Various - "Scientific American Supplement, No. 288"

Various - "Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 5, No. 30, April, 1860"

P.A. Sheehan - "My New Curate"

Rupert Hughes - "We Can't Have Everything"

Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany

D >> Douglas Houghton Campbell >> Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany




_Cheiranthus_. See "Wall-flower."

_Chenopodium_, _-aceae_. See "Goose-foot."

Cherry, 15, 206; Fig. 114.

Chicory, 223.

Chick-weed, 185; Fig. 98.

_Chimaphila_. See "Prince's pine."

_Chionanthus_. See "Fringe-tree."

Chlorine, 2.

_Chlorococcum_, 23; Fig. 12.

Chloroform, 234.

Chloroplast, 22, 45.

Chlorophyll, 15.

Chlorophyll body. See "Chloroplast."

_Chlorophyceae_, 21.

_Chondrus_. See "Irish moss."

_Choripetalae_, 181, 208.

Chromic acid, 25-35, 233.

Chromoplast, 150.

_Cicinnobulus_, 69; Fig. 39.

Cilium, 8.

Cinquefoil, 206.

_Cistaceae_. See "Rock-rose."

_Cistiflorae_, 192.

Citron, 196.

_Citrus_. See "Orange," "Lemon."

_Cladophora_, 24, 25.
structure of cells, 25.
nuclei, 25.
cell division, 25.
zooespores, 25.

Classification, 3-9.

_Clavaria_, 85; Fig. 51.

_Claytonia_. See "Spring-beauty."

Clematis, 185.

Climbing plants, 171.

_Closterium_, 33; Fig. 20.

Clove, 205.

Clove oil, 234.

Clover, 207.

Club moss, 116.
larger, 116.
smaller, 123-126; Fig. 74.
gross anatomy, 125.
spores, 126.
prothallium, 126.
systematic position, 126.

Cluster-cup, 78.

_Cocos_. See "Palm-coco," 159.

_Coleochaete_, 28; Fig. 17.

Collateral fibro-vascular bundle, 135.

_Collema_, 76; Fig. 44.

Columella, 55.

Columbine, 186; Fig. 99.

Column, 165.

_Columniferae_, 195.

_Commelyneae_, 157.

_Compositae_, 223, 224.

Compound flower, 224.
leaf, 159, 170.

Conceptacle, 45.

Cone, 131.

_Conferva_, 26.

_Confervaceae_, 21, 24.

Conidium, 68.

Conifer, 129, 140, 141.

_Coniferae_. See "Conifer."

_Conjugatae_, 22-29.

Connective, 148.

_Conocephalus_. See "Liverwort, giant."

_Contortae_, 218.

_Convolvulaceae_, 213.

_Convolvulus_. See "Morning-glory."

_Coprinus_, 82-84; Fig. 48.
general structure, 82, 83.
young spore fruit, 83.
gills basidia, 83.
spores, 84.

Coral root, 167.

_Corallorhiza_. See "Coral root."

Coriander, 202.

Corn, 160, 161.

_Cornus_, _-aceae_. See "Dogwood."

Corolla, 174, 182.

Cortex, 39, 130.

_Corydalis_, 192.

Cotton, 195.

Cotyledon, 134, 146, 180.

Cowslip, 211.

Coxcomb, 185.

Crab-apple, 77, 80.

Cranberry, 211.

_Crassulaceae_, 203.

Crane's-bill, 3, 196; Fig. 107.

Cress, 192.

_Croton_, 200.

_Cruciferae_. See "Mustard family."

_Cruciflorae_. See "_Rhoeadinae_."

Cucumber, 221.

Cucumber-tree. See "Magnolia."

_Cucurbitaceae_. See "Gourd."

Cup fungi ("_Discomycetes_"), 71.

_Cupuliferae_, 183.

Curl, 66.

Currant, 203.

_Cuscuta_. See "Dodder."

Custard-apple, 186.

_Cyanophyceae_. See "Blue-green slime."

_Cyathus_, 84; Fig. 50.

_Cycad_, _-eae_, 140.

_Cycas revoluta_, 141; Fig. 71.

_Cyclamen_, 212.

_Cynoglossum_. See "Hound's-tongue."

_Cyperaceae_. See "Sedge."

_Cyperus_, 161.

Cypress, 142.

_Cypripedium_. See "Lady's-slipper."

_Cystopus_. See also "White rust."
_bliti_, 57; Fig. 33.
general structure, 57.
structure of filaments, 57.
non-sexual spores (conidia), 57.
germination of conidia, 58.
resting spores, 59.
ooegonium, 59.
antheridium, 59.
_candidus_, 60; Fig. 34.


Daisy, 223.

Dandelion, 66, 223; Fig. 125.

_Darlingtonia_, 195.

_Datura_. See "Stramonium."

Day lily, 155.

Deadly nightshade, 215.

Dead nettle, 215; Fig. 120.

_Delphinium_. See "Larkspur."

Dermatogen, 176.

Desmid, 33, 34; Fig. 20.

Devil's apron. See "_Laminaria_."

_Dianthus_. See "Pink."

_Diatomaceae_, 41, 42; Figs. 24, 25.
structure, 42.
movements, 42.
reproduction, 42.

_Dicentra_, 192; Fig. 103.

Dicotyledon, 145, 170, 181, 225.

_Digitalis_. See "Foxglove."

Dioecious, 88.

_Dionaea_. See "Venus's fly-trap."

_Dioscoreae_. See "Yam."

_Dioscorea villosa_, 154.

_Diospyros_. See "Persimmon."

_Diospyrinae_, 210.

_Dipsacus_, _-aceae_. See "Teasel."

_Dirca_. See "Moosewood."

Ditch-moss, 167; Fig. 91.

Dodder, 214.

_Dodecatheon_. See "Shooting-star."

Dog-bane, 219; Fig. 122.

Dogwood, 202, 229; Fig. 110.

_Draparnaldia_, 26; Fig. 14.

_Drosera_ _-aceae_. See "Sun-dew."

Drupe. See "Stone-fruit."

Duck-weed, 159; Fig. 86.

Dutchman's pipe. See "_Aristolochia_."


Earth star. See "_Geaster_."

_Ebenaceae_ (ebony), 212.

_Echinospermum_. See "Beggar's-ticks."

_Ectocarpus_, 45, 47; Fig. 28.

Eel-grass, 168, 169; Fig. 91.

Egg apparatus, 144.

Egg cell, 27, 36, 39, 45, 90, 106, 133, 144.

Egg-plant, 215.

Eichler, 153.

Elater, 91, 122.

Elder, 224.

_Elaeagnaceae_, 206.

Elm, 183.

_Elodea_. See "Ditch-moss."

Embryo, 90, 97, 107, 133, 149, 180.

Embryology, 3.

Embryo sac, 143, 144, 151.

_Enantioblastae_, 153, 156; Fig. 85.

Endosperm, 133, 146, 152.

Entire leaves, 170.

_Entomophthoreae_, 57.

_Epacrideae_, 210.

Epidermis, 91, 111, 112, 113, 122, 135, 137, 150, 177.

_Epigaea_. See "Trailing arbutus."

_Epilobium_. See "Willow-herb."

_Epiphegus_. See "Beech-drops."

Epiphyte, 166.

_Equisetum_, _-tinae_. See "Horse-tail."

Ergot, 76.

_Erica_, _-aceae_. See "Heath."

_Erysiphe_, 70.

_Erythraea_. See "Centaury."

_Erythronium_, 146-152; Fig. 81.
leaf, 146.
stem, 146.
root, 146.
gross anatomy of stem, 147.
flower, 148.
fruit and seed, 150.
histology of stem, 150.
of leaf, 150.
of flower, 151.
of ovule and seed, 151, 152.

_Eschscholtzia_, 191.

_Eucalyptus_, 206.

_Eucyclae_, 196, 200.

_Eudorina_, 20.

_Euglena_, 11, 19; Fig. 9.

_Euonymus_. See "Spindle-tree."

_Euphorbia_, 199; Fig. 109.

_Eurotium_, 70; Fig. 42.

Evening primrose, 206.

_Exoascus_, 66.


_Fagopyrum_. See "Buckwheat."

Feather-veined. See "Pinnate-veined."

Fern, 5, 102, 104, 116.
flowering, 118; Fig. 70.
lady, 104; Fig. 70.
maiden-hair. See "Maiden-hair fern."
ostrich. See "Ostrich-fern."
sensitive, 104.
true, 117.
water. See "Water-fern."

Fertilization, 225.

Fibre, 124, 175, 177.

Fibro-vascular bundle, 107, 110, 121, 123, 135, 136, 147, 150, 159, 174.

Fig, 183.

Figwort, 215, 216; Fig. 120.

Filament (of stamen), 148, 17.

_Filices_. See "True ferns."

_Filicineae_. See "Fern."

Fir, 142.

Fission, 23.

_Flagellata_, 19.

Flagellum, 19.

Flax, 197; Fig. 107.

Flies, 229.

Flower, 128, 131.

Flowering-plant. See "Spermaphyte."

Forget-me-not, 215.

Four-o'clock, 183.

Foxglove, 217.

_Frangulinae_, 199.

_Fraxinus_. See "Ash."

Fringe-tree, 218; Fig. 122.

Fruit, 145.

_Fucaceae_, 43.

Fuchsia, 201.

_Fucus_, 42-46.
_vesiculosus_, 43; Figs. 26, 27.
general structure, 43, 44.
conceptacles, 44.
collecting plants, 44.
cells, 44.
chloroplasts, 44.
ooegonium, 45.
_platycarpus_, 45.
antheridium, 45, 46.
fertilization, 46.
germination, 46.

_Fumariaceae_. See "Fumitory."

Fumitory, 192.

_Funaria_, 93-99; Figs. 58-62.
gross anatomy, 93, 94.
protonema, 93.
"flower," 94.
structure of leaf, 94.
chloroplasts, division of, 95.
formation of starch in chloroplasts, 95.
structure of stem, 96.
root hairs, 96.
buds, 96.
antheridium spermatozoids, 96, 97.
archegonium, 97.
embryo, 98.
capsule and spores, 98, 99.
germination of spores, 99.

Fungi, culture of, 5, 54.
true. See "_Mycomycetes_."
alga. See "_Phycomycetes_."

Funiculus, 151, 175.

_Funkia_. See "Day lily."


_Galium_, 223; Fig. 124.

_Gamopetalae_. See "_Sympetalae_."

_Gaultheria_. See "Wintergreen."

_Gaylussacia_. See "Huckleberry."

_Geaster_, 84; Fig. 49.

Gentian, 218; Fig. 122.

Gentian violet, 4, 138, 231.

_Gentiana_, _-aceae_. See "Gentian."

_Geranium_, _-aceae_, 3, 171, 196; Fig. 107.

_Gerardia_, 217.

Germ cell. See "Egg cell."

_Gesneraceae_, 218.

Ghost flower. See "Indian-pipe."

Gill, 83.

Ginger, 163.

_Gingko_, 142; Fig. 78.

_Gleditschia_. See "Honey locust."

_Gloxinia_, 218.

_Glumaceae_, 153, 160; Fig. 87.

Glume, 162.

Glycerine, 4, 51, 55, 59, 67, 83, 98, 224, 231, 233.

_Gnetaceae_. See "Joint fir."

Golden-rod, 224.

_Gonium_, 20.

Gooseberry, 203; Fig. 111.

Goose-foot, 184; Fig. 98.

_Gossypium_. See "Cotton."

Gourd, 221.

_Gramineae_. See "Grass."

Grape, 171, 199; Fig. 109.

Grape fern, 116; Fig. 70.

_Graphis_, 75; Fig. 45.

Grass, 161, 225; Fig. 87.

Gray moss. See "_Tillandsia_."

Green-brier, 154.

Green-felt. See "_Vaucheria_."

Green monad, 12, 19.

Green slime, 21, 22; Fig. 11.

Ground pine, 123; Fig. 73.

Ground tissue, 110, 111, 113, 124, 137, 177, 178.

_Gruinales_, 196.

Guard cell, 113, 135, 150.

Gulf weed. See "_Sargassum_."

Gum. See "_Eucalyptus_."

_Gymnocarpae_, 84.

Gymnosperm, 129, 141.

_Gymnosporangium_, 79-81; Fig. 47.
cedar apples, 79.
spores, 80.

_Gynandrae_, 153, 164.

Gynoecium, 148, 167.

Gynostemium. See "Column."


_Habenaria_, 166, 227; Fig. 90.

Haematoxylin, 233.

Hair, 8, 177.

_Haloragidaceae_, 206.

Hazel, 182, 183, 225; Fig. 97.

Head, 181.

Heath, 211.

_Helobiae_, 153, 167.

_Hemerocallis_. See "Day lily."

_Hemi-angiocarpae_, 84.

Hemlock, 142; Fig. 78.

Hemp, 183.

_Hepaticae_. See "Liverwort."

Hermaphrodite, 199.

Heterocyst, 17.

Heterostylism, 228.

_Hibiscus_, 195.

Hickory, 170, 183.

Holly, 199.

Hollyhock, 195.

Honey locust, 209.

Honeysuckle, 170, 172, 181, 223; Fig. 124.

Hop, 171, 181; Fig. 97.

Horned pond-weed, 224.

Horse-chestnut, 170, 199.

Horse-tail, 116-120.
field, 120-122; Fig. 72.
stems and tubers, 120.
fertile branches, 120.
leaves, 121.
cone, 121.
stem, 121.
sporangia and spores, 121.
sterile branches, 121.
histology of stem, 121.
of sporangia, 122.
spores, 122.
germination, prothallium, 122.

Hound's-tongue, 215; Fig. 119.

_Houstonia_, 223; Fig. 124.

_Hoya_. See "Wax-plant."

Huckleberry, 181, 211; Fig. 116.

Humming-bird, 226.

Hyacinth, 146.

_Hydnum_, 84; Fig. 51.

_Hydrangea_, _-geae_, 202; Fig. 111.

_Hydrocharideae_, 167.

Hydrogen, 2, 95.

_Hydropeltidinae_, 189.

_Hydrophyllum_, _-aceae_. See "Water-leaf."

_Hypericum_, _-aceae_. See "St. John's-wort."


_Ilex_. See "Holly."

_Impatiens_. See "Jewel-weed," "Balsam."

India-rubber, 200.

Indian-pipe, 144, 210; Fig. 79.

Indian turnip. See "_Arisaema_."

Indusium, 118.

Inflorescence, 157.

Integument, 133, 144, 151, 180.

Intercellular space, 124, 135, 150.

Internode, 39.

Iodine, 4, 22, 31.

_Ipomoea_, 213.

_Iridaceae_, 156.

Iris, 154, 156; Fig. 84.

Irish moss, 49.

_Isocarpae_, 210, 212.

_Isoetes_. See "Quill-wort."

_Iuliflorae_, 181.

Ivy, 202.


Jack-in-the-pulpit. See "_Arisaema_."

Jasmine, 218.

_Jeffersonia_. See "Twin-leaf."

Jewel-weed, 197; Fig. 107.

Joint fir, 140, 142.

_Juncagineae_, 167.

_Juncus_. See "Rush."

_Jungermanniaceae_, 92; Fig. 57.


_Kalmia_. See "Mountain laurel."

Karyokinesis, 233.

Keel, 208.

Kelp. See "_Laminaria_."
giant. See "_Macrocystis_."

Knotgrass. See "_Polygonum_."


Labellum. See "Lip."

_Labiatae_. See "Mint."

_Labiatiflorae_, 215.

Lady's-slipper, 164, 166, 198; Fig. 90.

Lamella, 83.

_Laminaria_, 45, 47; Fig. 28.

_Lamium_. See "Dead nettle."

Larch. See "Tamarack."

_Larix_. See "Tamarack."

Larkspur, 186, 227; Fig. 99.

Latex, 191.

Laurel, 188.

_Laurineae_. See "Laurel."

Lavender, 215.

Leaf-green. See "Chlorophyll."

Leaf tendril, 171.

Leaf thorn, 172.

_Leguminosae_, 207.

_Lemanea_, 53; Fig. 31.

_Lemna_. See "Duck-weed."

Lemon, 198.

_Lentibulariaceae_, 217.

Lettuce, 223.

_Lichenes_, 73; Figs. 44, 45.

Ligula, 127.

_Ligulatae_, 125.

Lilac, 170, 181, 218.

_Liliaceae_, 155.

_Liliiflorae_, 153, 155; Fig. 83.

_Lilium_. See "Lily."

Lily, 146, 155.

Lily-of-the-valley, 155.

Lime. See "Linden."

Linden, 195; Fig. 106.

Linear, 159.

_Linum_, _-aceae_. See "Flax."

Lip, 165.

_Liriodendron_. See "Tulip-tree."

_Lithospermum_. See "Puccoon."

Liverwort, 86.
classification of, 91.
horned. See "_Anthoceroteae_."
giant, 91; Fig. 57.

Lizard-tail, 181, 183; Fig. 97.

_Lobelia_, _-aceae_. 221; Fig. 123.

_Loganieae_, 219.

_Lonicera_. See "Honeysuckle."

Loosestrife. See "_Lythrum_."
swamp. See "Nesaea."

Lotus. See "_Nelumbo_."

_Lychnis_, 185.

_Lycoperdon_, 84; Fig. 49.

_Lycopersicum_. See "Tomato."

_Lycopodiaceae_. See "Ground pine."

_Lycopodinae_. See "Club moss."

_Lycopodium_, 123.
_dendroideum_, 123, 124; Fig. 73.
stem and leaves, 123.
cones and sporangia, 123.
gross anatomy, 123.
histology, 124.
spores, 124.

_Lysimachia_. See "Moneywort."

_Lythrum_, _-aceae_, 206, 228.

Mace, 189.


_Macrocystis_, 48.

Macrospore, 126, 127, 128, 143.

_Madotheca_, 86-90; Figs. 52-56.
gross anatomy, 86-88.
male and female plants, 87, 88.
histology of leaf and stem, 88.
antheridium, 88, 89.
archegonium, 89, 90.
embryo, 90.
spores and elaters, 90.

Magnesium, 2.

_Magnolia_, _-aceae_, 186.

Maiden-hair fern, 109-115; Figs. 67-69.
general structure, 109.
gross anatomy of stem, 110.
histology of stem, 110, 111.
gross anatomy of leaf, 111.
histology of leaf, 111, 112.
sporangia, 113, 114.
root, 114, 115.
apical growth of root, 115.

Mallow, 171, 195; Fig. 106.

_Malva_, _-aceae_. See "Mallow."

_Mamillaria_, Fig. 112.

Mandrake. See "May-apple."

Maple, 199; Fig. 108.

_Maranta_. See "Arrowroot."

_Marattiaceae_. See "Ringless ferns."

_Marchantia_, 91; Fig. 57.
breathing-pores, 91.
sexual organs, 91.
buds, 91.

_Marchantiaceae_, 91.

_Marsilia_, 118; Fig. 71.

_Martynia_, 218.

_Matthiola_. See "Stock."

May-apple, 187; Fig. 101.

May-weed, 223; Fig. 125.

_Medeola_, 155; Fig. 83.

Medullary ray, 130, 137.

_Melampsora_, 81.

_Melastomaceae_, 206.

Melon, 221.

_Menispermum_, _-eae_. See "Moon-seed."

_Menyanthes_. See "Buck-bean."

_Mesocarpus_, 33; Fig. 19.

Mesophyll, 135.

Methyl-violet, 4, 233.

Micropyle, 180.

Microsome, 231.

Microspore, 126, 128, 131, 138.

Mignonette, 192; Fig. 104.

Mildew. See "_Peronospora_," "_Phytophthora_," "_Perisporiaceae_."

Milk-weed, 220; Fig. 122.

Milkwort, 199.

_Mimosa_. See "Sensitive-plant."

_Mimosaceae_, 209, 210.

_Mimulus_, 217.

Mint, 181, 215.

_Mirabilis_. See "Four-o'clock."

Mistletoe, 224.

_Mitella_. See "Bishop's cap."

_Mitchella_. See "Partridge-berry."

Mitre-wort. See "Bishop's cap."

Mock-orange. See "_Syringa_."

Moneywort, 212; Fig. 117.

Monocotyledon, 146, 153, 225, 229.

_Monotropa_. See "Indian-pipe," "Pine-sap."

_Monotropeae_, 210.

Moon-seed, 188; Fig. 101.

Moosewood, 206; Fig. 113.

_Morchella_. See "Morel."

Morel, 73.

Morning-glory, 171, 213; Fig. 118.

Morphology, 3.

Moss, 5, 86.
true, 93.
common. See "_Bryaceae_."
peat. See "_Sphagnaceae_."

Moth, 229.

Mould, black. See "_Mucorini_."
blue. See "_Penicillium_."
herbarium. See "_Eurotium_."
insect. See "_Entomophthoreae_."
water. See "_Saprolegnia_."

Mountain-fringe, 192.

Mountain-laurel, 210; Fig. 116.

_Mucor_, 55.
mucedo, 56; Fig. 32.

_Mucor stolonifer_, 55-56.
general structure, 55.
structure of filaments, 55.
spore cases, 55.
sexual spores, 56.

_Mucorini_, 54.

Mulberry, 183.

Mullein, 217; Fig. 120.

_Musa_, _-aceae_. See "Banana."

_Musci_. See "True mosses."

Mushroom, 82.

Mustard, 192.

_Mycomycetes_. See "True fungi."

_Myosotis_. See "Forget-me-not."

_Myristica_, _-ineae_. See "Nutmeg."

_Myrtiflorae_, 205.

Myrtle, 205, 206.

_Myrtus_. See "Myrtle."

_Myxomycetes_. See "Slime-mould."


_Naias_. See "Pond-weed."

_Naiadeae_, 159.

Narcissus, 146.

Nasturtium, 197, 227.

_Navicula_, 42; Fig. 24.

Nectar, 225.

Nectary, 186.

Nelumbo, 189, 190; Fig. 101.

_Nelumbieae_, 190.

_Nemophila_, 214.

_Nepenthes_, _-eae_. See "Pitcher plant."

_Nesaea_, 206.

Nettle. See "_Urticinae_."

_Nicotiana_. See "Tobacco."

Night-blooming cereus, 204.

Nightshade, 215; Fig. 119.

_Nitella_, 40.

_Nitelleae_, 40.

Node, 39.

Nucleus, 7, 31, 231.

Nuclear division, 7, 31, 231; Figs. 127, 128.

Nucleolus, 7, 231.

Nutmeg, 188.

_Nyctagineae_, 183.

_Nymphaea_, 189; Fig. 101.

_Nymphaeaceae_, 190.


Oak, 183, 225; Fig. 97.

_OEdogonium_, 26-28; Fig. 16.
reproduction, 27.
fertilization, 28.
resting spores, 28.

_OEnothera_. See "Evening primrose."

Oil-channel, 202.

_Oleaceae_. See "Olive."

Oleander, 219.

Olive, 218.

_Onagraceae_, 206.

_Onoclea_, 104; Fig. 70.

Ooegonium, 27, 36, 39, 45, 59, 62.

Ooephyte, 109.

Opium--opium poppy, 191.

_Ophioglosseae_. See "Adder-tongue."

_Ophioglossum_, 116.

_Opuntia_. See "Prickly pear."

_Opuntieae_, 203.

Orange, 198.

Orchid, 164, 166, 227; Figs. 89, 90.

_Orchideae_, 164.

_Orchis_, 227; Fig. 89.

Organic bodies, 1.

Origanum oil, 234.

_Oscillaria_, 15, 16; Fig. 6.
movements, 15.
color, 16.
structure and reproduction, 16.

_Osmunda_. See "Flowering-fern."

Ostrich-fern, 104-109.
germination of spores, 104.
prothallium, 104, 105.
archegonium, 105, 106.
antheridium and spermatozoids, 106.
fertilization, 107.
embryo and young plant, 107, 108.
comparison with sporogonium of bryophytes, 109.

Ovary, 129, 148, 156, 202.

Ovule, 129, 131, 144, 148, 151, 179.

_Oxalis_. See "Wood-sorrel."

_Oxydendrum_, 211; Fig. 116.

Oxygen, 2, 95.


Palea, 161.

Palisade parenchyma, 178.

Palm, 157.
date, 159.
coco, 159.

_Palmae_. See "Palm."

Palmate, 171.

Palmetto, 159.

_Pandaneae_, 159.

_Papaveraceae_. See "Poppy."

Papaw, 186; Fig. 100.

_Papilionaceae_, 208.

Pappus, 223.

_Papyrus_, 161.

Paranucleus, 231.

Parasite, 54.

Parenchyma. See "Soft tissue."

_Parmelia_, 73, 75; Fig. 44.

Partridge-berry, 223, 228.

_Passiflora_. See "Passion-flower."

_Passiflorinae_, 205.

Passion-flower, 204; Fig. 112.

Pea, 207, 208; Fig. 115.

Peach, 206.

Pear, 206.

_Pediastrum_, 23; Fig. 11.

_Pelargonium_, 197.

Peltate, 190.

_Peltigera_, 75; Fig. 45.

_Penicillium_, 71; Fig. 42.

Pepper, 183.

Perianth. See "Perigone."

Periblem, 176.

Perigone, 143, 148, 151, 170.

Perisperm, 163.

_Perisporiaceae_, 66.

Periwinkle, 219.

_Peronospora_, 60; Fig. 35.

_Peronosporeae_, 57.

Persimmon, 212; Fig. 117.

Petal, 148, 174, 179.

Petiole, 173.

Petunia, 215; Fig. 119.

_Peziza_, 73; Fig. 43.

_Phacelia_, 214.

_Phaeophyceae_. See "Brown algae."

Phaenogam. See "Spermaphyte."

_Phascum_, _-aceae_, 99, 101; Fig. 65.

_Philadelphus_. See "Syringa."

Phloem, 110, 124, 135, 137, 150, 173, 176.

_Phlox_, 214; Fig. 118.

_Phoenix dactylifera_. See "Date-palm."

Phosphorus, 2.

_Phragmidium_, 81; Fig. 47.

_Physarum_, 14.

_Physianthus_, 220.

Physiology, 3.

_Phytolacca_, _-aceae_. See "Poke-weed."

_Phytophthora_, 60.

Pickerel-weed, 156, 228; Fig. 84.

Picric acid, 156, 233.

Pig-weed. See "Amaranth."

Pine, 9, 10, 129, 142.

Pineapple, 156.

Pine-sap, 210; Fig. 116.

_Pinguicula_, 218.

Pink, 181, 185; Fig. 97.

Pink-root, 218; Fig. 122.

Pinnate (leaf), 159.
veined, 171.

_Pinnularia_, 42; Fig. 24.

_Pinus sylvestris_. See "Scotch pine."

_Piper_. See "Pepper."

_Piperineae_, 183.

Pistil, 143, 145, 174.

Pitcher-plant, 194, 195; Fig. 105.

Pith, 130, 174, 177.

Placenta, 148, 179.

Plane, 183.

_Plantago_, _-ineae_. See "Plantain."

Plantain, 223, 225; Fig. 121.

Plasmodium, 12.

_Plataneae_. See "Plane."

_Platanus_. See "Sycamore."

Plerome, 176.

Plum, 207.

_Plumbago_, _-ineae_, 212.

Pod, 156.

_Podophyllum_. See "May-apple."

_Podosphaera_, 66-70; Fig. 39.
general structure, 66.
structure of filaments, 68.
suckers, 68.
conidia, 68.
sexual organs, 68.
spore fruit, 68, 69.
spore sac, 69.

_Pogonia_, 166.

_Poinsettia_, 199.

Poison-dogwood, 198.

Poison-hemlock, 202.

Poison-ivy, 171, 198.

Poke-weed, 185; Fig. 97.

_Polemonium_, _-aceae_, 214; Fig. 118.

Pollinium, 165.

_Polycarpae_, 185.

_Polygala_, _-aceae_. See "Milkwort."

_Polygonatum_. See "Solomon's Seal."

_Polygonum_, _-aceae_, 184; Fig. 98.

_Polysiphonia_, 52; Fig. 29.

Pomegranate, 206.

Pond-scum, 22, 29, 30.

Pond-weed, 159; Fig. 86.

_Pontederia_. See "Pickerel-weed."

Poplar, 181, 183.

Poppy, 191.

_Portulaca_, _-aceae_. See "Purslane."

Potash (caustic), 4, 5, 59, 67, 75, 97, 106, 111, 151, 176, 179, 180.

Potassium, 2.

Potato, 215.

Potato-fungus. See "_Phytophthora_."

_Potentilla_. See "Cinquefoil."

_Potomogeton_. See "Pond-weed."

Prickly-ash, 198.

Prickly fungus. See "_Hydnum_."

Prickly-pear, 204.

Prickly-poppy. See "_Argemone_."

Primrose, 211.

_Primula_, _-aceae_. See "Primrose."

Prince's-pine, 210; Fig. 116.

Procarp, 51.

_Proteaceae_, 205.

Prothallium, 102, 103, 114, 122, 125, 133, 144, 177.

_Protococcus_, _-aceae_, 22, 74; Fig. 11.

Protophyte, 11.

Protoplasm, 7.
movements of, 7.

Pteridophyte, 102, 153.

_Puccinia_, 81; Fig. 47. See also "Wheat-rust."

Puccoon, 215.

Puff-ball. See "_Lycoperdon_."

Purslane, 185.

Putty-root. See "_Aplectrum_."

Pyrenoid, 25, 31.

_Pyrenomycetes_, 76.

_Pyrola_, _-aceae_, 210.


Quince, 170.

Quill-wort, 125, 126; Fig. 74.


Raceme, 174.

Radial fibro-vascular bundles, 138, 176.

Radish, 192.

_Ranunculus_, _-aceae_. See "Buttercup."

Raspberry, 207.

Ray-flower, 223.

Receptacle, 167, 207, 223.

Receptive spot, 106.

Red algae, 21, 49, 52, 53; Figs. 29-31.

Red-bud, 209; Fig. 115.

Red cedar, 79, 131, 141; Fig. 78.

Red-wood, 142.

Reference-books, 235-236.

_Reseda_, _-aceae_. See "Mignonette."

Resin, 130.

Resin-duct, 130, 135, 137.

Resting-spore, 28, 32, 37, 57.

Rheumatism-root. See "Twin-leaf."

_Rhexia_, 206.

_Rhizocarpeae_. See "Water-fern."

Rhizoid. See "Root-hair."

Rhizome. See "Root-stock."

_Rhododendron_, 210; Fig. 116.

_Rhodophyceae_. See "Red algae."

_Rhodoraceae_, 211.

_Rhoeadinae_, 190.

_Rhus_. See "Sumach."
_cotinus_. See "Smoke-tree."
_toxicodendron_. See "Poison-ivy."
_venenata_. See "Poison-dogwood."

_Ribes_, _-ieae_, 203; Fig. 111.

_Ricciaceae_, 91; Fig. 57.

_Richardia_. See "Calla."

_Ricinus_. See "Castor-bean."

Ringless-fern, 116.

Rock-rose, 195.

Rock-weed. See "_Fucus_."

Root, 102, 104, 114, 173.

Root-cap, 115, 175.

Root-hair, 38, 87, 91, 96, 104, 135.

Root-stock, 154, 172.

_Rosa_, _-aceae_. See "Rose."

Rose, 181, 206; Fig. 114.

_Rosiflorae_, 206.

_Rubiaceae_, 223.

Rush, 154, 225; Fig. 83.

Rust, white. See "_Cystopus_."
red. See "_Uredineae_."
black. See "_Uredineae_."


_Sabal_. See "Palmetto."

_Sabbatia_. See "Centaury."

_Saccharomycetes_. See "Yeast."

Sac fungi. See "_Ascomycetes_."

Safranine, 233.

Sage, 215; Fig. 120.

_Salicineae_, 183.

_Salix_. See "Willow."

_Salvinia_, 118.

_Sambucus_. See "Elder."

_Sanguinaria_. See "Blood-root."

_Sapindaceae_, 199.

_Saprolegnia_, _-aceae_, 60-62; Fig. 36.
zooespores, 62.
resting spores, 62.
antheridium, 62.

_Sargassum_, 48; Fig. 28.

_Sarracenia_, _-aceae_. See "Pitcher-plant."

Sassafras, 188.

_Saururus_. See "Lizard-tail."

Saxifrage, 202.

_Saxifraginae_, 202.

_Scabiosa_. See "Scabious."

Scabious, 224.

Scalariform, 110.

Scale-leaves, 170.

_Scenedesmus_, 24; Fig. 11.

_Schizomycetes_. See "_Bacteria_."

Schizophytes, 12, 14.

Schlerenchyma. See "Stony tissue."

_Schrankia_. See "Sensitive-brier."

_Scilla_, 151.

_Scirpus_. See "Bulrush."

_Scitamineae_, 153, 162.

Scotch pine, 129-140; Figs. 75-77.
stems and branches, 129.
leaves, 129, 130.
gross anatomy of stem, 130.
growth-rings, 130.
roots, 131.
sporangia, 131.
cones, 132.
macrospores and prothallium, 133.
ripe cone and seeds, 133.
germination, 134.
young plant, 134.
histology of leaf, 135.
of stem, 136-138.
of root, 138.
microsporangium and pollen spores, 138, 139.
archegonium, 140.
fertilization, 140.

Scouring-rush, 122.

_Scrophularia_, _-ineae_. See "Figwort."

Sea-lettuce, 26; Fig. 15.

Sea-rosemary, 212.

Sea-weed (brown). See "Brown algae."
(red). See "Red algae."

Sedge, 161; Fig. 87.

_Sedum_. See "Stonecrop."

Seed, 128, 133, 145, 150.

Seed-plant. See "Spermaphyte."

_Selaginella_, _-eae_. See "Smaller club-moss."

Sensitive-brier, 209; Fig. 115.

Sensitive-plant, 209.

Sepal, 148, 150, 174, 179.

_Sequoia_. See "Red-wood."

Sessile leaf, 170.

_Shepherdia_, 206.

Shepherd's-purse, 173-180; Figs. 93-95.
gross anatomy of stem, 173.
leaf, 124, 173.
root, 173.
branches, 174.
flower, 174, 175.
fruit and seed, 175.
histology of root, 175, 176.
stem, 177.
leaf, 177, 178.
development of flower, 179.
ovule, 179.
embryo, 180.

Shooting-star, 212; Fig. 117.

Sieve-tube, 111, 137.

_Silene_. See "Catch-fly."

Silicon, 2.

Simple leaf, 170.

_Siphoneae_, 22, 34.

_Sisyrinchium_. See "Blue-eyed grass."

Skunk cabbage, 157.

Slime mould, 12, 14; Fig. 5.
plasmodium, 12.
movements, 13.
feeding, 13.
spore-cases, 13.
spores, 13.
germination of spores, 14.

Smart-weed. See "_Polygonum_."

_Smilaceae_, 155.

Smoke-tree, 198.

Smut, 64, 65.

Smut-corn. See "_Ustillago_."

Snowberry, 223.

Soft-tissue, 112.

_Solanum_, _-eae_, 215.

Solomon's Seal, 154; Fig. 83.

Soredium, 74.

Sorus, 118.

_Spadiciflorae_, 153, 157.

Spadix, 157.

Spanish bayonet. See "_Yucca_."

_Sparganium_. See "Bur-reed."

Speedwell. See "_Veronica_."

Spermaphyte, 128-129.

Spermatozoid, 28, 36, 40, 46, 51, 89, 96, 106, 122.

Spermagonium, 79, 80.

_Sphagnum_, _-aceae_, 99, 100.
sporogonium, 100.
leaf, 100.

Spice-bush, 188.

Spiderwort, 6, 151, 157; Fig. 85.

_Spigelia_. See "Pink-root."

Spike, 181.

Spikenard, 202; Fig. 110.

Spinach, 184.

Spindle-tree, 199; Fig. 109.

_Spirogyra_, 30-32; Fig. 18.
structure of cells, 30.
starch, 31.
cell-division, 31.
sexual reproduction, 32.

Sporangium, 55, 62, 113, 121, 122, 131, 148, 151, 179.

Spore-case. See "Sporangium."

Copyright (c) 2007. topboookz.com. All rights reserved.