Everard Jack Appleton - "With the Colors"

Robert Barr - "One Day's Courtship"

H. C. Leeds - "The Laws of Euchre"

Ovid et al - "Fasti"

Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

Tancred

B >> Benjamin Disraeli >> Tancred




'It is a great position, yours,' said Tancred, in an animated tone, 'at
the same time a Syrian and a Christian prince!'

'Yes,' said the young Emir, eagerly, 'if the English would only
understand their own interests, with my co-operation Syria might be
theirs.'

'The English!' said Tancred, 'why should the English take Syria?'

'France will take it if they do not.'

'I hope not,' said Tancred.

'But something must be done,' said the Emir. 'The Porte never could
govern it. Do you think anybody in Lebanon really cares for the Pasha
of Damascus? If the Egyptians had not disarmed the mountain, the Turks
would be driven out of Syria in a week.'

'A Syrian and a Christian prince!' said Tancred, musingly. 'There
are elements in that position stronger than the Porte, stronger than
England, stronger than united Europe. Syria was a great country when
France and England were forests. The tricolour has crossed the Alps and
the Rhine, and the flag of England has beaten even the tricolour; but
if I were a Syrian prince, I would raise the cross of Christ and ask for
the aid of no foreign banner.'

'If I could only raise a loan,' said the Emir, 'I could do without
France and England.'

'A loan!' exclaimed Tancred; 'I see the poison of modern liberalism has
penetrated even the desert. Believe me, national redemption is not an
affair of usury.'

At this moment there was some little disturbance without the tent, which
it seems was occasioned by the arrival of Tancred's servants, Freeman
and True-man. These excellent young men persisted in addressing the
Arabs in their native English, and, though we cannot for a moment
believe that they fancied themselves understood, still, from a mixture
of pride and perverseness peculiarly British, they continued their
valuable discourse as if every word told, or, if not apprehended, was a
striking proof of the sheer stupidity of their new companions. The noise
became louder and louder, and at length Freeman and Trueman entered.

'Well,' said Tancred, 'and how have you been getting on?'

'Well, my lord, I don't know,' said Freeman, with a sort of jolly sneer;
'we have been dining with the savages.'

'They are not savages, Freeman.'

'Well, my lord, they have not much more clothes, anyhow; and as for
knives and forks, there is not such a thing known.'

'As for that, there was not such a thing known as a fork in England
little more than two hundred years ago, and we were not savages then;
for the best part of Montacute Castle was built long before that time.'

'I wish we were there, my lord!'

'I dare say you do: however, we must make the best of present
circumstances. I wanted to know, in the first place, whether you had
food; as for lodging, Mr. Baroni, I dare say, will manage something for
you; and if not, you had better quarter yourselves by the side of this
tent. With your own cloaks and mine, you will manage very well.'

'Thank you, my lord. We have brought your lordship's things with us. I
don't know what I shall do to-morrow about your lordship's boots. The
savages have got hold of the bottle of blacking and have been drinking
it like anything.'

'Never mind my boots,' said Tancred, 'we have got other things to think
of now.'

'I told them what it was,' said Freeman, 'but they went on just the
same.'

'Obstinate dogs!' said Tancred.

'I think they took it for wine, my lord,' said Trueman. 'I never see
such ignorant creatures.'

'You find now the advantage of a good education, Trueman.'

'Yes, my lord, we do, and feel very grateful to your lordship's honoured
mother for the same. When we came down out of the mountains and see
those blazing fires, if I didn't think they were going to burn us alive,
unless we changed our religion! I said the catechism as hard as I could
the whole way, and felt as much like a blessed martyr as could be.'

'Well, well,' said Tancred, 'I dare say they will spare our lives. I
cannot much assist you here; but if there be anything you particularly
want, I will try and see what can be done.'

Freeman and Trueman looked at each other, and their speaking faces held
common consultation. At length, the former, with some slight hesitation,
said, 'We don't like to be troublesome, my lord, but if your lordship
would ask for some sugar for us; we cannot drink their coffee without
sugar.'




CHAPTER XXXII.

_Suspense_

'I WOULD not mention it to your lordship last night,' said Baroni; 'I
thought enough had happened for one day.'

'But now you think I am sufficiently fresh for new troubles.' 'He spoke
it in Hebrew, that myself and Sheikh Hassan should not understand him,
but I know something of that dialect.'

'In Hebrew! And why in Hebrew?' 'They follow the laws of Moses, this
tribe.' 'Do you mean that they are Jews?' 'The Arabs are only Jews
upon horseback,' said Baroni. 'This tribe, I find, call themselves
Rechabites.'

'Ah!' exclaimed Tancred, and he began to muse. 'I have heard of that
name before. Is it possible,' thought he, 'that my visit to Bethany
should have led to this captivity?'

'This affair must have been planned at Jerusalem,' said Baroni; 'I saw
from the first it was not a common foray. These people know everything.
They will send immediately to Besso; they know he is your banker, and
that if you want to build the Temple, he must pay for it, and unless
a most immoderate ransom is given, they will carry us all into the
interior of the desert.'

'And what do you counsel?'

'In this, as in all things, to gain time; and principally because I
am without resource, but with time expedients develop themselves.
Naturally, what is wanted will come; expediency is a law of nature.
The camel is a wonderful animal, but the desert made the camel. I have
already impressed upon the great Sheikh that you are not a prince of
the blood; that your father is ruined, that there has been a murrain for
three years among his herds and flocks; and that, though you appear to
be travelling for amusement, you are, in fact, a political exile. All
these are grounds for a reduced ransom. At present he believes nothing
that I say, because his mind has been previously impressed with contrary
and more cogent representations, but what I say will begin to work when
he has experienced some disappointment, and the period of re-action
arrives. Re-action is the law of society; it is inevitable. All success
depends upon seizing it.'

'It appears to me that you are a great philosopher, Baroni,' said
Tancred.

'I travelled five years with M. de Sidonia,' said Baroni. 'We were in
perpetual scrapes, often worse than this, and my master moralised upon
every one of them. I shared his adventures, and I imbibed some of his
wisdom; and the consequence is, that I always ought to know what to say,
and generally what to do.'

'Well, here at least is some theatre for your practice; though, as far
as I can form an opinion, our course is simple, though ignominious.
We must redeem ourselves from captivity. If it were only the end of
my crusade, one might submit to it, like Coeur de Lion, after due
suffering; but occurring at the commencement, the catastrophe is
mortifying, and I doubt whether I shall have heart enough to pursue my
way. Were I alone, I certainly would not submit to ransom. I would
look upon captivity as one of those trials that await me, and I would
endeavour to extricate myself from it by courage and address, relying
ever on Divine aid; but I am not alone. I have involved you in this
mischance, and these poor Englishmen, and, it would seem, the brave
Hassan and his tribe. I can hardly ask you to make the sacrifice which I
would cheerfully endure; and therefore it seems to me that we have only
one course--to march under the forks.'

'With submission,' said Baroni, 'I cannot agree with any of your
lordship's propositions. You take an extreme view of our case. Extreme
views are never just; something always turns up which disturbs
the calculations formed upon their decided data. This something is
circumstance. Circumstance has decided every crisis which I have
experienced, and not the primitive facts on which we have consulted.
Rest assured that circumstance will clear us now.'

'I see no room, in our situation, for the accidents on which you rely,'
said Tancred. 'Circumstance, as you call it, is the creature of cities,
where the action of a multitude, influenced by different motives,
produces innumerable and ever-changing combinations; but we are in the
desert. The great Sheikh will never change his mind any more than his
habits of life, which are the same as his ancestors pursued thousands of
years ago; and, for an identical reason, he is isolated and superior to
all influences.'

'Something always turns up,' said Baroni.

'It seems to me that we are in a _cul-de-sac_,' said Tancred.

'There is always an outlet; one can escape from a _cul-de-sac_ by a
window.'

'Do you think it would be advisable to consult the master of this tent?'
said Tancred, in a lower tone. 'He is very friendly.'

'The Emir Fakredeen,' said Baroni.

'Is that his name?'

'So I learnt last night. He is a prince of the house of Shehaab; a great
house, but fallen.'

'He is a Christian,' said Tancred, earnestly.

'Is he?' said Baroni carelessly; 'I have known a good many Shehaabs, and
if you will tell me their company, I will tell you their creed.'

'He might give us some advice.'

'No doubt of it, my lord; if advice could break our chains, we should
soon be free; but in these countries my only confidant is my camel.
Assuming that this affair is to end in a ransom, what we want now is to
change the impressions of the great Sheikh respecting your wealth. This
can only be done from the same spot where the original ideas emanated.
I must induce him to permit me to accompany his messenger to Besso. This
mission will take time, and he who gains time gains everything, as M.
de Sidonia said to me when the savages were going to burn us alive, and
there came on a thunder-storm which extinguished their fagots.'

'You must really tell me your history some day, Baroni,' said Tancred.

'When my mission has failed. It will perhaps relieve your imprisonment;
at present, I repeat, we must work for a moderate ransom, instead of the
millions of which they talk, and during the negotiation take the chance
of some incident which will more agreeably free us.'

'Ah! I despair of that.'

'I do not, for it is presumptuous to believe that man can foresee the
future, which will be your lordship's case, if you owe your freedom only
to your piastres.'

'But they say that everything is calculation, Baroni.'

'No,' said Baroni, with energy, 'everything is adventure.'

In the meantime the Emir Fakredeen was the prey of contending emotions.
Tancred had from the first, and in an instant, exercised over his
susceptible temperament that magnetic influence to which he was so
strangely subject. In the heart of the wilderness and in the person
of his victim, the young Emir suddenly recognised the heroic character
which he had himself so vaguely and, as it now seemed to him, so vainly
attempted to realise. The appearance and the courage of Tancred, the
thoughtful repose of his manner, his high bearing amid the distressful
circumstances in which he was involved, and the large views which the
few words that had escaped from him on the preceding evening would
intimate that he took of public transactions, completely captivated
Fakredeen, who seemed at length to have found the friend for whom he
had often sighed; the steadfast and commanding spirit, whose control,
he felt conscious, was often required by his quick but whimsical
temperament. And in what relation did he stand to this being whom he
longed to press to his heart, and then go forth with him and conquer
the world? It would not bear contemplation. The arming of the Maronites
became quite a secondary object in comparison with obtaining the
friendship of Tancred. Would that he had not involved himself in this
conspiracy! and yet, but for this conspiracy, Tancred and himself
might never have met. It was impossible to grapple with the question;
circumstances must be watched, and some new combination formed to
extricate both of them from their present perplexed position.

Fakredeen sent one of his attendants in the morning to offer Tancred
horses, should his guest, as is the custom of Englishmen, care to
explore the neighbouring ruins which were celebrated; but Tancred's
wound kept him confined to his tent. Then the Emir begged permission to
pay him a visit, which was to have lasted only a quarter of an hour;
but when Fakredeen had once established himself in the divan with his
nargileh, he never quitted it. It would have been difficult for Tancred
to have found a more interesting companion; impossible to have made an
acquaintance more singularly unreserved. His frankness was startling.
Tancred had no experience of such self-revelations; such a jumble of
sublime aspirations and equivocal conduct; such a total disregard
of means, such complicated plots, such a fertility of perplexed and
tenebrous intrigue! The animated manner and the picturesque phrase, too,
in which all this was communicated, heightened the interest and effect.
Fakredeen sketched a character in a sentence, and you knew instantly the
individual whom he described without any personal knowledge. Unlike the
Orientals in general, his gestures were as vivid as his words. He acted
the interviews, he achieved the adventures before you. His voice could
take every tone and his countenance every form. In the midst of all
this, bursts of plaintive melancholy; sometimes the anguish of a
sensibility too exquisite, alternating with a devilish mockery and a
fatal absence of all self-respect.

'It appears to me,' said Tancred, when the young Emir had declared his
star accursed, since, after the ceaseless exertions of years, he was
still as distant as ever from the accomplishment of his purpose, 'it
appears to me that your system is essentially erroneous. I do not
believe that anything great is ever effected by management. All this
intrigue, in which you seem such an adept, might be of some service in
a court or in an exclusive senate; but to free a nation you require
something more vigorous and more simple. This system of intrigue in
Europe is quite old-fashioned. It is one of the superstitions left us by
the wretched eighteenth century, a period when aristocracy was rampant
throughout Christendom; and what were the consequences? All faith in God
or man, all grandeur of purpose, all nobility of thought, and all beauty
of sentiment, withered and shrivelled up. Then the dexterous management
of a few individuals, base or dull, was the only means of success.
But we live in a different age: there are popular sympathies, however
imperfect, to appeal to; we must recur to the high primeval practice,
and address nations now as the heroes, and prophets, and legislators
of antiquity. If you wish to free your country, and make the Syrians
a nation, it is not to be done by sending secret envoys to Paris or
London, cities themselves which are perhaps both doomed to fall; you
must act like Moses and Mahomet.'

'But you forget the religions,' said Fakredeen. 'I have so many
religions to deal with. If my fellows were all Christians, or all
Moslemin, or all Jews, or all Pagans, I grant you, something might be
effected: the cross, the crescent, the ark, or an old stone, anything
would do: I would plant it on the highest range in the centre of the
country, and I would carry Damascus and Aleppo both in one campaign;
but I am debarred from this immense support; I could only preach
nationality, and, as they all hate each other worse almost than they do
the Turks, that would not be very inviting; nationality, without race as
a plea, is like the smoke of this nargileh, a fragrant puff. Well, then,
there remains only personal influence: ancient family, vast possessions,
and traditionary power: mere personal influence can only be maintained
by management, by what you stigmatise as intrigue; and the most
dexterous member of the Shehaab family will be, in the long run, Prince
of Lebanon.'

'And if you wish only to be Prince of Lebanon, I dare say you may
succeed,' said Tancred, 'and perhaps with much less pains than you at
present give yourself. But what becomes of all your great plans of
an hour ago, when you were to conquer the East, and establish the
independence of the Oriental races?'

'Ah!' exclaimed Fakredeen with a sigh, 'these are the only ideas for
which it is worth while to live.'

'The world was never conquered by intrigue: it was conquered by faith.
Now, I do not see that you have faith in anything.'

'Faith,' said Fakredeen, musingly, as if his ear had caught the word
for the first time, 'faith! that is a grand idea. If one could only have
faith in something and conquer the world!'

'See now,' said Tancred, with unusual animation, 'I find no charm in
conquering the world to establish a dynasty: a dynasty, like everything
else, wears out; indeed, it does not last as long as most things; it
has a precipitate tendency to decay. There are reasons; we will not now
dwell on them. One should conquer the world not to enthrone a man,
but an idea, for ideas exist for ever. But what idea? There is the
touchstone of all philosophy! Amid the wreck of creeds, the crash of
empires, French revolutions, English reforms, Catholicism in agony, and
Protestantism in convulsions, discordant Europe demands the keynote,
which none can sound. If Asia be in decay, Europe is in confusion. Your
repose may be death, but our life is anarchy.'

'I am thinking,' said Fakredeen, thoughtfully, 'how we in Syria could
possibly manage to have faith in anything; I had faith in Mehemet Ali,
but he is a Turk, and that upset him. If, instead of being merely a
rebellious Pasha, he had placed himself at the head of the Arabs, and
revived the Caliphate, you would have seen something. Head the desert
and you may do anything. But it is so difficult. If you can once get
the tribes out of it, they will go anywhere. See what they did when they
last came forth. It is a simoom, a kamsin, fatal, irresistible. They are
as fresh, too, as ever. The Arabs are always young; it is the only race
that never withers. I am an Arab myself; from my ancestor who was the
standard-bearer of the Prophet, the consciousness of race is the only
circumstance that sometimes keeps up my spirit.'

'I am an Arab only in religion,' said Tancred, 'but the consciousness
of creed sustains me. I know well, though born in a distant and northern
isle, that the Creator of the world speaks with man only in this land;
and that is why I am here.'

The young Emir threw an earnest glance at his companion, whose
countenance, though grave, was calm. 'Then you have faith?' said
Fakredeen, inquiringly.

'I have passive faith,' said Tancred. 'I know that there is a Deity who
has revealed his will at intervals during different ages; but of his
present purpose I feel ignorant, and therefore I have not active
faith; I know not what to do, and should be reduced to a mere spiritual
slothfulness, had I not resolved to struggle with this fearful
necessity, and so embarked in this great pilgrimage which has so
strangely brought us together.'

'But you have your sacred books to consult?' said Fakredeen.

'There were sacred books when Jehovah conferred with Solomon; there
was a still greater number of sacred books when Jehovah inspired the
prophets; the sacred writings were yet more voluminous when the Creator
ordained that there should be for human edification a completely new
series of inspired literature. Nearly two thousand years have passed
since the last of those works appeared. It is a greater interval than
elapsed between the writings of Malachi and the writings of Matthew.'

'The prior of the Maronite convent, at Mar Hanna, has often urged on me,
as conclusive evidence of the falseness of Mahomet's mission, that our
Lord Jesus declared that after him "many false prophets should arise,"
and warned his followers.'

'There spoke the Prince of Israel,' said Tancred, 'not the universal
Redeemer. He warned his tribe against the advent of false Messiahs,
no more. Far from terminating by his coming the direct communication
between God and man, his appearance was only the herald of a relation
between the Creator and his creatures more fine, more permanent, and
more express. The inspiring and consoling influence of the Paraclete
only commenced with the ascension of the Divine Son. In this fact,
perhaps, may be found a sufficient reason why no written expression
of the celestial will has subsequently appeared. But, instead of
foreclosing my desire for express communication, it would, on the
contrary, be a circumstance to authorise it.'

'Then how do you know that Mahomet was not inspired?' said Fakredeen.

'Far be it from me to impugn the divine commission of any of the seed
of Abraham,' replied Tancred. 'There are doctors of our church who
recognise the sacred office of Mahomet, though they hold it to be, what
divine commissions, with the great exception, have ever been, limited
and local.'

'God has never spoken to a European?' said Fakredeen, inquiringly.

'Never.'

'But you are a European?'

'And your inference is just,' said Tancred, in an agitated voice, and
with a changing countenance. 'It is one that has for some time haunted
my soul. In England, when I prayed in vain for enlightenment, I at last
induced myself to believe that the Supreme Being would not deign to
reveal His will unless in the land which his presence had rendered holy;
but since I have been a dweller within its borders, and poured forth
my passionate prayers at all its holy places, and received no sign, the
desolating thought has sometimes come over my spirit, that there is
a qualification of blood as well as of locality necessary for this
communion, and that the favoured votary must not only kneel in the Holy
Land but be of the holy race.'

'I am an Arab,' said Fakredeen. 'It is something.'

'If I were an Arab in race as well as in religion,' said Tancred, 'I
would not pass my life in schemes to govern some mountain tribes.'

'I'll tell you,' said the Emir, springing from his divan, and flinging
the tube of his nargileh to the other end of the tent: 'the game is
in our hands, if we have energy. There is a combination which would
entirely change the whole 'face of the world, and bring back empire to
the East. Though you are not the brother of the Queen of the English,
you are nevertheless a great English prince, and the Queen will listen
to what you say; especially if you talk to her as you talk to me, and
say such fine things in such a beautiful voice. Nobody ever opened my
mind like you. You will magnetise the Queen as you have magnetised me.
Go back to England and arrange this. You see, gloze it over as they may,
one thing is clear, it is finished with England. There are three things
which alone must destroy it. Primo, O'Connell appropriating to himself
the revenues of half of Her Majesty's dominions. Secondo, the cottons;
the world begins to get a little disgusted with those cottons; naturally
everybody prefers silk; I am sure that the Lebanon in time could supply
the whole world with silk, if it were properly administered. Thirdly,
steam; with this steam your great ships have become a respectable Noah's
ark. The game is up; Louis Philippe can take Windsor Castle whenever he
pleases, as you took Acre, with the wind in his teeth. It is all over,
then. Now, see a _coup d'etat_ that saves all. You must perform the
Portuguese scheme on a great scale; quit a petty and exhausted position
for a vast and prolific empire. Let the Queen of the English collect a
great fleet, let her stow away all her treasure, bullion, gold plate,
and precious arms; be accompanied by all her court and chief people,
and transfer the seat of her empire from London to Delhi. There she
will find an immense empire ready made, a firstrate army, and a large
revenue. In the meantime I will arrange with Mehemet Ali.

He shall have Bagdad and Mesopotamia, and pour the Bedouin cavalry into
Persia. I will take care of Syria and Asia Minor. The only way to manage
the Afghans is by Persia and by the Arabs. We will acknowledge the
Empress of India as our suzerain, and secure for her the Levantine
coast. If she like, she shall have Alexandria as she now has Malta: it
could be arranged. Your Queen is young; she has an _avenir_. Aberdeen
and Sir Peel will never give her this advice; their habits are formed.
They are too old, too _ruses_. But, you see! the greatest empire that
ever existed; besides which she gets rid of the embarrassment of her
Chambers! And quite practicable; for the only difficult part, the
conquest of India, which baffled Alexander, is all done!'




CHAPTER XXXIII.

_A Pilgrim to Mount Sinai_

IT WAS not so much a conviction as a suspicion that Tancred had conveyed
to the young Emir, when the pilgrim had confessed that the depressing
thought sometimes came over him, that he was deficient in that
qualification of race which was necessary for the high communion to
which he aspired. Four-and-twenty hours before he was not thus dejected.
Almost within sight of Sinai, he was still full of faith. But his
vexatious captivity, and the enfeebling consequences of this wound,
dulled his spirit. Alone, among strangers and foes, in pain and in
peril, and without that energy which finds excitement in difficulty,
and can mock at danger, which requires no counsellor but our own quick
brain, and no champion but our own right arm, the high spirit of Tancred
for the first time flagged. As the twilight descended over the rocky
city, its sculptured tombs and excavated temples, and its strewn remains
of palaces and theatres, his heart recurred with tenderness to the halls
and towers of Montacute and Bellamont, and the beautiful affections
beneath those stately roofs, that, urged on, as he had once thought,
by a divine influence, now, as he was half tempted to credit, by a
fantastic impulse, he had dared to desert. Brooding in dejection, his
eyes were suffused with tears.

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