More Letters of Charles Darwin Volume II

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Franco-Prussian war, opinion in England.
-Science retarded by.

Frank, Albert Bernhard (1839-1900): began his botanical career as
Curator of the University Herbarium, Leipzig, where he afterwards became
Privatdocent and finally "Ausserordentlicher Professor." In 1881 Frank
was appointed Professor of Plant-Physiology in the Landwirthschaftliche
Hochschule, Berlin. In 1899 he was appointed to the Imperial
Gesundheits-Amt in Berlin, and raised to the rank of Regierungsrath.
Frank is chiefly known for his work on "The Assimilation of Free
Nitrogen, etc.," and for his work on "The Diseases of Plants" ("Die
Krankheiten der Pflanzen," 1880). It was his brilliant researches on
growth-curvature ("Beitrage zur Pflanzen-physiologie," 1868, and "Die
Naturlichen wagerechte Richtung von Pflanzen-theilen," 1870) which
excited Darwin's admiration.
-Darwin's admiration for his work.

Franklin, Sir J., search expedition.

Fraser, G., letter to.

"Fraser's Magazine," article by Hopkins.
-article by Galton on twins.
-Huxley on review in.

Freemasons' Tavern, meeting held at.

Freewill, a preordained necessity.

Freke, Dr., paper by.

Freshwater, Bee-orchis at.

Freshwater fauna, ocean faunas compared with.
-poverty of.
-preservation of.

Friendly Islands, rats regarded as game.

Fringillidae, colour and sexual selection.

Frogs, article on spawn of.
-F. Muller on.
-salt water and spawn of.
-frozen in glaciers.

Fruits, bright colours of.

Fucus, variation in.

Fuegia, plants of, (see also Tierra del Fuego).

Fumaria (Corydalis) claviculata, Mohl on tendrils.

Fumariaceae, cross- and self-fertilisation.
-morphology of tendrils.

Funafuti, Darwin's theory supported by results of boring in coral island
of.

Fungoid diseases, Darwin on.

Fungus, effect on roots and shoots.

"Fur Darwin," F. Muller's (see "Facts and Arguments for Darwin).
-Darwin quotes.
-Hooker's opinion of.
-publication of.

Furze, seeds and seedlings.

Galapagos Islands, visited during the "Beagle" voyage.
-birds of.
-character of species of, the beginning of Darwin's evolutionary views.
-distribution of animals.
-distribution of plants.
-flora of.
-Hooker on plants of.
-insects.
-craters.
-fissure eruptions in.
-restricted fauna.
-Sandwich Islands and.
-subsidence in the.

Galashiels, terraces near.

Galaxias, distribution of.

Gallinaceae, Blyth on.
-colour of.

Galls, artificial production of.
-Cynips and.
-hybrids and.
-Walsh on willow-.

Gallus bankiva, colour of wings.
-colour and environment.
-wings of.

Galton, F., experiments on transfusion of blood.
-letters to.
-letter to Darwin from.
-on twins.
-on variation.
-on heredity.
-on human faculty and its development.
-on prayer.
-proposal to issue health certificates for marriage.

Game-cock and Sexual Selection.

Gamlingay, lilies-of-the-valley at.

Ganoid fishes, preservation in fresh water.

Gapitche, A., letter to.

"Gardeners' Chronicle," Darwin's article on fertilisation.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-Darwin's experiment on immersion of seeds in salt water.
-article on Orchids.
-Harvey on Darwin.
-Rivers' articles.
-Wallace on nests.
-Darwin's index.

Gardner, G., "Travels in the Interior of Brazil."

Gartner, on Aquilegia.
-experiments on crossing and variation.
-on Primula.
-on Verbascum.
-Darwin's high opinion of his "Bastarderzeugung."
-Beaton's criticism of.
-on self-fertilisation in flowers.
-mentioned.

Gaskell, G.A., Letter to.

Gatke, on "Heligoland as an Ornithological Observatory."

Gaudry, Albert: Professor of Palaeontology in the Natural History
Museum, Paris, Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London, author of
"Animaux Foss. et Geol. de l'Attique."
-letter to.
-on Pikermi fossils.

Gay, on lizards.

Gazania.

Gegenbauer, Karl: Professor of Anatomy at Heidelberg.
-as convert to Darwinism.
-views on regeneration.

Geikie, Sir A., on age of the Earth.
-edition of "Hutton's Theory of the Earth."
-memoir of Sir A.C. Ramsay.

Geikie, Prof. J., "Ice Age."
-on intercrossing of erratics.
-Letters to.
-"Prehistoric Europe."
-Presidential address, Edinburgh British Association meeting.

Geitonogamy, Kerner suggests term.

Gemmation and dimorphism.

Gemmules, in reproductive organs.
-and bud-variation.

Genealogy and classification.

Genera, aberrant.
-range of large and small.
-variation of.
-Wallace on origin of.

"Genera Plantarum," work on the.

Generalisations, evil of.
-easier than careful observation.
-importance.

"Generelle Morphologie," Darwin on Hackel's.

"Genesis of Species," Mivart's

Geographical distribution, L. Agassiz on.
-Darwin on.
-Darwin's high opinion of value of.
-Darwin's interest in.
-E. Forbes on.
-Huxley on birds and.
-proposed work by Hooker on.
-relation of genera an important element in.
-Humboldt the founder of.

"Geographical Distribution of Animals," Darwin's criticism of Wallace's.

"Geographical Distribution of Mammals," A. Murray's.

Geographical regions, Darwin on.

Geological Committee on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.

"Geological Gossip," Ansted's.

"Geological Instructions," Darwin's manual of.

"Geological Observations in S. America," Darwin's.
-Darwin on his.

Geological record, imperfection of the.
-Morse on the.

Geological Society, award of medal to Darwin.
-Darwin signs Hooker's certificate.
-museum of.
-Darwin attends Council meeting.

Geological Survey, foundation of.
-investigation of the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.

Geological Time, article in "N. British Review."

Geologist, Darwin as.

Geologists, evolutionary views of.

Geology, arguments in favour of evolution from.
-chapter in "Origin" on.
-practical teaching of.
-English work in.
-Hooker talks of giving up.
-Lyellian school.
-progress of.

Geotropism, Darwin on.

German, Darwin's slight knowledge of.

Germany, converts to evolution in.
-opinion on the "Origin" in.
-Englishmen rejoice over victory of.

Germination of seeds, Darwin's experiments on effect of salt water.

"Germs and Vestiges of Disease," Dobell's.

Gesneria, Darwin on dimorphism of.

Gestation of hounds.

Gibraltar, elevation and subsidence of.

Gilbert, Sir J.H.: of Rothamsted.
-letter to.
-on nitrogen in worms' casting.
-and Sir J. Lawes, Rothamsted experiments.

Glacial period, absence of phanerogams near polar regions in N. America
during.
-Bates on.
-climatic changes since.
-conditions during.
-continental changes since.
-Darwin's views on geographical changes as cause of.
-destruction of organisms during.
-destruction of Spanish plants in Ireland.
-distribution of organisms affected by.
-duration of.
-effect on animals and plants.
-and elephants.
-S.E. England dry land during.
-Greenland depopulated during.
-introduction of Old World forms into New World subsequent to.
-migration during.
-mundane character of.
-subsidence of Alps during.
-Croll on.
-existence of Alpine plants before.
-Hooker on.
-Glen Roy and.
-Lyell on.
-extinction of mammals during.
-Wallace on.
-movement of Europe since and during.

Glaciers, Agassiz on.
-Lyell on.
-Tyndall's book on.
-as agents in the formation of lakes.
-Darwin on structure of.
-Hooker on Yorkshire.
-Moseley on motion of.
-physics of.
-Parallel Roads of Glen Roy formed by.
-rock-cavities formed by cascades in.
-in S. America.
-in Wales.

Gladstone, Herbert Spencer on criticisms by.

Glass, Dr., on grafting sugar-canes.

Glen Collarig, absence of terminal moraines.
-terraces in.

Glen Glaster, absence of terminal moraines.
-barriers of detritus.
-Milne on.
-shelves of.

Glen Gluoy, shelves of.

Glen Roy, Parallel Roads of.
-L. Agassiz on.
-Darwin on.
-Darwin's mistake over.
-Darwin on ice-lake theory of Agassiz and Buckland.
-glacier theory of.
-history of work on.
-Hooker on.
-marine theory of.
-Milne-Home's paper on.
-investigated by Geological Survey.
-coincidence of shelves with watersheds.
-measurement of terraces.

Glen Spean.

Glen Turret, MacCulloch on.

Gloriosa, Darwin's experiments on leaf-tendrils.

Glossotherium Listai.

Gloxinia, peloric forms of.

Gnaphalium.

Gneiss, Darwin on.

God, Darwin on existence of personal.

Godron, on Aegilops.

Godron's "Flora of France."

Goethe, Darwin's reference to.
-Owen on.

Goldfinch, difference in beaks of male and female.

Gongora, and Acropera.
-Darwin on.
-G. fusca (see Acropera luteola).
-G. galeata (see A. Loddigesii).

Gondwana Land.

Goodenia, Hamilton on fertilisation of.

Goodeniaceae.

Gordon, General, Huxley on Darwin and.

Gosse, E., "Life of P.H. Gosse" by.

Gosse, Philip Henry (1810-88): was an example of that almost extinct type--
a naturalist with a wide knowledge gained at first hand from nature as a
whole. This width of culture was combined with a severe and narrow
religious creed, and though, as Edmund Gosse points out, there was in his
father's case no reconcilement of science and religion, since his
"impressions of nature" had to give way absolutely to his "convictions of
religion," yet he was not debarred by his views from a friendly intercourse
with Darwin. He did much to spread a love of Natural History, more
especially by his seaside books, and by his introduction of the aquarium--
the popularity of which (as Mr. Edmund Gosse shows) is reflected in the
pages of "Punch," especially in John Leech's illustrations. Kingsley said
of him (quoted by Edmund Gosse, page 344) "Since White's "History of
Selborne" few or no writers on Natural History, save Mr. Gosse and poor Mr.
Edward Forbes, have had the power of bringing out the human side of
science, and giving to seemingly dry disquisitions...that living and
personal interest, to bestow which is generally the special function of the
poet." Among his books are the "Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica," 1851; "A
Naturalist's Rambles on the Devonshire Coast," 1853; "Omphalos," 1857; "A
Year at the Shore," 1865. He was also author of a long series of papers in
scientific journals.
-letter to.

Gould, on sex in nightingales.

Gower Street, Darwin's house in.

Gradation in plants.

Graft-hybrids, experiments on.
-of Cytisus.
-Hildebrand on.
-of potatoes.
-of sugar-canes.

Grafting, Darwin on.
-difficulty of.
-in hyacinth bulbs.

Graham's "Creed of Science."

Gramineae, Darwin on crossing.

Granite, explanation of association with basalt.

Grasses, range of genera.
-cleistogamous.
-fertilisation of.
-F. Muller on Brazilian.

Gratiolet, on behaviour of eyes in rage.

Gravity, comparison between variation and laws of.

Gray, Asa (1810-88): was born in the township of Paris, Oneida Co., New
York. He became interested in science when a student at the Fairfield
Academy; he took his doctor's degree in 1831, but instead of pursuing
medical work he accepted the post of Instructor in Chemistry, Mineralogy,
and Botany in the High School of Utica. Gray afterwards became assistant
to Professor Torrey in the New York Medical School, and in 1835 he was
appointed Curator and Librarian of the New York Lyceum of Natural History.
From 1842 to 1872 he occupied the Chair of Natural History in Harvard
College, and the post of Director of the Cambridge Botanical Gardens; from
1872 till the time of his death he was relieved of the duties of teaching
and of the active direction of the Gardens, but retained the Herbarium.
Professor Gray was a Foreign Member of the Linnean and of the Royal
Societies. The "Flora of North America" (of which the first parts appeared
in 1838), "Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, the Botany
of Commodore Wilkes' South Pacific Exploring Expedition" are among the most
important of Gray's systematic memoirs; in addition to these he wrote
several botanical text-books and a great number of papers of first-class
importance. In an obituary notice written by Sir Joseph Hooker, Asa Gray
is described as "one of the first to accept and defend the doctrine of
Natural Selection..., so that Darwin, whilst fully recognising the
different standpoints from which he and Gray took their departures, and
their divergence of opinion on important points, nevertheless regarded him
as the naturalist who had most thoroughly gauged the "Origin of Species,"
and as a tower of strength to himself and his cause" ("Proc. R. Soc."
Volume XLVI., page xv, 1890: "Letters of Asa Gray," edited by Jane Loring
Gray, 2 volumes, Boston, U.S., 1893).
-articles by.
-as advocate of Darwin's views.
-Darwin's opinion of.
-on Hooker's Antarctic paper.
-on large genera varying.
-letters to Darwin from.
-letters to.
-on Darwin's views.
-plants of the Northern States.
-on variation.
-book for children by.
-on crossing.
-visits Down.
-on dimorphism.
-on Agassiz.
-extract from letter to G.F. Wright from.
-on fertilisation of Cypripedium.
-on Gymnadenia tridentata.
-on Habenaria.
-on Passiflora.
-on relative ranges of U. States and European species.
-on Sarracenia.
-mentioned.

Gray, Mrs.

Gray, Dr. John Edward, F.R.S. (1800-75): became an assistant to the
Natural History Department of the British Museum in 1824, and was
appointed Keeper in 1840. Dr. Gray published a great mass of zoological
work, and devoted himself "with unflagging energy to the development of
the collections under his charge." ("Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." Volume XV.,
page 281, 1875.)
-and British Museum.

Greatest Happiness principle.

Grebes, as seed-eaters.

Greenland, absence of Arctic Leguminosae.
-connection with Norway.
-flora of.
-introduction of plants by currents.
-as line of communication of alpine plants.
-migration of European birds to.

Greg, W.R.: Author of "The Enigmas of Life," 1872.
-Darwin on his "Enigmas of Life."
-letter to.

Grey, Sir G., on Australian Savages.

Grinnell expedition, reference to the second.

Grisebach, A.

Grisebach, A.W.

Grossulariaceae.

Grouse, Natural Selection and colours of.
-Owen describes as distinct creation.

Grypotherium Darwini.
-G. domesticum.

Guiana, Bates on.

Gulf-weed, Darwin on.

Gully Dr.

Gunther, Dr., visit to Down.

Gurney, E., articles in "Fortnightly" and "Cornhill."
-"Power of Sound."

Gymnadenia, course of vessels in flower of.
-Asa Gray on.
-penetration by pollen of rostellum.

Gynodioecism in Plantago.

Haast, Sir Julius von, (1824-87): published several papers on the
Geology of New Zealand, with special reference to glacial phenomena.
("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXI., pages 130, 133, 1865; Volume
XXIII., page 342, 1867.)
-on glacial deposits.

Habenaria, Azorean species (see also Peristylus viridis).
-course of vessels in flower.
-Lord Farrer on.
-morphology of flower.
-H. bifolia, flowers.
-a subspecies of H. chlorantha.
-H. chlorantha, considered by Bentham a var. of H. bifolia.
-structure of ovary.

Hackel, E., convert to Darwin's views.
-"Generelle Morphologie."
-Die Kalkschwamme.
-"Freedom in Science and Teaching."
-letters to.
-on pangenesis.
-proposed translation of his book.
-on reviews of "Origin" in Germany.
-on sponges.
-substitutes a molecular hypothesis for pangenesis.
-visits Down.
-on absence of colour-protection in lower animals.
-on change of species.
-on Linope.
-on medusae.

Haematoxylon, bloom-experiments on.
-sleep-movements.

Halictus, Fabre's paper on.

Halimeda, Darwin's description of.

Halleria, woody nature of.

Hallett, on varieties of wheat.

Hamilton, on fertilisation of Dampiera.

Hamilton, Sir W., on Law of Parsimony.

Hancock, Albany (1806-73): author of many zoological and palaeontological
papers. His best-known work, written in conjunction with Joshua Alder, and
published by the Ray Society is on the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
The Royal Medal was awarded to him in 1858.
-on British shells.
-and Royal medal.

Hanley, Dr., Darwin's visit to.

Harker, A., note on Darwin's work on cleavage and foliation.

Hartman, Dr., on Cicada septendecim.

"Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders," Moggridge's.

Harvey, William Henry (1811-66): was the author of several botanical
works, principally on Algae; he held the botanical Professorship at
Trinity College, Dublin, and in 1857 succeeded Professor Allman in the
Chair of Botany in Dublin University. (See "Life and Letters," II.,
pages 274-75.)
-criticism of "Origin."
-Darwin's opinion of his book.
-letter to.
-mentioned.
-on variation in Fucus.

Haughton, Samuel (1821-97): author of "Animal Mechanics, a Manual of
Geology," and numerous papers on Physics, Mathematics, Geology, etc. In
November 1862 Darwin wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker: "Do you know whether
there are two Rev. Prof. Haughtons at Dublin? One of this name has made
a splendid medical discovery of nicotine counteracting strychnine and
tetanus? Can it be my dear friend? If so, he is at full liberty for
the future to sneer [at] and abuse me to his heart's content."
Unfortunately, Prof. Haughtons' discovery has not proved of more
permanent value than his criticism on the "Origin of Species."
-on Bees' cells.
-on depth of ocean.
-review by.
-mentioned.

Hawaiian Islands, Hillebrand's Flora.
-plants.

Hawks and owls as agents in seed-dispersal.
-bright colours in female.

Head, expression in movement of.

Hearne, on black bear.

Heat, action on rocks.

Heathcote, Miss.

Heaths, as examples of boreal plants in Azores.
-and climate.

Heberden, Dr., mentioned.

Hector.

Hedgehog, movements of spines.

Hedychium, Darwin's prediction as to fertilisation of.
-paraheliotropism.

Hedyotis, dimorphism of.

Hedysarum, Darwin's experiments on (see Desmodium gyrans).

Heer, Oswald (1809-83): was born at Niederutzwyl, in the Canton of St.
Gall, Switzerland, and for many years (1855-82) occupied the chair of
Botany in the University of Zurich. While eminent as an entomologist Heer
is chiefly known as a writer on Fossil Plants. He began to write on
palaeobotanical subjects in 1841; among his most important publications,
apart from the numerous papers contributed to scientific societies, the
following may be mentioned: "Flora Tertiaria Helvetiae," 1855-59; the
"Flora Fossilis Arctica," 7 volumes, 1869-83; "Die Urwelt der Schweiz,"
1865; "Flora Fossilis Helvetiae," 1876-7. He was awarded the Wollaston
medal of the Geological Society in 1874, and in 1878 he received a Royal
medal. (Oswald Heer, "Bibliographie et Tables Iconographiques," par G.
Malloizel, precede d'une Notice Biographique" par R. Zeiller; Stockholm.)
-on continental extension.
-on plants of Madeira.
-on origin of species from monstrosities.
-Darwin sends photograph to.
-"Flora fossilis arctica."
-letter to.

Heeria (see also Heterocentron).
-F. Muller on.

Heifers, and sterility.

Helianthemum, Baillon's observations on pollen.

Heligoland, birds alight on sea near.

Heliotropism, experiments on.
-of roots.

Hemsley, W.B., mentioned.

Hennessey.

Henry, I.A. (see Anderson-Henry)
-letter to.

Henslow, Prof. J.S., life of.
-Darwin's affection for.
-Darwin's Cambridge recollections of.
-death of.
-letters to.
-mentioned.
-on Mus messorius.
-visits Down.
-Darwin on his parish work.
-work on crossing.

Henslow, Miss, mentioned.

Herbaceous orders, in relation to trees.

Herbert, Dean, on heaths of S. Africa.
-on Polygala.
-on Cytisus Adami.
-on self-fertility of Hippeastrum.
-mentioned.

"Hereditary Genius," Francis Galton's.

Hereditary Improvement, Francis Galton on.

Heredity, Darwin's criticism of Galton's theory.

Hermaphroditism, in trees.
-Weir on Lepidoptera and.
-and nature of generative organs.

Herminium monorchis.

Heron, Sir R., on peacocks and colour.

Herons, as fruit-feeders.

Herschel, Sir J.F.W., edits "Manual of Scientific Enquiry."
-on Natural Selection.
-on the "Origin."
-"Physical Geography."
-on providential laws.
-on heating of rocks.
-on importance of generalising.
-on study of languages.
-versus Lyell on volcanic islands.
-mentioned.

Heteranthera, two kinds of stamens.
-H. reniformis.

Heterocentron, experiments on.
-seeds of.
-two kinds of stamens.
-H. roseum, fertilisation mechanism of.

Heterogeny, Owen on.

Heteromorphic, use of term.

Heterosmilax, de Candolle on.

Heterostylism, Darwin's experiments on.
-example in monocotyledons of.

Hewitt, on pheasant-hybrids.
-mentioned.

Hibiscus.

Hicks, H., on pre-Cambrian rocks.

Hieracium, American species.
-Nageli on.
-variability of.

Highness, lowness and.

Hilaire, A. St., see St. Hilaire.

Hildebrand, F., article in "Botanische Zeitung."
-experiments on direct action of pollen.
-"Die Lebensdauer der Pflanzen."
-letter to.
-crossing work by.
-on Delpino's work.
-on dispersal of seeds.
-self-sterility in Corydalis cava.
-"Geschlechter-Vertheilung bei den Pflanzen."
-on orchids.
-on ovules formed after pollination.
-experiment on potatoes.
-on Salvia.
-mentioned.

Hilgendorf, controversy with Sandberger.

Hillebrand's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands.

"Himalayan Journals," dedicated by Hooker to Darwin.

"Himalayan Plants, Illustrations of."

Himalayas, British plants in.
-commingling of temperate and tropical plants.
-tortoise of.
-ice-action in.
-mixed character of the vegetation.

Hinde, Dr., examination of Funafuti coral-reef cores by.

Hindmarsh, L., letter to.

Hippeastrum, Herbert on self-sterility of.

Hippopotamus, fossil in Madagascar.

Historic spirit, J. Morley's criticism of Darwin's lack of.

Hitcham, collection of Azorean plants made near.

Hobhouse, Sir A., Darwin meets.

Hochberg, K., letter to.

Hofmann, A.W., receives royal medal.

Holland, evolutionary opinions in.
-flora of.

Holland, Sir H., on pangenesis.
-mentioned.
-on influence of mind on circulation.

Holly, effective work of insects in fertilisation of.

Hollyhock, Darwin's crossing experiments.

Holmsdale.

Home, see Milne-Home.

Homing experiments.

Homo, Pithecus compared with.

Homology, analogy and.
-course of vessels in flowers as guide to.

Homomorphic, use of term.

Honeysuckle, oak-leaved variety.

Hooker, Mrs., assists Sir J.D. Hooker.

Hooker, Sir J.D., addresses at British Association meetings.
-on Arctic plants.
-Australian Flora by.
-botanical appointment.
-C.B. conferred upon.
-on coal plants and conditions of growth.
-criticism on Lyell's work.
-on Darwin's MS. on geographical distribution.
-Darwin's admiration for letters of.
-Darwin assisted in his work by.
-Darwin on good gained by "squabbles" with.
-Darwin on success of.
-enjoyment of correspondence with Darwin.
-expedition to Syria.
-extract from letter to.
-Falconer and.
-first meeting with Darwin.
-on Insular Floras.
-introductory essay to Flora of Tasmania.
-lecture at Royal Institution.
-letters to.
-letters to Darwin from.
-on new colonial flora.
-on New Zealand flora.
-on Natural Selection.
-on naturalised plants.
-on the "Origin."
-and Owen.
-on pangenesis.
-on plants of Fernando Po and Abyssinia.
-on preservation of tropical plants during cool period.
-and reviews.
-royal medal awarded to.
-and J. Scott.
-on species.
-on Torbitt's potato experiments.
-on use of terms centripetal and centrifugal.
-on variation in large and small genera.
-on Welwitschia.
-on Cameroon plants.
-Darwin on his address at Belfast.
-Darwin writes testimonial for.
-Darwin values scientific opinion of.
-Darwin receives encouragement from.
-Darwin's pleasure at visits from.
-on Glacial period.
-on Glacial deposits in India.
-on glaciers in Yorkshire.
-notice in "Gardeners' Chronicle" on.
-photograph by Mrs. Cameron.
-Primer of Botany by.
-review of Darwin's "Fertilisation of Orchids."
-scheme for Flora.
-represents "whole great public" to Darwin.
-use of structure in plants.
-visits Down.
-opinion of "Fur Darwin."
-mentioned.

Hooker, Sir William Jackson (1785-1865): was called to the Chair of Botany
at Glasgow in 1820, where by his success as a teacher he raised the annual
fees from 60 pounds to 700 pounds. In 1841 he became Director of the Royal
Botanic Gardens at Kew, which under his administration increased enormously
in activity and importance. His private Herbarium, said to be "by far the
richest ever accumulated in one man's lifetime," formed the nucleus of the
present collection. He produced, as author or editor, about a hundred
volumes devoted to Botany ("Dict. of Nat. Biog.").
-Herbarium at Kew belonging to.
-letters to.
-mentioned.

Hopkins, William, F.R.S. (1793-1866) entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, at
the age of thirty, and in 1827 took his degree as seventh wrangler. For
some years Hopkins was very successful as a mathematical tutor; about
1833 he began to take a keen interest in geological subjects, and
especially concerned himself with the effects of elevating forces acting
from below on the earth's crust. He was President of the Geological
Society in 1851 and 1852 ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXIII., page
xxix, 1867).
-Article in "Fraser's Magazine."
-on elevation and earthquakes.
-on mountain-building.
-researches in physical geology.
-mentioned.

Horner, Leonard, F.R.S. (1785-1862): was born in Edinburgh, at the age
of twenty-one he settled in London, and devoted himself more
particularly to Geology and Mineralogy, returning a few years later to
Edinburgh, where he took a prominent part in founding the School of Art
and other educational institutions. In 1827 Mr. Horner was invited to
occupy the post of Warden in the London University,a position which he
resigned in 1831; he also held for some years an Inspectorship of
Factories. As a Fellow of the Royal Society, Mr. Horner "took an active
part in bringing about certain changes in the management of the Society,
which resulted in limiting to fifteen the number of new members to be
annually elected..." In 1846 Horner was elected President of the
Geological Society; and in 1860 he again presided over the Society, to
the interests of which he had long devoted himself. His contributions
to the Society include papers on Stratigraphical Geology, Mineralogy,
and other subjects.--"Memoirs of Leonard Horner," edited by his
daughter, Katherine M. Lyell (privately printed, 1890).
-letters to.
-memoirs of.
-address to Geological Society.
-on coal.
-on Darwin's "Geological Observations."
-visits Down.
-mentioned.