Robert de Boron - "Li Romanz de l'estoire dou Graal"

Richard B. Cook - "The Grand Old Man"

Harriet E. Paine (AKA E. Chester} - "Girls and Women"

H. Rider Haggard - "Fair Margaret"

Annual Bibliography of Commonwealth Literature 2007
This paper argues that discourses of love in Ghanaian market literature for youth offer a view into complex negotiations of agency and empowerment. Drawing on Deborah Durham's notion of youth as "social `shifters'" and Francis Nyamnjoh's conception of the "interconnectedness" of agency, I take Ghanaian market literature as one specific case of how African literature for youth foregrounds questions of continuity and change as African societies enter into increasingly complex global relations. In this literature for youth, received notions of love, often constructed out of impressions from American pop and hip hop music, carry new notions of agency that compete with existing "domesticated" forms. Authors like Ike Tandoh and Evelyn Tay employ discourses of love to offer youth alternative avenues for empowerment in a context of socio-economic disenfranchizement. In a creative process of "straddling", this writing both reveals and reproduces the contradictions that obtain in youth configurations of agency.

Canada: the Empire of the North

A >> Agnes C. Laut >> Canada: the Empire of the North




United States in 1840 . . . . . . 17,000,000
" " " 1850 . . . . . . 23,000,000
" " " 1860 . . . . . . 31,000,000
" " " 1870 . . . . . . 38,000,000
" " " 1880 . . . . . . 50,000,000
" " " 1890 . . . . . . 63,000,000
" " " 1900 . . . . . . 85,000,000


{xv} A few years ago, when talking to a leading editor of Canada, I
chanced to say that I did not think Canadians had at that time awakened
to their future. The editor answered that he was afraid I had
contracted the American disease of "bounce" through living in the
United States; to which I retorted that if Canadians could catch the
same disease and accomplish as much by it in the twentieth century as
Americans had in the nineteenth, it would be a good thing for the
country. It is wonderful to have witnessed the complete face-about of
Canadian public opinion in the short space of six years, this editor
shouting as loud as any of his exuberant brethren. Still, as the
outlook in Canadian affairs may be regarded as flamboyant, it is worth
while quoting the comment of the most critical and conservative
newspaper in the world,--the London _Times_. The _Times_ says:
"Without doubt the expansion of Canada is the greatest political event
in the British Empire to-day. The empire is face to face with
development which makes it impossible for indefinite maintenance of the
present constitutional arrangements."


Regarding the Iceland immigrants, to whom reference is made, I recently
met in London a famed traveler, who was in Iceland when the people were
setting out for Canada, Mrs. Alec. Tweedie. She explains in her book
how these people were absolutely poverty-stricken when they left
Iceland. In fact, the sufferings endured the first year in Winnipeg
were mild compared to their privations in Iceland before they sailed.


The explanations of Canada's hard times from Confederation to 1898--say
from 1871, when all the provinces had really gone into Confederation,
to 1897, when the Yukon boom poured gold into the country--can be
figured out. Of a population of 3,000,000, four fifths need not be
counted as taxpayers, as they include women, children, clerks, farmers'
help, domestic help,--classes who pay no taxes but the indirect duty on
clothes they wear and food they eat. This practically means that the
billion-dollar burden of making the ideal of Confederation into a
reality by building railroads and canals was borne by 600,000 people,
which means again a large quota per man to the public treasury. People
forget that you can't take more out of the public treasury than you put
into it, that it is n't like an artesian well, self-supplied, and the
truth is, at this period Canadians were paying more into the public
treasury than they could afford,--more than the investment was bringing
them in.




{xvii}

CONTENTS


CHAPTER PAGE

I. FROM 1000 TO 1600 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

II. FROM 1600 TO 1607 . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

III. FROM 1607 TO 1635 . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

IV. FROM 1635 TO 1666 . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

V. FROM 1635 TO 1650 . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

VI. FROM 1650 TO 1672 . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

VII. FROM 1672 TO 1688 . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

VIII. FROM 1679 TO 1713 . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

IX. FROM 1686 TO 1698 . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

X. FROM 1698 TO 1713 . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

XI. FROM 1713 TO 1755 . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

XII. FROM 1756 TO 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

XIII. FROM 1763 TO 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

XIV. FROM 1812 TO 1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

XV. FROM 1812 TO 1846 . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

XVI. FROM 1820 TO 1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439




{xix}

ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS

PAGE

MAP OF WESTERN CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _Frontispiece_

VIKING SHIP RECENTLY DISCOVERED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
After a photograph of the Viking Ship at Sandefjord, Norway.

MAP SHOWING DIVISION OF THE NEW WORLD BETWEEN SPAIN AND
PORTUGAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

A TYPICAL "HOLE IN THE WALL" AT "KITTY VIDDY," NEAR
ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
From a photograph.

SEBASTIAN CABOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
After the portrait attributed to Holbein.

JACQUES CARTIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
After the portrait at St. Malo, France, with signature.

WHERE THE FISHER HAMLETS NOW NESTLE, NEWFOUNDLAND . . . . . . 9
From a photograph.

ANCIENT HOCHELAGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
After a cut in the third volume of Ramusio's _Raccolta_,
Venice, 1565.

THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, _CIRCA_ 1543, SHOWING CARTIER'S
DISCOVERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

QUEEN ELIZABETH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
After the ermine portrait in Hatfield House, with signature.

THE BOYHOOD OF GILBERT AND RALEIGH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
From the painting by Sir John Millais.

SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
After the print in Holland's _Herwologia-Anglica_, 1620.

SIR WALTER RALEIGH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
After the portrait in the possession of the Duchess of Dorset.

AT EASTERN ENTRANCE TO HUDSON STRAITS . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
From a photograph by Dominion Geological Survey.

HUDSON COAT OF ARMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
From Lenox Collection, New York City.

THE FANTASTIC ROCKS OF GASPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
From a photograph.

{xx}

SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
After the Moncornet portrait, with signature.

PORT ROYAL OR ANNAPOLIS BASIN, 1609 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
From Lescarbot's map.

BUILDINGS ON STE. CROIX ISLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
From _Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1613.

PORT ROYAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
From the same.

TADOUSSAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
From the same.

DEFEAT OF THE IROQUOIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
From the same.

THE ONONDAGA FORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
From the same.

VIEW OF QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
From the same.

QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
From the same.

SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
After an engraved portrait by Marshall.

MAP SHOWING LA TOUR'S POSSESSIONS IN ACADIA . . . . . . . . . 64

CARDINAL RICHELIEU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
After the portrait by Philippe de Champaigne

MAP OF ANNAPOLIS BASIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

MADAME DE LA PELTRIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
After a picture in the Ursuline Convent, Quebec.

PIERRE LE JEUNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
From an engraving in Winsor's America, after an old print.

GEORGIAN BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
From a photograph by A. G. Alexander.

BREBEUF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
From a bust in silver at Quebec.

REMNANTS OF WALLS OF FORT ST. MARY ON CHRISTIAN ISLAND
IN 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
After a photograph reproduced in _Ontario Historical
Society Papers and Records_.

MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, SHOWING THE TERRITORY OF THE
JESUIT HURON MISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Bellin's map, 1744.

A CANADIAN ON SNOWSHOES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
From La Potherie's _Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale_,
Paris, 1753.

{xxi}

SAUSON'S MAP, 1656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

TITLE-PAGE--JESUIT RELATION OF 1662-1663 . . . . . . . . . 111

THE JESUIT MAP OF LAKE SUPERIOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
From the Relation, of 1670-1671.

CHARLES II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
After the miniature portrait by Cooper, with signature.

PLAN OF MONTREAL IN 1672 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
From _Quebec Historical Society Papers and Records_.

LA SALLE'S HOUSE NEAR MONTREAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
From a photograph.

KITCHEN, CHATEAU DE RAMEZAY, MONTREAL . . . . . . . . . . . 120
From a photograph.

LAVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
After the portrait in Laval University, Quebec.

A MAP IN THE RELATION OF 1662-1663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

GALINEE'S MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, 1669 . . . . . . . . . . 129

ROBERT DE LA SALLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
After an engraved portrait said to be preserved
in the _Bibliotheque de Rouen_, with signature.

OLD PLAN OF FORT FRONTENAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
From _Memoirs sur le Canada_, Quebec, 1873.

THE BUILDING OF THE _GRIFFON_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
From Father Hennepin's _Nouvelle Decouverte_, Amsterdam, 1704.

PRINCE RUPERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
After the painting by Sir P. Lely.

MAP OF HUDSON BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

CONTEMPORARY FRENCH MAP OF HUDSON BAY AND VICINITY . . . . 155
From La Potherie's _Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale_.

LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
After a portrait in Margry's _Decouvertes Etablissemens_.

FORT FRONTENAC AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRY . . . . . . . . . . 164
From _The London Magazine_, 1758.

WILLIAM OF ORANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
After the portrait by Sir Godfrey Kneller, with signature.

QUEBEC, 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
From La Potherie's _Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale_.

FRENCH SOLDIER OF THE PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
After a cut in Massachusetts Archives, Documents
collected in France, 111, 3.

SIR WILLIAM PHIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
After an accepted likeness reproduced
in Winsor's _America_.

{xxii}

COUNT FRONTENAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
From the statue by Hebert at Quebec.

CASTLE ST. LOUIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
After a cut in Hawkins' _Pictures of Quebec_, Quebec, 1834.

ATTACK ON QUEBEC, 1690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
From La Hontan's _Memoires_, 1709.

CASTLE ST. LOUIS, QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
From Sulte's _Canadiens Francais_, viii.

PLAN OF QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
From Franquelin, 1683.

LANDING OF IBERVILLE'S MEN AT PORT NELSON . . . . . . . . . 186
From La Potherie's _Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale_.

CAPTURE OF FORT NELSON BY THE FRENCH . . . . . . . . . . . 187
From the same.

CONTEMPORARY MAP, 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
From La Hontan.

HERTEL DE ROUVILLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
After a portrait in Daniel's _Nos Gloires Nationales_.

CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF PORT ROYAL BASIN . . . . . . . . . . . 199
From Bellin's map, 1744.

PAUL MASCARENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
After a portrait in Savary's edition
of Calnek's _Annapolis_.

LA VERENDRYE'S FORTS AND THE RIVER OF THE WEST . . . . . . 207
After Jeffery's map, 1762.

MAP PUBLISHED IN PARIS IN 1752 SHOWING THE SUPPOSED
SEA OF THE WEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
From the Memoire presented to the Academy
of Sciences at Paris by Buache, August, 1752.

MAP SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA OF THE WEST, WITH APPROACHES
TO THE MISSISSIPPI AND GREAT LAKES, PARIS, 1755 . . . . . 211
From the same.

WILLIAM PEPPERRELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
After the portrait by Smibert.

RUINS OF THE FORTIFICATIONS AT LOUISBURG . . . . . . . . . . 219
From a recent photograph.

CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF THE ATTACK ON LOUISBURG . . . . . . . . 221
After a plan reproduced in Winsor's _America_.

FORT HALIFAX, 1755 (Restoration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF OSWEGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
From Smith's _History of the Province of New York_.

GOVERNOR DINWIDDIE OF VIRGINIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
After a portrait by Ramsay.

{xxiii}

TITLE-PAGE OF WASHINGTON'S JOURNAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

A SKETCH OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE AT BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT . . . . 229
From a contemporary manuscript in the Library
of Harvard University.

PLAN OF FORT BEAUSEJOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
From Mante's _History of the Late War in North America_.

GENERAL MONCKTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
After a mezzotint in the Library of the
American Antiquarian Society.

GENERAL JOHN WINSLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
After the portrait in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Massachusetts.

MAP OF ACADIA AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS, 1755 . . . . . . . . 237

SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
After the portrait by Adams.

MAP OF THE REGION OF LAKE GEORGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
From _Documentary History of New York_.

RUINS OF CHATEAU BIGOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
From a photograph by Captain Wurtelle.

PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
From a photograph.

QUEBEC, CHATEAU FRONTENAC AND THE CITADEL . . . . . . . . . 246
From a photograph.

THE EARL OF LOUDON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
After the portrait by Ramsay.

BOSCAWEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
After the portrait by Reynolds.

THE SIEGE OF LOUISBURG, 1758 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
From a picture in the Lenox Collection,
New York Public Library.

AMHERST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
After the portrait by Reynolds.

THE COUNTRY ROUND TICONDEROGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
From _Documentary History of New York_.

GENERAL JAMES WOLFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
After the engraved portrait by Houstin.

BOUGAINVILLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
After a cut in Bounechose's _Montcalm_.

THE SITE OF QUEBEC AND THE GROUND OCCUPIED
DURING THE SIEGE OF 1759 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
After a plan in _The Universal Magazine_,
London, December, 1859.

LOUIS JOSEPH, MARQUIS DE MONTCALM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
After the portrait in the possession of his descendants.

DEATH OF WOLFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
From the painting by West.

{xxiv}

MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
After a mezzotint by an unknown engraver.
Published in London, October 1, 1776

NORTH AMERICA AT THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH WARS, 1763 . . . . 278

GENERAL MURRAY, FIRST GOVERNOR OF QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . 280
After the portrait by Ramsay.

SETTLEMENTS ON THE DETROIT RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
From Parkman's _Conspiracy of Pontiac_.

BOUQUET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
After the portrait by West.

RETURN OF THE ENGLISH CAPTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
After the painting by West.

MONTREAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
After a print in the New York Public Library.

SAMUEL HEARNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
After an engraving published in 1796.

GENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
After the painting by Chappel.

MAP OF QUEBEC DURING THE SIEGE OF CONGRESS TROOPS . . . . . 303

SIR GUY CARLETON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
After an engraving in _The Political Magazine_, June, 1782.

BENEDICT ARNOLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
After the portrait by Tate.

GENERAL HALDIMAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
After the portrait by Reynolds.

JOSEPH BRANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
After the portrait by Ames.

LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR SIMCOE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
After an engraving in Scadding's _Toronto of Old_.

CAPTAIN COOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
After the portrait by Dauce.

FORT CHURCHILL AS IT WAS IN 1777 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
After a print in the _European Magazine_, June, 1797.

TOTEM POLES, BRITISH COLUMBIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
From a photograph.

CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
After the portrait by Abbott.

NOOTKA SOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
From an engraving in Vancouver's _Journal_.

FORT CHIPPEWYAN, ATHABASCA LAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
From a recent photograph.

{xxv}

ALEXANDER MACKENZIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
After the portrait by Lawrence.

CAUSE OF A PORTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
From a photograph.

SIMON FRASER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
From a likeness in Morice's _The History
of the Northern Interior of British Columbia_.

ASTORIA IN 1813 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
From a cut in Franchere's _Narrative of a Voyage_.

MAP OF WEST COAST, SHOWING THE OGDEN AND ROSS
EXPLORATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
From Laut's _Conquest of the Great North West_.

GENERAL SIR JAMES HENRY CRAIG, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA,
1807-1811 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.

WILLIAM HULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
After the portrait by Stuart, with autograph.

MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS
ON THE DETROIT RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON
THE NIAGARA FRONTIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

GENERAL BROCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
After a portrait in the possession of
J. A. Macdonell Esq., Alexandria, Ontario.

BROCK MONUMENT, QUEENSTON HEIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
From a photograph.

YORK (TORONTO) HARBOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
From Bouchette's _British Dominions in North America_.

FITZGIBBONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
After a photograph reproduced in _Proceedings
and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada_, 1900.

LAURA SECORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
From _Ontario Historical Society Papers and Records_.

TWO VIEWS OF THE BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE . . . . . . . . . . . 364
From prints published in 1815

TECUMSEH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
After the drawing by Pierre Le Drie.

DE SALABERRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
After a portrait in Fannings Taylor's _Portraits of
British Americans_.

SIR GORDON DRUMMOND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.

MONUMENT AT LUNDY'S LANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
From a photograph.

{xxvi}

SELKIRK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
From Ontario Archives Collection.

NELSON AND HAYES RIVERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
From a map in Robson's _Hudson Bay_.

FORT GARRY, RED RIVER SETTLEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
From Ross' _Red River Settlement_.

FORT DOUGLAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
After an old engraving.

SKETCH OF THE CITY OF WINNIPEG, SHOWING THE SITES
OF THE EARLY FORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
From Manitoba Historical Society

RED RIVER SETTLEMENT, 1816-1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
After a map in Amos' _Report of the Trials Relative
to the Destruction of the Earl of Selkirk's Settlement_.

MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE MASSACRE OF SEVEN OAKS . . . . . 397
After a sketch.

TRACKING ON ATHABASCA RIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
From a photograph.

PLANS OF YORK AND PRINCE OF WALES FORTS . . . . . . . . . . 405
From a plate in Robson's _Hudson Bay_.

SIR GEORGE SIMPSON, GOVERNOR OF HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, 1820 406

JOHN MCLOUGHLIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
After a likeness in Laut's _Conquest
of the Great Northwest_.

SIR JOHN SHERBROOKE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1816-1818 413
After an engraving at Queen's University,
Kingston, Ontario.

THE FOURTH DUKE OF RICHMOND, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA,
1818-1819 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
After an engraving at Queen's University,
Kingston, Ontario.

WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
After a likeness in Lindsey's _Life and Times of Mackenzie_.

ALLAN McNAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
After the portrait in the Speaker's Chambers, Ottawa.

LOUIS J. PAPINEAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
After a likeness in Fannings Taylor's _British Americans_.

SIR JOHN COLBORNE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1838-1841 . . 430
After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.

LORD DURHAM, SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO CANADA, 1838 . . . . . 432
After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.

JOHN A. MACDONALD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
From a photograph.

FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION, 1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
From the painting by Hariss.




CANADA

THE EMPIRE OF THE NORTH


CHAPTER I

FROM 1000 TO 1600

Early voyages to America--Voyages of the Cabots--The French fisher
folk--Cartier's first voyage--Cartier's second voyage--Cartier's third
voyage--Marguerite Roberval


Who first found Canada? As many legends surround the beginnings of
empire in the North as cling to the story of early Rome.

When Leif, son of Earl Eric, the Red, came down from Greenland with his
Viking crew, which of his bearded seamen in Arctic furs leaned over the
dragon prow for sight of the lone new land, fresh as if washed by the
dews of earth's first morning? Was it Thorwald, Leif's brother, or the
mother of Snorri, first white child born in America, who caught first
glimpse through the flying spray of Labrador's domed hills,--"Helluland,
place of slaty rocks"; and of Nova Scotia's wooded meadows,--"Markland";
and Rhode Island's broken vine-clad shore,--"Vinland"? The question
cannot be answered. All is as misty concerning that Viking voyage as the
legends of old Norse gods.

Leif, the Lucky, son of Earl Eric, the outlaw, coasts back to Greenland
with his bold sea-rovers. This was in the year 1000.

For ten years they came riding southward in their rude-planked ships of
the dragon prow, those Norse adventurers; and Thorwald, Leif's brother,
is first of the pathfinders in America to lose his life in battle with
the "Skraelings" or Indians. Thornstein, another brother, sails south in
1005 with Gudrid, his wife; but a roaring nor'easter tears the piping {2}
sails to tatters, and Thornstein dies as his frail craft scuds before the
blast. Back comes Gudrid the very next year, with a new husband and a
new ship and two hundred colonists to found a kingdom in the "Land of the
Vine." At one place they come to rocky islands, where birds flock in
such myriads it is impossible to land without trampling nests. Were
these the rocky islands famous for birds in the St. Lawrence? On another
coast are fields of maize and forests entangled with grapevines. Was
this part of modern New England? On Vinland--wherever it was--Gudrid,
the Norse woman, disembarks her colonists. All goes well for three
years. Fish and fowl are in plenty. Cattle roam knee-deep in pasturage.
Indians trade furs for scarlet cloth and the Norsemen dole out their
barter in strips narrow as a little finger; but all beasts that roam the
wilds are free game to Indian hunters. The cattle begin to disappear,
the Indians to lurk armed along the paths to the water springs. The
woods are full of danger. Any bush may conceal painted foe. Men as well
as cattle lie dead with telltale arrow sticking from a wound. The
Norsemen begin to hate these shadowy, lonely, mournful forests. They
long for wild winds and trackless seas and open world. Fur-clad, what do
they care for the cold? Greenland with its rolling drifts is safer
hunting than this forest world. What glory, doomed prisoners between the
woods and the sea within the shadow of the great forests and a great
fear? The smell of wildwood things, of flower banks, of fern mold, came
dank and unwholesome to these men. Their {3} nostrils were for the whiff
of the sea; and every sunset tipped the waves with fire where they longed
to sail. And the shadow of the fear fell on Gudrid. Ordering the
vessels loaded with timber good for masts and with wealth of furs, she
gathered up her people and led them from the "Land of the Vine" back to
Greenland.

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