, 24-7, 336
Scale of Beings, 24, 215
Unity of Plan, 24
Evolution, 24-5, 214
Classification, 25-6
Animal and Vegetative Lives, 26-7
Homology and Analogy, 27

Burckhardt, R., 3 f.n., 268 f.n.

Burdin, 96

Burmeister, 249 f.n.

Butler, S., 226 f.n., 313, 335-42
Relation to Lamarck, 335-7
Psychological Vitalism, 336-41
Heredity and Memory, 337-41
The Two Stages of Development, 337-9
Consciousness and Habit, 337-9
Recapitulation Theory, 339-40
Teleology, 341

CABANIS, 215

Camper, P., 45, 46

Carter, 293 f.n.

Carus, J. V.--
Criticism of Embryological Criterion, 167
Morphology and Physiology, 194
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 203
On Archetype, 204
Evolution, 230

Carus, K.G.--
Law of Parallelism, 94, 249
Vertebral Theory, 96
Geometry of Skeleton, 98-100
Splanchnoskeleton, 98, 140

Causal Morphology, 312-3, 315-34

Cell-Theory--
Schwann, 169, 173-86, 188
C. F. Wolff, 170
Schleiden, 170-2
Criticism of Schwann-Schleiden Theory, 185-8
Virchow, Leydig, 188

Cell-Theory and Germ-Layer Theory--
Remak, 209-12

Cell-Theory as Disintegrative--
Schwann, 180-5, 248
Vogt, 190-1
Virchow, 191
Haeckel, 248
Criticism of this idea--
Reichert, 192-3, 194
J. V. Carus, 194
Sedgwick, Whitman, 346

Cell-Theory, Influence on Morphology, 190

Cenogenesis, 258-9, 323

Chabry, 331

Child, C. M., 333

Chun, C, 317, 332

Classification of Animals--
Aristotle, 4-6
Rondeletius, Aldrovandus, Gesner, 18
Linnaeus, 22
Buffon, 25-6
Cuvier, 39-41
E. Geoffroy, 60
L. Agassiz, 203 f.n.
Lamarck, 216-7, 227, 228

Classification and Ecological Adaptation (Bronn), 203

Classification as Genealogical--
Buffon, 24-5
Lamarck, 218, 228
C. Darwin, 233, 234, 247
Haeckel, 250-1, 254
Criticism of this idea, 303, 304,
O. Hertwig, 356

Classification, Phylogenetic--
Haeckel's, 289-94

Claus, 259

Co-adaptation, 326 f.n.

Coelom--
Remak, 211
A. Kowalevsky, 270, 295, 297
Haeckel, 291, 295, 296
Lankester, 291, 297

Coelom, Theory of, 295-301

Cohen, 189

Coiter, 18

Colucci, 346

Compensation, Law of--
Aristotle, 11
Goethe, 49
E. Geoffroy, 72-3
Audouin, 86.
German Transcendentalists, 100

Condillac, 215

Conditions of Existence, Principle of--
Cuvier, 34, 75-6, 239
Gegenbaur, 263-4
Roux, 324, 326
Spencer, Weismann, 326 f.n.
Disregard for--
Lamarck, 226
C. Darwin, 232, 238-41
Haeckel, 248, 264

Conklin, 333

Connections, Principle of--
Goethe, 47
E. Geoffroy, 53-4, 62-3, 71, 74, 261
Audouin, 85

Connections, Principle of--_contd._
German Transcendentalists, 100
J. F. Meckel, 101
Owen, 107-8
Bronn, 202
C. Darwin, 234-5
Gegenbaur, 261
Semper, 279
In Embryology, 168
Main Principle of Morphology, 246, 302

Convergence--
Milne-Edwards, 199
I. Geoffroy St Hilaire, 199 f.n., 206
C. Darwin, 236
Friedmann, Willey, Vialleton, 306 f.n.

Convergence, Rejected by Evolutionary Morphologists, 305, 312
Hubrecht, 305-6

Cope, E. D., 342, 357 f.n., 361, 362

Correlation, Functional--
Aristotle, 10-12
Cuvier, 35-8, 239, 241
E. Geoffroy, 77
Von Hartmann, 240-1
Radl, 240 f.n., 241
Von Baer, 242
Gegenbaur, 264
Disregarded by--
C. Darwin, 235, 238-41
Haeckel, 248, 264

Coste, 134, 138, 176, 187

Crampton, 332

Cunningham, J. T., 284

Cuvier, 26, 31-44, 89, 196, 197, 199 f.n., 278, 345, 361
Functional attitude, 31-6, 65, 75-8, 200, 305
Animal and Vegetative Lives, 32
Degrees of Composition, 32-3
Teleology, 33-5
Functional Adaptedness, 33-5, 324
Principle of Conditions of Existence, 34, 75-6, 239
Correlation, 35-8, 239, 241
Metabolism, 38
Adaptation as Conservative Principle, 39, 76
Classification, 39-41
Principle of Subordination of Characters, 40
Criticism of Scale of Beings, 39-40, 130
Type Theory, 41, 124, 289, 291
Criticism of Evolution-Theory, 41-4, 129, 304
Variation, Limits of, 42
Palaeontological Succession, 43
Polemic with Geoffroy, 64-5, 74-8
Criticism of Vertebral Theory of Skull, 97-8
Influence on J. F. Meckel, 101
Criticism of Meckel-Serres Law, 129-30, 304
As Embryologist, 130
Criticism of Lamarck, 228

Cytology, 346

Cytoplasm of Egg, Organ-forming Stuffs, 332-3

DALL, 361

D'Alton, 113

Dareste, C., 315

Darwin, Charles, 78, 230-41, 271, 304, 307, 336, 362
Systematist and Field Naturalist, 230, 231
Palaeontological Succession, 231
Ecological Adaptation, 231-2, 235, 239
Species Problem, 231
Functional Adaptation, Disregard for, 232, 238-41
Classification as genealogical, 233, 234, 247
Unity of Plan due to Community of Descent, 233, 234-5, 239, 247
Embryological Archetype as ancestral, 233, 236-7
Rejects Meckel-Serres Law, 233, 236
Interpretation of Vestigial Organs, 233, 237
Organism as Historical Being, 233, 308
Rejects Scale of Beings, 234
Homology, 234-5, 247
Principle of Connections, 234-5
Anatomical Archetype as ancestral, 235, 247
Von Baer's Law interpreted phylogenetically, 236-7
Modifications inherited at corresponding age, 237
Monophyletism and Polyphyletism, 238
Causes of Success, 238, 241

Darwin, Erasmus, 214, 226 f.n., 229, 336

Darwin, Sir Francis, 344

Daubenton, 26

Degrees of Composition--
Aristotle, 12-14, 169
Glisson, 19
Malpighi, 20
Bichat, 29-30
Cuvier, 32-3,
Dujardin, 169, 188
Von Baer, 172
Effect of Invention of Microscope, 20
Relation to Cell-Theory, 169

Delage, 333

Delage and Herouard, 273 f.n.

Delpino, 345

Demaillet, 44

Democritus, 16

Deperet, C, 357
On Cuvier, 43
Absence of intermediary forms in Palaeontology, 358
Phyletic series and Polyphyletism, 360-1

Development, Von Baer's Law--
Aristotle, 14
Von Baer, 124-6
Prevost and Dumas, 125 f.n.
Reichert, 149-50, 351 f.n.
Milne-Edwards, 205-8
Lereboullet, 206-8
Criticised by--
Agassiz, 352-3
His, 353
Sedgwick, 353
O. Hertwig, 354
Phylogenetic Interpretation of--
Darwin, 236-7
Gegenbaur, 266
Relation to Haeckel's Law, 254, 256, 257

Development, Biogenetic Law (Haeckel)--
Haeckel, 251, 253-9, 291-4
F. Mueller, 252-3, 254, 257
Gegenbaur, 262
Roux, 319
Butler, 339-40
Orr, 342
Criticism of--
Vialleton, 348
Oppel, 348-9
Keibel, 349-50
Mehnert, 350-2
O. Hertwig, 352, 354-5
His, 353
Relation to Laws of Meckel-Serres and Von Baer, 254, 256, 257, 303, 309
Relation to Heredity and Development, 312-3
Influence of Causal Morphology, 347-8
Palaeontological Evidence for, 359

Development, Meckel-Serres Law--
Harvey, 18
Hunter, 22
E. Geoffroy, 69-70, 72
Serres, 80-3, 94, 203-4, 205-6
Kielmeyer, Autenrieth, Oken, 90

Development, Meckel-Serres Law-_contd._
Tiedemann, 91
J. F. Meckel, 91-3
K. G. Carus, 94
Criticism of--
Von Baer, 120-3, 304
Cuvier, 129-30, 304
Milne-Edwards, 205
Lereboullet, 206-8
C. Darwin, 233, 236
Analogy with Biogenetic Law, 254-7, 262, 303, 304, 309

Development, Meckel-Serres Law, Theory of Three-fold Parallelism--
L. Agassiz, 230, 255
Tiedemann, Vogt, 255 f.n.
Haeckel, 254-5

Development, The two periods of--
Roux, 320-4, 325, 327, 335
Butler, 337-9

Diogenes of Apollonia, 1

Disintegration. _See_ "Cell-Theory," and "Materialistic Attitude"

Division of Labour, Principle of--
Aristotle, 12
Milne-Edwards, 197-8
Bronn, 202
Gegenbaur, 264

Dohrn, A., 269, 274-8
Annelid Theory of Vertebrate Descent, 274-7, 303
Principle of Function-Change, 276-8, 307
Functional Attitude, 277-8, 307
Formal Attitude, 306

Doellinger, I., 113, 157

Dollo, 311

Donne, 173

D'Orbigny, 43

Driesch, H., 242, 331, 332, 333, 334, 345, 346-7

Duges, A., 86-8, 100, 134, 142, 146
Unity of Plan, 87
Polyzoic conception of Organism, 87-8
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 163

Dujardin, 169, 188

Dumas. _See_ Prevost and Dumas

Dumeril, 96

Dumortier, 173

Dutrochet, 99 f.n., 130, 134

Duverney, 19

EAR-OSSICLES, Homology of--
E. Geoffroy, 56
Spix, 100
Rathke, 141, 150
Reichert, 144-7

_Echelle des etres. See_ "Scale of Beings."

Ehlers, 284

Eisig, H., 284, 285

Embryology, Comparative, Early Workers--
Aristotle, 4, 113
Fabricius, Harvey, 18, 113
Malpighi, 20, 113
Oken and Kieser, 90, 113
Haller, C. F. Wolff, J. F. Meckel, Tiedemann, 113

Embryology, Experimental, 317, 318, 330-3

Embryological Archetype. _See_ "Archetype, Embryological"

Embryological Criterion of Homology, 133-168, 347
Goethe, 49
E. Geoffroy, 72, 110
Cuvier, 75, 110, 130
Owen, 110-1
Von Baer, 126-8, 132, 138
Rathke, 138, 140-1
J. Mueller, 138
Reichert, 138-9, 144-7, 163
Vogt, 156-7
Huxley, 158-9, 166
Koelliker, 165-6
Criticised by--
Owen, J. V. Carus, 167

Empedocles, 1, 15

Engramm (Semon), 343

_Entwicklungsgesetz._ _See_ "Evolution, Intrinsic Laws of"

_Entwicklungsmechanik_, 315

Erasistratus, 17

Evolution Theory--
Lucretius, 16
Buffon, 24-5, 214
Cuvier's criticism, 41-4, 129, 304
E. Geoffroy, 66-9, 73, 228
J. F. Meckel, 92-3, 215, 228
Leibniz, 213
Kant, 213-4
Erasmus Darwin, 214, 229
C. Bonnet, Oken, Robinet, Treviranus, 215
Tiedemann, 215, 255 f.n.
Lamarck, 215-29
Von Baer, 229, 242
I. Geoffroy St Hilaire, J. V. Carus, 230
Charles Darwin, 230-41
Von Hartmann, 240-1, 244, 356
Koelliker, 243
Owen, 244
Milne-Edwards, 244-5
Haeckel, 250-9
Gegenbaur, 265
The Organism as an Historical Being, 308-13
C. Darwin, 233, 308
Haeckel, 252, 257
Sedgwick, 308
Roux, 313, 322-4
Butler, 313, 336-41

Evolution-Theory, Influence on Morphology, 302-13

Evolution, Intrinsic Laws of, 241
J. F. Meckel, 93
Bronn, 202
Von Baer, 229, 242, 356
Koelliker, Naegeei, 243, 356
Owen, 244
Von Hartmann, 244, 356
Milne-Edwards, 244-5
O. Hertwig, 354-5, 356-7
Wigand, 356
Deperet, 361

FABRICIUS, 18, 113

Fallopius, 18

Fischel, 346, 350

Fischer, 328

Fleischmann, 357 f.n.

Flourens, 46, 315

Fontana, 172

Forbes, E., 196

Formal Attitude, 246, 305
Goethe, 49
E. Geoffroy, 62-3, 71, 75-8, 305
Haeckel, 249, 257, 260
Gegenbaur, 261, 263
Semper, 279
Adopted by Evolutionary Morphologists, 302-8, 311-2, 314
Hubrecht, 305-6
Dohrn, 306

France, R., 345

Friedmann, 306 f.n.

Fuld, 333

Functional Adaptation, 316-7, 318, 320-9, 333, 344, 351

Functional Attitude--
Aristotle, 15-6, 197
Bichat, 27-9
Cuvier, 31-6, 65, 75-8, 200, 305
Goethe, 49-50
J. F. Meckel, 101
Owen, 109, 110, 111
Von Baer, 129
Milne-Edwards, 195, 197-200
J. Mueller, Reichert, 200
Bronn, 201-3
Lamarck, 222-6, 307, 335
Gegenbaur, 260, 263-4
Dohrn, 277-8, 307
Roux, 320-9, 335
Houssay, 333
Butler, 336-41
G. Wolff, 346
Driesch, 346-7
Giard, 347
E. Schulz, 347 f.n.
Keibel, 349-50
Mehnert, 350-1
American Palaeontologists, 361, 362
Ruetimeyer, 361
V. O. Kowalevsky, 361-2
Osborn, 362-4

Function-Change, Principle of--
Dohrn, 276-8, 306, 307
Eisig, 284

Fuerbringer, M., 282 f.n., 284, 323 f.n.

GALEN, 17

Gastraea Theory, 269, 288-95, 298, 299-3O1, 303

Gastrula, Discovery of, 288

Gaupp, E., 310 f.n.

Gegenbaur, C, 247, 260-7, 271, 285, 286, 288 f.n.
Division of Egg-nucleus, 188
Functional Attitude, 260, 263-4
Formal Attitude, 261, 263
Principle of Connections, 261
Embryology and Comparative Anatomy, 261-2, 263
Biogenetic and Meckel-Serres Laws, 262
Homology, 261, 263, 265, 266-7
Adaptation and Correlation, 263-4
Archetype as ancestral, 263 f.n, 265
On Phylogenetic Speculation, 265-6
Embryological Archetype, 266
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 309, 310

Gemmill, J. F., 285 f.n., 312 f.n.

Geoffroy, Etienne, St Hilaire, 40, 52-78, 141
Unity of Plan, 52-65, 70 ff., as conservative, 75, 78
Principle of Connections, 53-4, 62-3, 71, 74, 261
Unity of Composition, 54, 70-1, 75-6, 200, 305
Archetype, 54, 67
Metastasis, 55-6, 59, 74
Opercular Bones, 56
Unity of Composition of Sternum, 57-60
Classification, 60
Vertebrates and Articulates, 60-4, 274, 278-9, 303
Formal Attitude, 62-3, 65, 71, 75-8, 305
Cephalopods and Vertebrates, 64-5
Scale of Beings, 64
Polemic with Cuvier, 64-5, 74-8
Evolution, 66-9, 73, 228
Biogenetic Law, 69
Teratology, 69, 315
Meckel-Serres Law, 70, 72
Criteria of Homology, 71, 72, 110
Law of Compensation, 72-3
Criticism of his Principles, 74
Relation to German Transcendentalists, 89, 100-1
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 96, 97
Influence on Darwin, 234-5, 238

Geoffroy, Isidore, St Hilaire, 65 f.n., 199 f.n., 230

Geometry of the Organism, 33
K. G. Carus, 98-100, 249
Bronn, 201, 249
Haeckel, J. Mueller, Burmeister, G. Jaeger, 249

Germinal Vesicle (Egg-nucleus), 175-7, 188, 291 f.n.

Germ-Layer Theory--
Von Baer, 115-6, 118-9, 208-9, 296
Pander, 119-20, 209
C. F. Wolff, 119-20
Rathke, 136, 208
Lereboullet, Bischoff, 208
Huxley, 208, 289
Remak, 209-12, 296

Germ-Layers and Gastraea Theory--
Haeckel, 289-95
Lankester, Balfour, 295

Germ-Layer Theory, Influence of Causal Morphology on, 347

Gesner, 18

Giard, A.--
On Ascidian Theory, 271-3
Adaptive Homology, 273
Poecilogeny, 347-8

Glisson, F., 19

Gluge, 173

Goebel, K., 356 f.n.

Goethe, 45-51, 65, 89, 250
Unity of Plan, 45-7, 51
Homology, 47
Principle of Connections, 47
Formal and Functional Attitudes, 48-50
Teleology, 48
Metamorphosis of Plants, 48
Repetition of parts, 48-9
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 49, 96, 97
Law of Compensation, 49
Embryological Criterion, 49
Organisms as Nature's Works of Art, 50

Goette, 259

Graaf, von, 175

Grew, N., 169

Gruber, 330

HAECKEL, Ernst, 247-60, 271, 314, 342, 353, 357
His sources, 248-50
Materialism, 248, 250
On Teleology, Heredity and Adaptation, 248, 263
Correlation, Disregard for, 248, 264
Geometry of the Organism (Promorphology), 249
Repetition of Parts (Tectology), 249-50
Classification as Genealogical, 250-1, 254
Archetype as ancestral, 251
Homology and Analogy, 251
Biogenetic Law, 251, 253-9, 291-4
Three-fold parallelism, 254-5
Scale of Beings, 255, 256-7
Organism as an Historical Being, 257
Prussianism, 257
Palingenesis, 258
Cenogenesis, 258-9
Heterotopy, Heterochrony, 259
Gastraea Theory, 269, 288-95
Phylogenetic Classification, 289-94
Criticism of Theory of Types, Monophyletism, 289, 291
Gastraea Theory and Biogenetic Law, 291-4
Primary stages of Ontogeny and Phylogeny, 291-3
Coelom, 291, 295, 296
Experimental Embryology, 317

Haller, 113

Harting, 284 f.n.

Hartmann, E. von--
On Darwin's conception of correlation, 240-1
Evolution, 244, 356

Hartog, M., 344

Harvey, 18, 113

Hatschek, 270 f.n., 299

Helmholtz, H. von, 195

Henle, 172

Hensen, V., 209 f.n.

Herbst, C., 333

Herder, 46

Heredity and Memory, 336-44

Hering, E., 341-2

"Heritage" Characters, 309, 322

Herlitzka, 332

Herophilus, 17

Hertwig, O., 163, 330, 331, 346
On C. F. Wolff, 119
Fertilisation, 291 f.n.
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 309-10
Biogenetic Law, 352, 354-5
Von Baer's Law, 354
Intrinsic Laws of Evolution, 354-5, 356-7
Homology not necessarily Homogeny, 355-7
Unity of Plan not necessarily due to Community of Descent, 355-7
On Phylogenetic Speculation, 356

Hertwig, O. and R.--
Coelom Theory, 297-8
Nervous System of Coelentera, 299

Heterochrony, 259, 348, 349-52

Heterogeneous Generation (Koelliker), 243

Heterotopy, 259

Hilgendorf, 359

Hill, 311

Hippocratic Treatises, 2

His, W., 206 f.n., 209 f.n.
Causal Morphology, 316
Cytoplasm of Egg, Organ-forming Stuffs, 333
Specific Distinctness of Embryos, 353

Histological Differentiation (von Baer), 117-8

Histology. _See also_ "Cell-Theory"
Malpighi, 20
Stensen, 21
Bichat, 29-30, 169, 178
Von Baer, 117-8
Schwann, 178
Remak, 209-12

Hofer, B., 330

Hofmeister, 185

Homogeny, 267, 303, 355

Homology, 168, 303, 355-7. _See also_ "Connections, Principle of," and
"Embryological Criterion"
Aristotle, 7-10
Belon, 18
Buffon, 27
Goethe, 47
E. Geoffroy, 53, 71
Serres, 80
Owen, 107-9
Lamarck, 227
C. Darwin, 234-5, 247
Haeckel, 251
Gegenbaur, 261, 263, 265, 266-7
Giard, 273
Semper, 279
O. Hertwig, 355-7
Braun, 355

Homology, Genetic Definition of--
Gegenbaur, 266
Lankester, 267
O. Hertwig's criticism, 355-7

Homoplasy, 267

Hooke, R., 20, 169

Houssay, F., 19 f.n., 333

Hubrecht, A. A. W., 284, 295 f.n., 301, 305-6

Hunter, J., 22, 315

Huschke, 134-5, 136, 141, 146

Huxley, T. H., 157, 238, 247
On Rathke, 154 f.n.
Embryological Criterion, 158-9, 166
Embryological Archetype, 159-61
Criticism of Vertebral Theory of Skull, 161-2
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 166-7
On Archetype, 204
Germ-Layer Theory, 208, 289
Criticism of Three-fold Parallelism, 230 f.n.
Coelom, 297
Ancestry of Marsupials, 311

Hyatt, A., 359, 361

INSTINCT and Morphogenesis, Analogy of, vi., 307, 312
Lamarck, 220, 226

JACOBSON , 164

Jaeger, G., 249 f.n.

_Jardin des Plantes_, Paris, 19

Jenkinson, J. W., 347 f.n.
On His, 316

Jones, Wharton, 138, 176

Julin, C., 271, 285

Jussieu, de, 40

KANT, I.--
Teleology, 35, 213, 242
Unity of Plan, 46, 213-4
Evolution, 213-4

Keibel, F., 348, 349-50

Kerkring, 131

Kielmeyer, 89, 90, 96

Kieser, 90

Kleinenberg, N., 277

Kohlbrugge, J., 44 f.n., 65 f.n.

Koelliker, A.--
On C. F. Wolff, 119
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 157
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 164-6, 310
Embryological Criterion, 165-6
Cell-division, 187
Intrinsic Laws of Evolution, 243, 356
Saltatory Variation, 243

Kowalevsky, A., 269-71, 284, 285, 299, 300
Development of Amphioxus, 270
Ascidians, 270-1
Coelom, 270, 295, 297
Gastrula, 288

Kowalevsky, V. O., 361-2

Krause, 176

Kupffer, 271

LACAZE-DUTHIERS, H. de, 203 f.n., 315-6
On Ascidians, 271, 273

Lamarck, 44, 66, 78, 215-29
Relation to Buffon, 215
Scale of Beings, 215-8, 220-1, 227-8
As Evolutionary, 218, 220
Classification, 216-7, 227, 228
Species Problem, 216, 227
Materialism, 218-9, 222-3, 225-6
Psychological Vitalism, 219, 220-6, 307, 335
_Sentiment interieur_, 219-20, 222-3, 225
Ecological Adaptation, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227
Laws of Evolution, 221-5
Transmission of Acquired Characters, 221-2, 224
Subtle Fluids, 222
Use and Disuse, 223-4
Independence of Current Thought, 226-7
Homology and Analogy, 227
Reception of his Theory, 228-9
Lamarck and Butler, 335-7

Lang, A., 301

Lankester, Sir E. Ray, 247
Homology, Homogeny, Homoplasy, and Analogy, 267
_Balanoglossus_ Theory of Vertebrate Descent, 287
Germ-Layer Theory and Phylogenetic Classification, 291
Planula Theory, 295
On Coelom Theory, 296-7, 299 f.n.

Latreille, 86, 100

Laurencet, 64

Lavocat, 203 f.n.

Leeuenhoek, 20, 21, 169

Leibniz, 23, 213, 343

Lereboullet--
Von Baer's Law, 206-8
Germ-layer Theory, 208
Gastrula, 288 f.n.

Leucippus, 16

Leuckart, 193 f.n., 194, 297

Levy, O., 333

Leydig, 187, 188, 275 f.n., 285

Linnaeus, 22

Loeb, J., 333, 347

_Loi de Balancement_. _See_ "Compensation, Law of"

Loven, 186, 196

Lucretius, 16
On the Soul, 222 f.n.

Ludwig, 193, 194, 314

Lyell, Sir C., 228 f.n.

Lyonnet, 22

MACBRIDE, E. W., 287 f.n.

M'Kendrick, J.--
On Fontana, 172

Mackenzie, W., 345

Malpighi, M., 20-1, 113, 169

Marine Zoology, Rise of, 195-6

Materialistic Attitude, 246-7, 345, 364
Schwann, 180-5
Vogt, 190-1
Virchow, 191
Ludwig, 193
Materialistic Physiology, 193-4, 314-5, 347
Lamarck, 218-9, 222-3, 225-6
The Darwinians, 241, 308
Haeckel, 248, 250
Roux, 315, 317, 318-9, 329
Semon, 343
Rignano, 344
Loeb, 347
Criticism of this attitude--
Reichert, 192-3

Meckel, D. A., 95

Meckel, J. F., 113
Meckel-Serres Law, 91-3
Evolution, 92-3, 215, 228
Teratology, 93-4
Repetition of Parts, 95
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 96
Eclecticism, 101

Meckel's Cartilage, 141, 145

Meckel-Serres Law. _See_ "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"

Mehnert, E., 348, 350-2

Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 162-7, 309-10

Memory and Heredity, 336-44

Mendelism, 346

Mesenchyme, 298

Mesoderm, 209-11, 296, 297, 298

Metabolism--
Cuvier, 38
Schwann, 182-5
Roux, 324, 329

Metamerism, 94, 95, 100, 109, 131-2, 266-7, 274-5, 279, 282, 286, 299, 301

Metamorphosis of Plants, 48, 235

Metastasis, Principle of--
E. Geoffroy, 55-6, 59, 74
Owen, 106

Metschnikoff, E., 278 f.n., 285, 288
Criticism of Ascidian Theory, 271
Coelom, 295, 296, 297

Meyen, 170, 185

Meyer, E., 284

Meyranx, 64

Microscope, Invention of, 19

Milne-Edwards, H., 12, 86, 238
Marine Zoology, 195
Functional Attitude, 195, 197-200
Unity of Plan, 197
Division of Labour, 197-8
Ecological Adaptation, Convergence, 199
Von Baer's Law, Polemic with Serres, 204-8
Evolution, 244-5

Mirbel, 170, 171

Mivart, St G., 277

Mohl, von, 170, 185

Moldenhawer, 170

Moleschott, 194

Moquin-Tandon, A., 87

Morgan, T. H., 317 f.n., 332, 333, 347 f.n.

Mosaic Theory of Development, 330-3

Mueller, F., Biogenetic Law, 252-3, 254, 257

Mueller, H., 166

Mueller, J., 136, 209 f.n., 260, 285, 309, 345
Embryological Criterion, 138
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 142-4, 154, 157
On Reichert, 150
Cell Theory, 172-3
Division of Egg-nucleus, 188
Vitalism, 192
Marine Zoology, 196
Functional Attitude, 200

Mutations (Waagen), 361 f.n.

NAEGELI, 185, 243 f.n., 356

_Naturphilosophie._ _See_ "Philosophy of Nature"

Nesbitt, R., 162

Neumayr, 357, 360

Nussbaum, M., 330

OKEN, L., 89, 113, 131, 134, 149
Meckel-Serres Law, 90-1
Teratology, 91
Repetition of Parts, 94-5
Serial Homology, 95-6, 100
Vertebral Theory, 96, 97, 98
On Geoffroy, 100
Influence on Serres, 205
Evolution, 215

Ollier, 315

Oppel, A., 318 f.n., 324 f.n., 327, 348-9

Orr, H. F., 342

Osborn, H. F., 214 f.n., 361
On V. O. Kowalevsky, 362
Functional Attitude, 362-4
Law of Adaptive Radiation, 362-4

Owen, R., 97, 102-12, 204
Eclecticism, 102
Vertebral Theory of Skeleton, 103-7
Archetype of Vertebrate Skeleton, 104-7, 110
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 104-6
Metastasis, 106
Principle of Connections, 107-8
Anatomy and Embryology, 108
Homology and Analogy, 108
Classes of Homology, 108-9, 266
Functional Attitude, 109, 110, 111
Embryological Criterion, 110, 167
Homological and Teleological Compoundedness, 110-1
Vegetative Repetition of Parts, 111, 286
Unity of Plan as Conservative Principle, 112
Influence on Darwin, 234, 235, 238
Evolution, 244

PACKARD, 361

Palaeontological Record, 357-61
Absence of connecting forms, 357-9
Biogenetic Law, 359
Phyletic Series, 359-61

Palaeontological Succession--
Cuvier, 43
E. Geoffroy, 67
L. Agassiz, 230, 255
C. Darwin, 231
Milne-Edwards, 245
Tiedemann, 255 f.n.

Paley, W., 341

Palingenesis (Haeckel), 258, 323

Pander, 113, 119-20, 133, 208, 209

Parallelism, Theory of. _See_ "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"
Three-fold. _See_ "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"

Paris Museum of Natural History, 19, 89, 101

Paul, 360

Pauly, A., 345

Perrault, C., 19

Perrier, E., 88, 359 f.n.

Pflueger, E., 317, 330

Philipeaux, 315

"Philosophy of Nature," 89, 94, 98, 203, 248

Phyletic Series, 359-61

Physiology, Separation from Morphology, 194, 247, 260, 314

Physiology of Development, 315

Planula Theory (Lankester), 295

Plato, 15

Pockels, 138

Poecilogeny (Giard), 347-8

Poli, 175

Polyphyletism--
Darwin, 238
Von Baer, 242, 356
Koelliker, Wigand, Naegeli, 356
Deperet, 360-1
Steinmann, 360 f.n.

Polyzoic Conception of Organism--
Duges, 87
Perrier, 88

Prevost and Dumas, 125 f.n., 134, 175, 186

Promorphology (Haeckel), 249

Protoplasm, 169, 188-9

Purkinje, 172, 173, 175, 176, 189

QUATREFAGES, A. de, 172, 195-6

RADL, E., on Goethe, 48
Correlation, 240 f.n., 241
On Darwin's Critics, 242 f.n.
On Cuvier's Critics, 278 f.n.

Rathke, H., 133, 136-7, 174, 194, 269, 351 f.n.
Discovery of Gill-slits in Pig and Chick, 134
Discovery of Gill-slits in Man, 135
Germ-Layer Theory, 136, 208
Embryological Criterion, 138, 140-1
Homologies of Gill-arches, 139-41, 146, 150
Development of Skull, 141, 150-4
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 141, 154-6
Embryological Archetype, 151, 153
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 163, 166

Rauber, A., 330

Reaumur, 22, 315

Recapitulation Theory. _See_ "Development, Biogenetic Law"

Regeneration, 315, 318, 333, 346

Regulatory Processes in Development, 114, 319, 333, 346-7, 350

Reichert, C. B., Embryological Criterion, 138-9, 144-7, 163
Archetype, 139, 147, 149
Homologies of Gill-arches and Ear-ossicles, 144-7
Vertebral Theory of Skull, 147-9, 157
Von Baer's Law, 149-50, 351 f.n.
Membrane and Cartilage Bones, 163, 165, 166, 310
Criticism of "Biological Atomists," 192-3, 194
Functional Attitude, 193, 200

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