Robert Burns - "The Letters of Robert Burns"

Alexandre Dumas - "La dame de Monsoreau v.1"

Raymond King Cummings - "The White Invaders"

Various - "Eighth Annual Report"

Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany

D >> Douglas Houghton Campbell >> Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany




Among the commoner members of the order are the mignonettes
(_Resedaceae_) and the violets (_Violaceae_), of which the various wild
and cultivated species are familiar plants (Fig. 104, _A_, _M_). The
sundews (_Droseraceae_) are most extraordinary plants, growing in boggy
land over pretty much the whole world. They are represented in
the United States by several species of sundew (_Drosera_), and the
still more curious Venus's-flytrap (_Dionaea_) of North Carolina. The
leaves of the latter are sensitive, and composed of two parts which
snap together like a steel trap. If an insect lights upon the leaf,
and touches certain hairs upon its upper surface, the two parts snap
together, holding the insect tightly. A digestive fluid is secreted by
glands upon the inner surface of the leaf, and in a short time the
captured insect is actually digested and absorbed by the leaves. The
same process takes place in the sundew (Fig. 104, _N_) where, however,
the mechanism is somewhat different. Here the tentacles, with which
the leaf is studded, secrete a sticky fluid which holds any small
insect that may light upon it. The tentacles now slowly bend inward
and finally the edges of the leaf as well, until the captured insect
is firmly held, when a digestive process, similar to that in _Dionoea_,
takes place. This curious habit is probably to be explained from the
position where the plant grows, the roots being in water where there
does not seem to be a sufficient supply of nitrogenous matter for the
wants of the plant, which supplements the supply from the bodies of
the captured insects.

[Illustration: FIG. 105.--Types of _Aphanocyclae_ (_Cistiflorae_). _A_,
_B_, leaves of the pitcher-plant, _Sarracenia_ (_Sarraceniaceae_). _A_,
from the side; _B_, from in front, x 1/2. _C_, St. John's-wort
(_Hypericum_), x 1/2. _D_, a flower, x 1. _E_, the pistil, x 2. _G_,
cross-section of the ovary, x 4. _H_, diagram of the flower.]

Similar in their habits, but differing much in appearance from the
sundews, are the pitcher-plants (_Sarraceniaceae_), of which one
species (_Sarracenia purpurea_) is very common in peat bogs throughout
the northern United States. In this species (Fig. 105, _A_, _B_), the
leaves form a rosette, from the centre of which arises in early summer
a tall stalk bearing a single, large, nodding, dark-reddish flower
with a curious umbrella-shaped pistil. The leaf stalk is hollow and
swollen, with a broad wing on one side, and the blade of the leaf
forms a sort of hood at the top. The interior of the pitcher is
covered above with stiff, downward-pointing hairs, while below it is
very smooth. Insects readily enter the pitcher, but on attempting to
get out, the smooth, slippery wall at the bottom, and the stiff,
downward-directed hairs above, prevent their escape, and they fall
into the fluid which fills the bottom of the cup and are drowned, the
leaf absorbing the nitrogenous compounds given off during the process
of decomposition. There are other species common in the southern
states, and a California pitcher-plant (_Darlingtonia_) has a colored
appendage at the mouth of the pitcher which serves to lure insects
into the trap.

Another family of pitcher-plants (_Nepentheae_) is found in the warmer
parts of the old world, and some of them are occasionally cultivated
in greenhouses. In these the pitchers are borne at the tips of the
leaves attached to a long tendril.

Two other families of the order contain familiar native plants, the
rock-rose family (_Cistaceae_), and the St. John's-worts
(_Hypericaceae_). The latter particularly are common plants, with
numerous showy yellow flowers, the petals usually marked with black
specks, and the leaves having clear dots scattered through them. The
stamens are numerous, and often in several distinct groups (Fig. 105,
_C_, _D_).

The last order of the _Aphanocyclae_ (the _Columniferae_) has three
families, of which two, the mallows (_Malvaceae_), and the lindens
(_Tiliaceae_), include well-known species. Of the former, the various
species of mallows (Fig. 106, _A_) belonging to the genus _Malva_ are
common, as well as some species of _Hibiscus_, including the showy
swamp _Hibiscus_ or rose-mallow (_H. moscheutos_), common in salt
marshes and in the fresh-water marshes of the great lake region. The
hollyhock and shrubby _Althaea_ are familiar cultivated plants of this
order, and the cotton-plant (_Gossypium_) also belongs here. In all of
these the stamens are much branched, and united into a tube enclosing
the style. Most of them are characterized also by the development of
great quantities of a mucilaginous matter within their tissues.

The common basswood (_Tilia_) is the commonest representative of the
family _Tiliaceae_ (Fig. 106, _G_). The nearly related European linden,
or lime-tree, is sometimes planted. Its leaves are ordinarily somewhat
smaller than our native species, which it, however, closely resembles.

[Illustration: FIG. 106.--Types of _Aphanocyclae_ (_Columniferae_). _A_,
flower and leaf of the common mallow, _Malva_ (_Malvaceae_), x 1/2. _B_,
a flower bud, x 1. _C_, section of a flower, x 2. _D_, the fruit, x 2.
_E_, section of one division of the fruit, with the enclosed seed,
x 3. _em._ the embryo. _F_, diagram of the flower. _G_, leaf and
inflorescence of the basswood, _Tilia_ (_Tiliaceae_), x 1/3. _br._ a
bract. _H_, a single flower, x 1. _I_, group of stamens, with
petal-like appendage (_x_), x 2. _J_, diagram of the flower.]

The fourth group of the _Choripetalae_ is the _Eucyclae_. The flowers
most commonly have the parts in fives, and the stamens are never more
than twice as many as the sepals. The carpels are usually more or less
completely united into a compound pistil. There are four orders,
comprising twenty-five families.

[Illustration: FIG. 107.--Types of _Eucyclae_ (_Gruinales_). _A_, wild
crane's-bill _Geranium_ (_Geraniaceae_), x 1/2. _B_, a petal, x 1. _C_,
the young fruit, the styles united in a column, x 1/2. _D_, the ripe
fruit, the styles separating to discharge the seeds, x 1/2. _E_, section
of a seed, x 2. _F_, wild flax. _Linum_ (_Linaceae_), x 1/2. _G_, a
single flower, x 2. _H_, cross-section of the young fruit, x 3. _I_,
flower. _J_, leaf of wood-sorrel, _Oxalis_ (_Oxalideae_), x 1. _K_, the
stamens and pistil, x 2. _L_, flower of jewel-weed, _Impatiens_
(_Balsamineae_), x 1. _M_, the same, with the parts separated. _p_,
petals. _s_, sepals. _an._ stamens. _gy._ pistil. _N_, fruit, x 1.
_O_, the same, opening. _P_, a seed, x 2.]

The first order (_Gruinales_) includes six families, consisting for
the most part of plants with conspicuous flowers. Here belong the
geraniums (Fig. 107, _A_), represented by the wild geraniums and
crane's-bill, and the very showy geraniums (_Pelargonium_) of the
gardens. The nasturtiums (_Tropaeolum_) represent another family,
mostly tropical, and the wood-sorrels (_Oxalis_) (Fig. 107, _I_) are
common, both wild and cultivated. The most useful member of the order
is unquestionably the common flax (_Linum_), of which there are also
several native species (Fig. 107, _F_). These are types of the flax
family (_Linaceae_). Linen is the product of the tough, fibrous inner
bark of _L. usitatissimum_, which has been cultivated for its fibre
from time immemorial. The last family is the balsam family
(_Balsamineae_). The jewel-weed or touch-me-not (_Impatiens_), so
called from the sensitive pods which spring open on being touched, is
very common in moist ground everywhere (Fig. 107, _L-P_). The garden
balsam, or lady's slipper, is a related species (_I. balsamina_).

[Illustration: FIG. 108.--_Eucyclae_ (_Terebinthinae_, _AEsculinae_). _A_,
leaves and flowers of sugar-maple, _Acer_ (_Aceraceae_), x 1/2. _B_, a
male flower, x 2. _C_, diagram of a perfect flower. _D_, fruit of the
silver-maple, x 1/2. _E_, section across the seed, x 2. _F_, embryo
removed from the seed, x 1. _G_, leaves and flowers of bladder-nut,
_Staphylea_, (_Sapindaceae_), x 1/2. _H_, section of a flower, x 2. _I_,
diagram of the flower. _J_, flower of buckeye (_AEsculus_), x 11/2. _K_,
flower of smoke-tree, _Rhus_ (_Anacardiaceae_), x 3. _L_, the same, in
section.]

The second order (_Terebinthinae_) contains but few common plants.
There are six families, mostly inhabitants of the warmer parts of
the world. The best-known members of the order are the orange, lemon,
citron, and their allies. Of our native plants the prickly ash
(_Zanthoxylum_), and the various species of sumach (_Rhus_), are
the best known. In the latter genus belong the poison ivy
(_R. toxicodendron_) and the poison dogwood (_R. venenata_). The
Venetian sumach or smoke-tree (_R. Cotinus_) is commonly planted for
ornament.

The third order of the _Eucyclae_, the _AEsculinae_, embraces six
families, of which three, the horsechestnuts, etc. (_Sapindaceae_), the
maples (_Aceraceae_), and the milkworts (_Polygalaceae_), have several
representatives in the northern United States. Of the first the
buckeye (_AEsculus_) (Fig. 108, _J_) and the bladder-nut (_Staphylea_)
(Fig. 108, _G_) are the commonest native genera, while the
horsechestnut (_AEsculus hippocastanum_) is everywhere planted.

The various species of maple (_Acer_) are familiar examples of the
_Aceraceae_ (see Fig. 106, _A_, _F_).

The fourth and last order of the _Eucyclae_, the _Frangulinae_, is
composed mainly of plants with inconspicuous flowers, the stamens as
many as the petals. Not infrequently they are dioecious, or in some,
like the grape, some of the flowers may be unisexual while others are
hermaphrodite (_i.e._ have both stamens and pistil). Among the
commoner plants of the order may be mentioned the spindle-tree, or
burning-bush, as it is sometimes called (_Euonymus_) (Fig. 109, _A_),
and the climbing bitter-sweet (_Celastrus_) (Fig. 109, _D_), belonging
to the family _Celastraceae_; the holly and black alder, species of
_Ilex_, are examples of the family _Aquifoliaceae_; the various species
of grape (_Vitis_), the Virginia creeper (_Ampelopsis quinquefolia_),
and one or two other cultivated species of the latter, represent the
vine family (_Vitaceae_ or _Ampelidae_), and the buckthorn (_Rhamnus_)
is the type of the _Rhamnaceae_.

[Illustration: FIG. 109.--_Eucylae_ (_Frangulinae_), _Tricoccae_. _A_,
flowers of spindle-tree, _Euonymus_, (_Celastraceae_), x 1. _B_,
cross-section of the ovary, x 2. _C_, diagram of the flower. _D_, leaf
and fruit of bitter-sweet (_Celastrus_), x 1/2. _E_, fruit opening and
disclosing the seeds. _F_, section of a nearly ripe fruit, showing the
seeds surrounded by the scarlet integument (aril). _em._ the embryo,
x 1. _G_, flower of grape-vine, _Vitis_ (_Vitaceae_), x 2. The corolla
has fallen off. _H_, vertical section of the pistil, x 2. _I_, nearly
ripe fruits of the frost-grape, x 1. _J_, cross-section of young
fruit, x 2. _K_, a spurge, _Euphorbia_ (_Euphorbiaceae_), x 1/2. _L_,
single group of flowers, surrounded by the corolla-like involucre,
x 3. _M_, section of the same, [Male], male flowers; [Female], female
flowers. _N_, a single male flower, x 5. _O_, cross-section of ovary,
x 6. _P_, a seed, x 2. _Q_, longitudinal section of the seed, x 3.
_em._ embryo.]

The fifth group of the _Choripetalae_ is a small one, comprising but a
single order (_Tricoccae_). The flowers are small and inconspicuous,
though sometimes, as in some _Euphorbias_ and the showy _Poinsettia_
of the greenhouses, the leaves or bracts surrounding the inflorescence
are conspicuously colored, giving the whole the appearance of a large,
showy, single flower. In northern countries the plants are mostly
small weeds, of which the various spurges or _Euphorbias_ are the most
familiar. These plants (Fig. 109, _K_) have the small flowers
surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre (_L_, _M_) so that the whole
inflorescence looks like a single flower. In the spurges, as in the
other members of the order, the flowers are very simple, being often
reduced to a single stamen or pistil (Fig. 109, _M_, _N_). The plants
generally abound in a milky juice which is often poisonous. This juice
in a number of tropical genera is the source of India-rubber. Some
genera like the castor-bean (_Ricinus_) and _Croton_ are cultivated
for their large, showy leaves.

The water starworts (_Callitriche_), not uncommon in stagnant water,
represent the family _Callitrichaceae_, and the box (_Buxus_) is the
type of the _Buxaceae_.

[Illustration: FIG. 110.--Types of _Calyciflorae_ (_Umbelliflorae_).
_A_, inflorescence of wild parsnip, _Pastinaca_ (_Umbelliferae_), x 1/2.
_B_, single flower of the same, x 3. _C_, a leaf, showing the
sheathing base, x 1/4. _D_, a fruit, x 2. _E_, cross-section of _D_.
_F_, part of the inflorescence of spikenard, _Aralia_ (_Araliaceae_),
x 1. _G_, a single flower of the same, x 3. _H_, the fruit, x 2. _I_,
cross-section of the _H_. _J_, inflorescence of dogwood, _Cornus_
(_Corneae_). The cluster of flowers is surrounded by four white bracts
(_b_), x 1/3. _K_, a single flower of the same, x 2. _L_, diagram of the
flower. _M_, young fruit of another species (_Cornus stolonifera_)
(red osier), x 2. _N_, cross-section of _M_.]

The last and highest group of the _Choripetalae_, the _Calyciflorae_,
embraces a very large assemblage of familiar plants, divided into
eight orders and thirty-two families. With few exceptions, the floral
axis grows up around the ovary, carrying the outer floral leaves above
it, and the ovary appears at the bottom of a cup around whose edge the
other parts of the flower are arranged. Sometimes, as in the fuchsia,
the ovary is grown to the base of the cup or tube, and thus looks as
if it were outside the flower. Such an ovary is said to be "inferior"
in distinction from one that is entirely free from the tube, and thus
is evidently within the flower. The latter is the so-called "superior"
ovary. The carpels are usually united into a compound pistil, but may
be separate, as in the stonecrop (Fig. 111, _E_), or strawberry
(Fig. 114, _C_).

The first order of the _Calyciflorae_ (_Umbelliflorae_) has the flowers
small, and usually arranged in umbels, _i.e._ several stalked flowers
growing from a common point. The ovary is inferior, and there is a
nectar-secreting disc between the styles and the stamens. Of the three
families, the umbel-worts or _Umbelliferae_ is the commonest. The
flowers are much alike in all (Fig. 110, _A_, _B_), and nearly all
have large, compound leaves with broad, sheathing bases. The stems are
generally hollow. So great is the uniformity of the flowers and plant,
that the fruit (Fig. 110, _D_) is generally necessary before the plant
can be certainly recognized. This is two-seeded in all, but differs
very much in shape and in the development of oil channels, which
secrete the peculiar oil that gives the characteristic taste to the
fruits of such forms as caraway, coriander, etc. Some of them, like
the wild parsnip, poison hemlock, etc., are violent poisons, while
others like the carrot are perfectly wholesome.

The wild spikenard (_Aralia_) (Fig. 110, _F_), ginseng, and the true
ivy (_Hedera_) are examples of the _Araliaceae_, and the various
species of dogwood (_Cornus_) (Fig. 110, _J-N_) represent the dogwood
family (_Corneae_).

The second order (_Saxifraginae_) contains eight families, including a
number of common wild and cultivated plants. The true saxifrages are
represented by several wild and cultivated species of _Saxifraga_, the
little bishop's cap or mitre-wort (_Mitella_) (Fig. 111, _D_), and
others. The wild hydrangea (Fig. 111, _F_) and the showy garden
species represent the family _Hydrangeae_. In these some of the flowers
are large and showy, but with neither stamens nor pistils (neutral),
while the small, inconspicuous flowers of the central part of the
inflorescence are perfect. In the garden varieties, all of the flowers
are changed, by selection, into the showy, neutral ones. The syringa
or mock orange (_Philadelphus_) (Fig. 111, _I_), the gooseberry, and
currants (_Ribes_) (Fig. 111, _A_), and the stonecrop (_Sedum_)
(Fig. 111, _E_) are types of the families _Philadelpheae_, _Ribesieae_,
and _Crassulaceae_.

[Illustration: FIG. 111.--_Calyciflorae_ (_Saxifraginae_): _A_, flowers
and leaves of wild gooseberry, _Ribes_ (_Ribesieae_), x 1. _B_,
vertical section of the flower, x 2. _C_, diagram of the flower. _D_,
flower of bishop's-cap, _Mitella_ (_Saxifragaceae_), x 3. _E_, flower
of stonecrop, _Sedum_ (_Crassulaceae_), x 2. _F_, flowers and leaves of
hydrangea (_Hydrangeae_), x 1/2. _n_, neutral flower. _G_, unopened
flower, x 2. _H_, the same, after the petals have fallen away. _I_,
flower of syringa, _Philadelphus_ (_Philadelpheae_), x 1. _J_, diagram
of the flower.]

The third order (_Opuntieae_) has but a single family, the cacti
(_Cactaceae_). These are strictly American in their distribution, and
inhabit especially the dry plains of the southwest, where they reach
an extraordinary development. They are nearly or quite leafless, and
the fleshy, cylindrical, or flattened stems are usually beset with
stout spines. The flowers (Fig. 112, _A_) are often very showy, so
that many species are cultivated for ornament and are familiar to
every one. The beautiful night-blooming cereus, of which there are
several species, is one of these. A few species of prickly-pear
(_Opuntia_) occur as far north as New York, but most are confined to
the hot, dry plains of the south and southwest.

[Illustration: FIG. 112.--_Calyciflorae_, _Opuntieae_ (_Passiflorinae_).
_A_, flower of a cactus, _Mamillaria_ (_Cactaceae_) (from "Gray's
Structural Botany"). _B_, leaf and flower of a passion-flower,
_Passiflora_ (_Passifloraceae_), x 1/2. _t_, a tendril. _C_,
cross-section of the ovary, x 2. _D_, diagram of the flower.]

The fourth order (_Passiflorinae_) are almost without exception
tropical plants, only a very few extending into the southern United
States. The type of the order is the passion-flower (_Passiflora_)
(Fig. 112, _B_), whose numerous species are mostly inhabitants of
tropical America, but a few reach into the United States. The only
other members of the order likely to be met with by the student are
the begonias, of which a great many are commonly cultivated as house
plants on account of their fine foliage and flowers. The leaves are
always one-sided, and the flowers monoecious.[13] Whether the begonias
properly belong with the _Passiflorinae_ has been questioned.

[13] Monoecious: having stamens and carpels in different flowers, but
on the same plant.

[Illustration: FIG. 113.--_Calyciflorae_ (_Myrtiflorae_, _Thymelinae_).
_A_, flowering branch of moosewood, _Dirca_ (_Thymelaeaceae_), x 1. _B_,
a single flower, x 2. _C_, the same, laid open. _D_, a young flower of
willow herb, _Epilobium_ (_Onagraceae_), x 1. The pistil (_gy._) is not
yet ready for pollination. _E_, an older flower, with receptive
pistil. _F_, an unopened bud, x 1. _G_, cross-section of the ovary,
x 4. _H_, a young fruit, x 1. _I_, diagram of the flower. _J_,
flowering branch of water milfoil, _Myriophyllum_ (_Haloragidaceae_),
x 1/2. _K_, a single leaf, x 1. _L_, female flowers of the same, x 2.
_M_, the fruit, x 2.]

The fifth order (_Myrtiflorae_) have regular four-parted flowers with
usually eight stamens, but sometimes, through branching of the
stamens, these appear very numerous. The myrtle family, the members of
which are all tropical or sub-tropical, gives name to the order. The
true myrtle (_Myrtus_) is sometimes cultivated for its pretty glossy
green leaves and white flowers, as is also the pomegranate whose
brilliant, scarlet flowers are extremely ornamental. Cloves are the
dried flower-buds of an East-Indian myrtaceous tree (_Caryophyllus_).
In Australia the order includes the giant gum-trees (_Eucalyptus_),
the largest of all known trees, exceeding in size even the giant trees
of California.

Among the commoner _Myrtiflorae_, the majority belong to the two
families _Onagraceae_ and _Lythraceae_. The former includes the evening
primroses (_OEnothera_), willow-herb (_Epilobium_) (Fig. 113, _D_),
and fuchsia; the latter, the purple loosestrife (_Lythrum_) and swamp
loosestrife (_Nesaea_). The water-milfoil (_Myriophyllum_) (Fig. 113,
_J_) is an example of the family _Haloragidaceae_, and the _Rhexias_ of
the eastern United States represent with us the family _Melastomaceae_.

The sixth order of the _Calyciflorae_ is a small one (_Thymelinae_),
represented in the United States by very few species. The flowers are
four-parted, the calyx resembling a corolla, which is usually absent.
The commonest member of the order is the moosewood (_Dirca_)
(Fig. 113, _A_), belonging to the first of the three families
(_Thymelaeaceae_). Of the second family (_Elaeagnaceae_), the commonest
example is _Shepherdia_, a low shrub having the leaves covered with
curious, scurfy hairs that give them a silvery appearance. The third
family (_Proteaceae_) has no familiar representatives.

The seventh order (_Rosiflorae_) includes many well-known plants, all
of which may be united in one family (_Rosaceae_), with several
sub-families. The flowers are usually five-parted with from five to
thirty stamens, and usually numerous, distinct carpels. In the apple
and pear (Fig. 114, _I_), however, the carpels are more or less grown
together; and in the cherry, peach, etc., there is but a single carpel
giving rise to a single-seeded stone-fruit (drupe) (Fig. 114, _E_,
_H_). In the strawberry (Fig. 114, _A_), rose (_G_), cinquefoil
(_Potentilla_), etc., there are numerous distinct, one-seeded carpels,
and in _Spiraea_ (Fig. 114, _F_) there are five several-seeded carpels,
forming as many dry pods when ripe. The so-called "berry" of the
strawberry is really the much enlarged flower axis, or "receptacle,"
in which the little one-seeded fruits are embedded, the latter being
what are ordinarily called the seeds.

[Illustration: FIG. 114.--_Calyciflorae_ (_Rosiflorae_). _A_,
inflorescence of strawberry (_Fragaria_), x 1/2. _B_, a single flower,
x 1. _C_, section of _B_. _D_, floral diagram. _E_, vertical section
of a cherry-flower (_Prunus_), x 1. _F_, vertical section of the
flower of _Spiraea_, x 2. _G_, vertical section of the bud of a wild
rose (_Rosa_), x 1. _H_, vertical section of the young fruit, x 1.
_I_, section of the flower of an apple (_Pyrus_), x 1. _J_, floral
diagram of apple.]

From the examples given, it will be seen that the order includes not
only some of the most ornamental, cultivated plants, but the majority
of our best fruits. In addition to those already given, may be
mentioned the raspberry, blackberry, quince, plum, and apricot.

[Illustration: FIG. 115.--_Calyciflorae_ (_Leguminosae_). _A_, flowers
and leaf of the common pea, _Pisum_ (_Papilionaceae_), x 1/2. _t_,
tendril. _st._ stipules. _B_, the petals, separated and displayed,
x 1. _C_, flower, with the calyx and corolla removed, x 1. _D_, a
fruit divided lengthwise, x 1/2. _E_, the embryo, with one of the
cotyledons removed, x 2. _F_, diagram of the flower. _G_, flower of
red-bud, _Cercis_ (_Caesalpinaceae_), x 2. _H_, the same, with calyx and
corolla removed. _I_, inflorescence of the sensitive-brier,
_Schrankia_ (_Mimosaceae_), x 1. _J_, a single flower, x 2.]

The last order of the _Calyciflorae_ and the highest of the
_Choripetalae_ is the order _Leguminosae_, of which the bean, pea,
clover, and many other common plants are examples. In most of our
common forms the flowers are peculiar in shape, one of the petals
being larger than the others, and covering them in the bud. This
petal is known as the standard. The two lateral petals are known as
the wings, and the two lower and inner are generally grown together
forming what is called the "keel" (Fig. 115, _A_, _B_). The stamens,
ten in number, are sometimes all grown together into a tube, but
generally the upper one is free from the others (Fig. 115, _C_). There
is but one carpel which forms a pod with two valves when ripe
(Fig. 115, _D_). The seeds are large, and the embryo fills the seed
completely. From the peculiar form of the flower, they are known as
_Papilionaceae_ (_papilio_, a butterfly). Many of the _Papilionaceae_
are climbers, either having twining stems, as in the common beans, or
else with part of the leaf changed into a tendril as in the pea
(Fig. 115, _A_), vetch, etc. The leaves are usually compound.

Of the second family (_Caesalpineae_), mainly tropical, the honey locust
(_Gleditschia_) and red-bud (_Cercis_) (Fig. 115, _G_) are the
commonest examples. The flowers differ mainly from the _Papilionaceae_
in being less perfectly papilionaceous, and the stamens are almost
entirely distinct (Fig. 115, _H_). The last family (_Mimosaceae_) is
also mainly tropical. The acacias, sensitive-plant (_Mimosa_), and the
sensitive-brier of the southern United States (_Schrankia_) (Fig. 115,
_I_) represent this family. The flowers are quite different from the
others of the order, being tubular and the petals united, thus
resembling the flowers of the _Sympetalae_. The leaves of _Mimosa_ and
_Schrankia_ are extraordinarily sensitive, folding up if irritated.

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